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s \H . Si

UUID-SIIfflTORDdVNIOR-VIDVQiarY'

['■

HISTORY

BRITISH MOLLUSCA,

AND THEIR SHELLS.

STJ

HISTORY

BRITISH MOLLUSCA,

AND THEIR SHELLS.

PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S.,

OF KINOES OOLLBOB, LONDON;
AND

SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.L.S.,

OF WADHAM COLLW3B, OXFORD.

• • • »

• • « • «

- • ' r •• • •

VOLUME III.

INCLUDINO THE FAMILIES OF OASTEROFODA FROM
NERITIDiE TO ELTSIAD^.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

M.DCCC.LIII.
44.

271128

•• • •

• • •

•••

• •

• • •

« •

LONDON I

Printed by Samdu Buttut and Ca

Banfor Hoosa, Shoe Lane.

CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME,

EXHIBITING THE FINAL CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Species of quefltionable indigenonmcM are printed in italics; spurious and
unrecognized species in nonpareil. The addition of (a. L) to a species refers the
reader to the first Appendix, or Supplementary Notes on the Acephala, in the
Second Volume, (a. ii.) to the Appendix at the end of the work.

PAoa

PAGB

GASTEROPODA

PROSO-

LxTTORiNA continued.

BBANCHIATA continued.

L. paUiata (a. ii.)

51, 53

NERITID^ .

. 1

L. diipar

NxRrriNA (a. ii.) •

. 2

Lacuna

. 55

N. fluriatilis

L. pallidula

. 56

N. Tizginea

L. puteolns

. 58

PALUDINID-ffi

. 7

L. vincta (a. ii.)

. 62

Paludina .

. 7

L. crassior .

. 67

P. Listen (a. ii)

L. vetiiaa

. 66

P. riripaia (a. ii)

. 11

ASSIMINBA .

. 69

BiTHINIA

. 12

A. Grayana

. 70

B. tentaculata

. 14

A. littorea (a. iL) (as

Rissoalit-

B. Leachii .

. 16

torea)

. 132

Valvata

. 18

R1R8OA

. . 72

V. piscinalis

. 19

R. striatula

. 73

V. cristata .

. 21

R. laetea .

. . 76

V. minuta

R. Zetlandica

. . 78

LITTORINIDJE .

. 24

R. crenulata

. 80

LiTTO&INA .

. 25

R. calathus

. 82

L. Neritoides

. 26

R. Beanii (a. ii.)

. 84

L. littorea .

. 29

R. abyssicola

. 86

L. mdis .

83, 53

R. Bcttlpta .

. 88

▼ar. patula

. 36

R. punctura

. 89

yar. tenebrosa .

. 39

R. costata (a. ii.)

. 92

var. saxatilis .

. 43

R. striata .

. 94

L. TentiicoM

R. parra

. 98

Ii. NeritSfonnii

• 47

R. costulata

. 103,169

L. littoralis

. 45

R. rufilabrum

. 106

U. fisbalis (? Tar. littoralis) (a.

R. labiosa .

. 109

u.) .

. 49, 53

R. inconspicua .

. 113

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

RlMOA aotiBwd-

CKRITHIAD*
AromMBAU .
A. ftKubonit .
A. pn-pdteuii .
Cuuranm .

SCALARIADA.

8. Tnrtonu

JlPPBXTBU .

J. opalinafA. ii.)
J. glabnlarii (a. ij.)

S. pbnorln*

PVRAMIDELL1D£

A. ucarii («. ii.)
A. HipnuiitidB (a. iL)
A. tmi, (i. U.)
A. niddiitima .
SrrurkR
S. Turtoni .

E.p(ilita(A. iL>.
E. diitorM
E. lububu
E. bilineaU
C.mi.i.™i(..ii.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Vll

PAOB

PAoa

Chsmnitua continued.

Truncatblla

. 316

C. elegantiMima (▲. ii.)

. 242

T. Montagui

. 317

C. fnlTOcincU ( a. ii.) (aa rafii

T. luecmea (a. U.)

Northeni form)

. 246

Otina . . . .

. 320

C. rnfii (a. ii.) .

. 247

0. Otis

. 321

C. formon (a. ii.)

C. fenettnta (a« ii.) .

. 248
. 249

NATICIDJE .
Natica

. 324
. 324

PyTBmb spiroliniu

. 949

C. acalaris (a. ii.)

. 251

N. monilifeiB

. 326

C. rufefloent

. 253

N. nitida .

. 330

C. indistincta (a. ii.) .

. 255

Nerits mammills

. 833

N. soidida.

. 334

C. clathrata (? tat. of last) . 258
C. ezimia (a. ii.)

C. ■bnflUiDa (▲. U.) . 84A

N. Montagui

N. Uelicoides (a. :i.)

N. pnsilla (a. ii.)

. 336
. 339
. 341

Pynunis lacteiu.

. 850

N ? Kingil

. 343

OOOSTOMIA (a. ii.)

. 259

N. intricata

. 844

0. conoidea

. 260

Narica tubenMissima

. 346

^^ •

Naiiea? glabiiaalma .

. 346

0. conspicna

. 263

0. onidentata .

. 264

VELUTINID^ .

. 346

0. ttriolata

. 267

VSLUTXNA .

. 846

0. acuta .

. 269

y. IsTigata

. 347

0. plicata .

. 271

y.flf^Tiiis .

. 350

0. Eulimoides .

.273

Lahsllaria

. 353

0. dubia (a. ii.) (? yar. ]

laat) 276

L. perspicna

. 355

0.an)a(A.i].) .

. 278

. 358

0. nitida (a. ii.)

. 280

0. dabiata

. 283

CANCELLARIADiE

. 360

O.RiasoideB(A. ii.) .
0. cylindrica

. 284
. 287

Tricbotropis
T. borealis

. 360
. 361

0. uucnlpta (a. ii.) .

. 289

Crrithiophis

. 364

0. oUiqna (a. iL)

. 291

C. tabercularis •

. 365

0. Warrenii (a. ii.) .

. 292

MURICIDiE

. 369

0.tnmcatiila(A. ii.) .

. 294

MURBX

. 369

0. intentincta

. 296

M. erinaceus

. 370

0. Bpiialis.

. 299

M. corallinus (a. ii.)

. 374

0. doliolifonnis (a. ii.)

. 301

M. gyrinns (a. U.)

. 876

0. decanata (a. ii.) .

. 303

IjACHMIS

. 376

0. excavata

. 305

L. minima

. 377

0. Gnlsonn (a. ii.)

Purpura .

. 379

OlpaUida.

. 307

P. lapillns (a. ii.)

. 380

0. puUus

. 307

Nassa

. 387

EULIMSLLA (a. ii.)

. 308

N. reticnlata

. 388

£. Scillae .

. 309

N. incrasnta

. 391

E. acicnla (a. ii.)

. 311

N. pygmflBa (a. ii.)

. 394

E. aifinit (A.ii.)

. 313

N. linaaU

. 307

£. claynla (a. ii.)

. 314

N. ambigua

. »97

Vlll

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGB

Nama coniinned.

N. bepaticft .398
BircciNUM .... 399

B. undatum .401

B. Dalei (a. ii.) . . .408
B. Humphreysianam (a. ii.) 410

B. fusiforroe • . .412

B. ilacUle .418

fryofBueelnft . .413

FuauM . . .415

Fi lilnndicuB . • . 416

F. propinquus . .419

F. Bornicionui (a. ii.) . 421

F. antiquui . . . 423

Tnr. JugoM . . 423

Fi Norvogioui . . . 428

F. Turtoni . .481
THoriioN .... 435

T. clAthmtui . .436

T. murioatui . . 439

Fuitu decuaMtuft . 440

T. Barvicentis . . .442

Triton elegUB . .443

Columbella picU . 444

ColumbelU hyalina . 445

Columbella cincta .445

Triton cutaceuB . . . 440

DoUum perdix . . 440

Pyrula cariea • 447

Cassii testicttlua? . . 447

CONIDiE . .448
Manoblla .... 448

M. (Bela) tarricula . . 450

M. (Bela) Treveliana . . 452

M. (Bela) ru& . . 454

M. septangnlaris . 458

M. nana (a. ii.) . .461

M. teres . .462

M. purpurea (a. ii.) . . 465

M. Leufroyi . . . 468

M. linearis . * . 470

M. gracilis . . 473
M. nebula .... 476

M. brachystoma . 480

M.striolata .483
M. costata .... 485

M. attenuata . .488

M. acdncU .491

Manoblia continued.
M. multilineolata
Morex prozimua
Fiuos multiluiearia
FuraacraMus .
Fuaua fiMciatas .
FuBtu minutiu .
FiMua ponctatai
Fleurotoma nnuota

CYPRiEADJE

CVPHASA

C. Europeea .
C. pediculiu
OvuLA .

O. patula .

O? acuminata
Maroinblla

M. Isvis .
M.pamda
M. catenata

PAGB

. 49»

. 479

. 490

. 492

. 493
, 494
. 495
. 490
. 497
. 498
. 501
. 502
. 502

. 506
. 606

GASTEROPODA OPISTHO-
BRANCHIATA . . 506

BULLlDiE .
Ctlicuna .
C. cylindracea .
C. truncata
C. obtttsa (toI. iy. p.

and A. ii.)
C. mammillata .
C* nitidula .
C. conulus .
C. Btrigella
C. umbilicata
Volvaria pelludda
VolTaria alba
Amphisphyra
A. hyalina .

TORNATBLLA

T. fiuciata .

Voluta heterodita
Akbra

A. bullata (a. ii.)
Bulla .

B. hydatis
B. Cranchii

B. media .
B. Columnie
B. elegans

. 506

507, 551

. 508

. 510

192

512
514
515
517
518
519

611
5S0

520
521
523
523

580

527
527
530
530
533

535
535
635

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

FAOB

SCAPHANDIR

. 536

POLYCBRA .

. 576

S. lignariuB

. 536

P. qnadiilineata .

. 576

Philinb

. 538

P. Lessonii

. 577

P. aperta •

. 539

P. ocellata .

. 578

P. quidrata (A.ii.)

. 541

Idalia

. 578

P. tcabia .

. 543

I. aspena .

. 578

P. catena . . .

. 545

I. insequalis

. 579

P. punctata

. 547

I. quadricornls •

. 580

P. proinoM

. 549

Ancula

. 580

A« crif tata .

. 580

APLYSIAD-flS

. 552

^B ^^/^ ^V^P ^P^^ ^r^BV ^r^BV V V

Apltsia

. 552

TRITONIADiE .

. 582

A. hjbrida.

. 554

Tritonia .

. 582

PLE(JROBRANCHIDi£

. 557

T. Hombergi

. 582

Plkurobranch as

. 657

T. plebeia .

. 583

P. membnnaoenB

. 558

T.lineata •

. 583

P. plnmnla

. 559

SCTLLAA

. 584

S. pelagica

. 584

DORIDIDiE

. 562

Doris .

. 563

EOLIDIDiE .

. 585

D. tabercnlata .

. 563

LOMONOTUS .

. 585

D. flammea

. 564

L. mannoratus •

. 585

D. Johnstoni

. 564

L. flaviduB

. 586

D. coodnea

. 565

Dbndronotus

. 586

. 565

D. arborescens .

. 586

D. repanda

. 566

DOTO . . . .

. 587

D. Ulideana

. 566

D. coronata

. 587

D. aipera .

. 567

D. fregilif .

. 588

D. diaphana

. 567

OlTRONA

. 589

D. bilamellata .

. 567

0. nobilis .

. 589

D. oblonga

. 568

EOLIS . . . .

. 589

D. depreflsa

. 568

•EoUt

D. inconspicna .

. 569

E. papilloia

. 590

D. pnsilla .

. 569

E. Peachii .

. 591

D. spana .

. 570

E.glanca .

. 591

D. pilosa .

. 570

** FlabelUm

D. subqaadrata .

. 571

E. coronata

. 592

GONIODORIS .

. 571

E. longicomiB

. 592

G. nodoea .

. 572

. 593

G. caatanea

. 572

E. TofibxanchialiB

. 593

Triopa .

. 573

E. punctata

. 594

T. dariger .

. 573

E. lineata .

. 594

iEoiRUS

. 574

E. elegans •

. 595

JE, pimctilucens .

. 574

. 595

Thicacbra .

. 575

£• gnciliB .

. 595

T. pennigera

. 575

E. pelludda . .

. 596

T. yiieicent

. 576

E. Landibuigi .

. 596

VOL. III.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

E-mBkoh
Kriridii .
Ecnraha
E.pict« .
E. tricokir.
K.aD«lh<rMiM

Ekblbtonia
B. pokhim.

P«OCn>N(ITUg

NoTi. Hr. Aldar uid Ht. Huicoek infon u of (beir inteDlion to mbrtitate
ths gemnc nuna /Vimm foi OiAoma (Fkm. KoHJidt), Um iMtcr ^ipeDation
faairngbren pntiooilj «np]oj»<l bj Dr. Buid (bragtDiu of EntooMMtnci.

- * •

« •

BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

• -" •

0 _ •

GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA.

NERITIDiE.

Among the inhabitants of our British fresh waters, is a
single representative of a tribe which in warmer climates
plays a conspicuous part along the shores of the ocean,
and in their rivers and lakes. Nerita and its allies have
shells of considerable solidity, more or less ovate, often
expanded, with lunate mouths, bounded on their colu-
mellar side by an expanded and flattened lip. The
animals have broad muzzle-shaped heads, with subulate
tentacles, and prominent sus-tentacles bearing the eyes
at their external bases. The foot is oblongo-triangular ;
its sides are not furnished with cirrhi. An hemispheric,
few-whorled operculum, sometimes corneous, sometimes
calcareous, is always present, and furnishes important
generic characters.

Although this family ranges far back in time, even
to the palaeozoic epoch, its chief development is in the
present era. Its affinities appear to be with the 7Vo-
chida^ on the one hand, and the Paludinida on the other.
The genus Natica has been associated with it by most
writers on Conchology, though, in truth, it is far removed
from Nerita,

VOL. III. B

2 NERITIDJE.

• • •
• • * • •

NERITINA, Lamarck.

• •

-. Shell hemispherically ovate, oblique, imperforate, with
a spire of few whorls, last whorl very large ; columella
flattened, smooth, or slightly denticulated, forming a nearly
straight sharp-edged border to the inner side of the
hemispherical mouth ; surface smooth, or striated, or spi-
nous, protected by an epidermis; operculum obliquely
lunate, solid, corneo-calcareoiis, with a tooth on its lower
margin.

Animal with two slender tentacula, with detached eye-
bearing Bus-tentacula at their external bases. Foot rather
short, triangularly oblong. Structure of the tongue (as
observed by Loven) complicated ; each transverse series
of teeth has a minute central denticle, flanked by three
laterals, of which the first is largest, transversely ex-
panded and laminar, the second and third minute, and
bounded by numerous uncini, the first of them very
large, broadly hooded and denticulated, the remainder
narrow and linear.

The Neritina adhere to stones, and, with very few
exceptions, inhabit firesh water. The greater number of
species are tropical. We find unquestionable examples
of this genus in firesh-water deposits of the oolitic period.
The animals of Neritina and Nerita are so nearly allied,
and the shells in essential features so similar, that the
propriety of their separation is questioned by many ma-
lacologists. The opercula of Nerita are entirely corne-
ous, but it is yet to be seen whether this character be
constant.

NERITINA.

N. FLuviATiLis, Linnaeus.

Plate LXXI, fig. 1, 2 and (Animal) Plate H. H. fig. 1.

Pktivbr, Oazoph. pi. 91, f. 3.— Listxh, Hist. Conch, pi. 141,
f. 38 (badly).
NeriiaJlwriatUu^ Linn. Sytt Nat ed. 12, p. 1253.— Pxnn ant, Brit. ZooL ed. 4,

ToL iv. p. 141, pL 88, 1 142.— Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 48,
pL 3, f. 8. — PuLTBNKY, Hutching, Hist. Dorset, p. 50. —
DoNoy. Brit Sheila, toL L pL 16, £ 2. — Mont. Test. Brit,
p. 470. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. Tiii.
p. 225. — Dorset Catalog, p. 57, pi. 16, f. 17, 18. — Turt.
Conch. Diet. p. 127. — Mi)LLBR, Hist. Venn, pt 2, p. 194.
— Draparn. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Fiance, p. 31, pi 1, f. 1 to
14. — Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 194, pi. 7, U 9, 10, 12. ^ C.
Pfbip. Dentsch. Land nnd S'dssw. Moll p. 106, pi 4, t 37,
38, 39, and pi 1, f. 15 (animal).— Dill wtn. Recent Shells,
Yol ii. p. 998 (not Yar.). — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi 35,
f. 26.— KiCKX, Moll. Brabant. Austral, p. 76.
Tkeodocnu LmtsHamuSj Montfort, Syst. Conch. yoI ii. p. 351.
NerUmaflmviaUiUj Lam. Anim. i. Vert (ed. Desh.) yoI Yiii. p. 576. —Turt.

Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 138, 1 124.— Flbmino,
Brit Animals, p. 821. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W*
Shells, p. 83, pi 8, f. 124. — Macoilliv. Moll. Aberdeen,
p. 129. — Brown, niust Conch. G. B. p. 26, pi. 18, £ 1,
2, 3 ; pi 13, f. 4, 5. — Grab, Moll. Ter. et Fl France,
p. 69, pi 5, f. 19. — RossM. Icon. L. und Sttssw. Moll,
pt. 2, pi 7, f. 118, 119. — SowBRBV, Thes. Conch, yol ii.
p. 514, pi 115, f. 178, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186.
„ /omUwalis^ Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 196, pi 7, f. 1 1 .
„ DahncUicaf So wbrbt. Conch. Ill Nerit f.57.

This shell is transversely sub-oval, rounded above, flat-
tened, and in the middle incurved lengthways, underneath,
and obliquely produced in front towards the outer lip. It
is not particularly glossy, is thin, smooth to the eye, yet
under the lens closely and distinctly wrinkled in a lon-
gitudinal direction. The disposition of the colouring is
variable, but in most of our native examples, the ground,
which ranges in tint from purplish-black to madder-red,
is variegated with small elongated spots, that are broader
than long, of yellowish white; sometimes these are few

4 NERITIDJE.

and sparingly distribnted, bnt in ordinary they are so
crowded as to seem immeshed in a darker net-work ; not
nnfreqnently, also, one or two lighter spiral bands are
formed by the partial closer approximation of the pale
markings, and the consequent tenuity of the coloured
lines that divide them from each other. In some in-
dividuals a beautiAil effect is produced by the whitish
spots being preceded by a very dark line, and then
gradually shading into the ground colour. The body-
whorl is not swollen, but only moderately rounded ;
towards the simple suture it is somewhat flattened, and
gently shelving, whence, the base of the abruptly en-
larging penult volution being more convex, and more
abrupt in its declination, the spire, which is very small,
being composed of only a couple of turns, that occupy
a very small portion of the breadth of the shell, and are
peculiarly lateral in the adult, often appears projecting,
despite its extreme shortness: at times, however, it is
scarcely raised. The aperture is obliquely semioval,
almost occupies half the lower surface, and is of a bluish-
white. The margin of the outer lip, which is somewhat
disposed to expand, is a little indented posteriorly. The
columellar plate is whitish, but is often margined with
a fulvous yellow ; it occupies about a fourth of the lower
superficies, is quite smooth, and is flat or a little concave,
with a partial indentation near its pillar-margin. This
last is sharp, and quite entire (not denticulated) ; its
general inclination is obliquely rectilinear, but with a very
slight retusion in the middle of it. The tawny operculum
is edged with orange or scarlet. Most of our examples
measure four lines and a third in breadth, and three lines
in length.

Want of space forbids our detailing the innumerable

NERITINA. 5

variations of form and colour met with in foreign ex-
amples. These varieties have been elevated to the rank
of species by some of the continental conchologists. In
the recent monograph of the genns, by Mr. Sowerby,
the following are enumerated : zebrina^ Peloponensis^ Nu^
midica^ MUtreana^ Becluz ; ihermalU^ Boubee ; intexta^
Villa ; Sardoa^ tri/asciaia^ Menke ; Hildreichih Schwerz.

The animal is whitish^ with a black head and muzzle ;
the foot is more or less speckled with black ; the tentacles
are white, with a black line running along their length ;
the sus-tentacles bear rather small black eyes. The crea-
ture is shy of showing much of its body in walking, a
habit common to the marine as well as the fresh-water
species of this group.

The NerUina lives in rivers having their outflow on
both the eastern and western sides of England. The
Thames, Trent, Ouse, and Humber, and their tributaries,
the Severn and Avon claim it among their inhabitants.
Mr. Jeffreys finds it at Swansea, and Mrs. Richard Smith
has collected it in Blenheim lake. Mr. Peach informs us
that he has taken it ^^ once in Fowey harbour, and once
on Groran beach in Cornwall, on both occasions quite
firesh, and evidently derived from some of our fresh-water
streams.^ Captain Brown states that it is found in the
Tyne and Tweed, and Mr. Hogg mentions it as occur-
ring near Stockton ; but, according to Mr. Alder, the
Northumberland and Durham specimens have most pro-
bably been derived from ballast. Bare near Scarborough
(Bean). We have found it abundant, but dead, and
undoubtedly imported with ballast, on the shores of the
Firth of Forth in Fife, and doubt whether its Scottish
localities enumerated by Brown (Forth, Tay, and Clyde),
are not all of the same kind. Strange to say, however.

6 NERITIDJS.

it is truly liying in the Loch of Stennis in Orkney, often
in water more or less brackish, and under circumstances
similar to those under which it occurs in the Baltic.
The question of the parentage of the Orkney specimens is
a curious subject for zoological speculation. In Ireland
it occurs on both east, west, and south, in the Liffey,
Shannon, and Lee (W. Thompson).

It is generally distributed through central and parts
of northern and southern Europe.*

* The N, virginea of the Conchological Dictionaiy (p. 127), said to haye been
found at Seafield, in the west of Ireland, ia a foreign ghelli and judging from the
■tated fize, ** hardly the eighth of an inch/* and the black sntnnd line mentioned
in the description, was lather the MerUmkma of Sowerby^s Monograph of this
genos, than his virginea. The specimens haye been lost.

PALUDINID^.

This fiunily of fresh-water MoUusks is nearly allied to
Littorina and its associates. With the Neriiida it is con-
nected through the intermediate exotic group of which
Ampullaria is a member. Muzzle-shaped heads, produced
tentacula, sessile or nearly sessile eyes, round or ovate entire-
mouthed turbinated shells characterize the assemblage.
The species it includes are distributed all over the world,
inhabiting lakes and streams. All are operculated ; the
opercula are in most of them formed of concentric laminae
ranged round a variously-placed nucleus. Many of the
PaludiiUB are amoug the largest of fluviatile univalves,
others among the smallest. Some are brilliantly-coloured,
but usually they have a dingy brown, horn-coloured, or
greenish epidermis. Species of all the foUowiug genera
range as far back in time as the oolitic period, and the
forms assumed by the most ancient of them closely resemble
those of existing members of the tribe.

PALUDINA, Lamarck.

Shell turbinated, with a produced spire, whorls usually
rounded, sur&ce covered with a coloured epidermis ; mouth
more or less oval, sometimes nearly round, slightly angular
above, peristome thin, continuous.

Animal with a lengthened muzzle ; head bearing two

8 PALUDINID^.

tentacula, the extremities of which are setaceous, but the
bases thickeued by the union with them of the eye-
peduncles. Tentacles of male unequal. Bisexual. Male
organ concealed in the right tentacle. Mantle ample. A
small veil on each side of the neck. Foot large, oblongo-
triangular, obtuse and not grooved behind, bearing on a
rounded lobe an operculum, which is corneous and com-
posed of concentric elements around a central nucleus.
Branchial plume single, concealed. Tongue very short,
armed with transverse series of denticles, each composed
of an ovate* central denticle flanked on each side by three
oblong lateral uncini, all with crenated apices.

The females of the Mollusks of this genus are ovo- vivi-
parous. In autumn, according to the observations of M.
Bouchard-Ghantereaux,* they contain each twenty or
thirty eggs. The young fry are not sent adrift by their
parent until the end of the second month of their exist-
ence, by which time the bands of cilia which cover their
shells have disappeared. Two, three, or four only are
absolved from their mother^s care in twenty-four hours, so
that the entire family of a Paludina take some time before
beginning to make their way in the world.

P. LisTERi, Forbes and Hanley.

Abbreviated ; whorls very and abruptly tumid ; umbilicus
large and open.

Plate LXXI. fig. 16.

HeUa vivipara (not of Linn.), ScHRtVrsR, Fliisaconch. p. 330 (in part), pi. 8,

f. 2. — Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 81, pi. 6, f. 2.— Donov.
Brit. Shells, vol. ilL pi. 87. — Mont. Test. Brit. p. 386, and

* M^moires de la Soc. d^Agricult., &c. de Boulogne-sur-Mer. 2nd Series,
vol. i. p. 217.

PALUDINA. »

Sap. p. 141. — Maton and Rack. Tians. Linn. Soc toI. viii.
p. 205 (partly).— Donet Catalog, p. 54, pi. 17, f. 2.-— Dillw.
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 940. — Wood, Index Testae, pi. 34,
f. 119.
Nerita vivipara^ Mt^LLBR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 182. — Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna,

pt. 2 (rar. a.).
C^^dosioma vMparmm^ Draf. MolL Ter. et Flnv. France, p. 34, pi. 1, f. 16, 17.
Paludma vtvipara^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii p. 511. — Turt.

Manual L. and F.W. Shells, p. 133, pL lU, f. 118.—
Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 31 5 (chiefly). — Gray, Manual
L. and F. W. Shells, p. 90, pi. 10, f. 118. — Brown,
lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 26, pi. 14, f. 71 1 72. — Brard,
Coq. Paris, p. 174, pi. 7, f. 1. — C. Ppeip. Deutsch. Land
and Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 108, pi. 4, f. 42, 43. — Ross-
MA8SL. Iconog. Land nnd S'dssw. Moll, pt 1, p. 108, pL 2,
f. 66. — KiCKX, Moll. Brabant Austral, p. 73. — Gras,
Moll. Ter. et FIut. France, p. 66, pi. 1, f. 2.
„ erydallina^ Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (fide Gray).
„ adkatinuy Sowkrby, Genera Shells, Paludina, U 1. — Rbbvb, Conch.

Systematica, pi. 197, £ 1.

Against our inclination we have been compelled to change
the appellation of this well-known shell, inasmach as the
H. mvipara of Linnsens is stated to be an imperforated
species, and the specimens in his cabinet decidedly belong
to the succeeding Paludina.

The shell is ovate-conoid, somewhat oblique, rather
scalariform, nearly smooth, thin, semitransparent, rather
glossy, and of a dark olive green, with moderately-broad
spiral bands of intense rufous brown. Of these there are
three subequidistant ones upon the body, the lowest of
which, however, is generally nearer to the central one than
the upper one is, and continues in the line of the final
suture; the two superior ones traverse the penult and
antepenult volutions, and then gradually become obsolete.
There are six rather quickly- enlarging tumid whorls, that
terminate in a very small point, and are separated by a
strongly-impressed suture, but are best defined by the short
but well-marked horizontal flattening of their upper edge,

VOL. HI. c

1 0 PALUDINIDiE.

which contrasts strongly with the swelling roundness of the
base of the preceding volution. The body, viewed dorsally,
slightly exceeds the length of the spire; the base is
rounded, rather short, and distinctly umbilicated. The
mouth, which is obliquely rounded-oval, and projects con-
siderably from the axis, occupies three-sevenths of the
total length, and more than half of the basal diameter ; the
peristome is acute, simple, and of a brownish black. The
outer lip is well rounded and not effuse in front, the inner
one is very little reflected. Large individuals measure an
inch and a quarter in length, and not much more than a fifth
less in breadth. The young, according to Mr. Gray, are
subglobose, pellucid, and furnished with five ciliated lines.

The animal is greyish or blackish brown tinged with
orange and marked with brilliant yellow specks. Its head
has a long rounded muzzle cloven at the extremity ; the
tentacula are long and subulate with thickened bases formed
out of the eye-peduncles united with them externally, and
bearing the eyes on their prominent projections ; the right
tentacle of the males is shorter than the left, and thick-
ened at its extremity. Foot angulated in front, rounded
behind. Mantle very lax and ample. The creature, when
walking, displays itself freely, but is at times very sluggish
when in confinement.

In Britain this species is chiefly confined to the southern
half of England ; it is reported, however, to occur at
Southport in Lancashire (Brown). Mr. Bean takes it
near York. It inhabits slow running rivers and canals,
and is common in the Thames district. It is found
in the Trent. Mr. Clark fmds it in the river Ex, and
Mr. Jeffreys in the rejectamenta of the river Tawe, at
Swansea. A greenish white variety, without bands, has
been found by Mr. Pickering in the river Lea, Herts ;

PALUDINA. 11

and we have seen the same irom near London. In
Scotland, though this species does not occur, yet shells
of it may be found on the banks of the Forth, derived
from ballast heaps (E. F.) ; and Mr. Alder mentions
a similar occurrence of the next species in Northumber-
land. Possibly the Lancashire locality recorded above
may be of this kind ; as also that of Newton Ards in
Ireland, recorded by Captain Brown. Mr. Thompson
says that he has not seen undoubtedly Irish specimens
either of tfaSs or the following species.
It inhabits Central Europe generally.

P. viviPARA, Linnseus.

Shape more produced than in the last : whorls simply rounded
and regularly shelving : umbilicus more or less concealed.

Plate LXXI. fig. 14, 15 and (Animal) Plate H. H. fig. 2.

Udiae vivipara^ Linn. Fauna Saecica, ed. 2, p. 529. — Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247

(from type).— SchrOtbb, Flussconch. p. 330 (in part), pi. 8,
t\.

Nerita/oidata, MUller, HiBt. Venn. pt. 2, p. 182.

C^etotUmia ackatimm, Draf. Moll. Ter. et Fl. France, p. 36, pi. 1, f. 18.

HeliM eoMpaOilu^ Pultbnby, Hutchins, Hist Dorset, p. 48 (firom Pbnn. Brit.

Zool. ed. 4, yol. iv. pi. 85, top figure without name).

Paludima achatina. Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 512. — Turt.

Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 134, f. 119. — Gray,
Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 91, pi. 10, f. 119. —
Brown, lUust Conch. G. B. p. 26, pi. 14, f. 68, 69.—
C. Pfsif. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 44,
pi. 8, f. 3. — R088MAS8L. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll,
pt. 1, p. 119, pi. 2, f. 66*. — Philiffi, Moll. Sicil. roL i.
p. 148. — KicKx, Moll. Brabant. Austral, p. 74. — Gras>
MoU. Terr, et FIut. France, p. 66, pi. 5, f. 13.

7lHr6o fuAaUmu^ Shbffard, Trans. Linn. Soc. yoL xiy. p. 152.

Paludma fatdata^ Dbshaybs, note in Lam. Anim. s. Vert toI. viii. p. 513. —

Philipfi, Moll. Sicil. yol. ii p. 122.

Neriia wnpara^ var, b. Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect yi. pt 2.

PahidMM woipara^ Say, American Conchologj, pi. 1 0 (probably). — Blaint.

Manuel Malacolog. pi 34, f. 6. — Flbmino, Treatise Mol-
lusc. Anim. pi. 11, f. 36.

12 PALUDINIDJE.

The preseut shell is so closely allied to the last, that we
shall merely particularise the essential differences. The
shape is more produced ; the colouring paler ; the sub-
stance generally more solid and less translucent; the
whorls less swollen and regularly shelving from their
suture in an arcuated line ; the aperture more contracted
posteriorly ; the umbilicus more or less concealed. The
young shells are Airnished with numerous close ciliated
spiral lines (Gray).

The animal closely resembles that of the last species,
but its mottling is of a coppery rather than golden hue.
The tentacles, muzzle and neck lobes (which are slightly
unequal and plain-edged) are palest ; the eye-bulgings very
dark. The central and first lateral denticles of the tongue
have their apical lobes more developed than in Listeri,

It inhabits the Thames district in similar situations
with the last, and has a similar continental range.

BITHINIA. Gray.

Shell turbinated with a produced spire, whorls more or
less rounded, covered with a homy epidermis; mouth
ovate, slightly angular above ; peristome thickened within,
continuous.

Animal with a lengthened muzzle ; head bearing two
setaceous tentacula with eyes at the external bases. Ten-
tacles of male equal. Male organ exserted, reflected into
branchial cavity. Mantle lax. A small veil on one side
of the neck. Foot oblongo-triangular, obtuse, and not
grooved behind, bearing an operculum which is shelly on
the inner surface, and has a subcentral nucleus. Branchial
plume single. Tongue very short ; similarly constituted
with iluit of Paludina.

BITHINIA. 13

This excellent genus was very properly separated from
Paludina by Mr. Oray. Unlike the MoUusks of the last
groap, the Bithinia are oviparous. M. Bouchard-Chan-
tereaux has given an interesting account of their pro-
ceedings when laying their eggs ; as this is probably
not accessible to most of our readers, we quote it with
slight abridgment. The Bithinia tentaculata lays from
May to August. There are usually from thirty to seventy
globular, yellowish, hyaline eggs, which are united to-
gether in a band, and attached to stones or the stems
of aquatic plants. When the animal desires to lay, it
seeks some smooth place, and begins to clean the surface
with its mouth before commencing. That being done,
it contracts its foot so as to render itself a third shorter
than its usual dimensions when creeping, but also a third
broader. Then, ceasing to use its mouth, it raises the
centre of the anterior extremity of its foot, so as to form
a little canal, intended to receive the egg. It next with-
draws its head a little within the shell, and directs its
muzzle towards the branchial orifice, where an egg appears
which it seizes and guides into the little canal to fix it
in its destined locality. Then the animal cleans the body
to which it adheres anew, and deposits a second eggj
repeating the operation until at last all the eggs are
expelled, and arranged in riband-fashion, each band, when
laid by an adult, consisting of three rows. The whole
process proceeds slowly, time being left between each
effort sufficient for the agglutination of the egg. The
young ones emerge at the end of from twenty to twenty-
five days, and do not attain fiill growth until the end
of their second year.

14 PALUDINID^.

B. TENT ACUL ATA.

Whork onlj moderately convex ; axis imperforated, or baring
at most a slight umbilical cbink ; aperture not projecting,
subpjriformlj ovate, being contracted posteriorly.

Plate LXXI. fig. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate H. H. fig. 3.

LiSTBR, Anim. Angl. pi. 2, f. 19; ConcL pi. 132, f. 32.
Hdim teniaoulaiaj Linn. Syat Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249.— Pbnnant, Brit ZooL ed. 4,

vol. iT. p. 140, pi. 86, f. 140. — Pultbnky, Hatchins, Hist.

Dorset, p. 49. — Donov. Brit. Sheik, toL iii. pi. 93. — Mont.

Test. Brit p. 389. -^ Maton and Rack. Tiani. Linn. Soc

ToL yiii. p. 220. — Dorset Catalog, p. 56, pL 21, f. 12.—

TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 68. — Dillw. Recent Shells, toL i.

p. 968.— Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 35, f. 176.
NerUaJaeulator, Mi)tLBR, Hist. Verm, pt 2, p. 185.
Turho uudeuM, Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 91, pi. 5, f. 12.
Cyelottama impurunij Drap. Moll. Ter.et FL France, p. 36, pi. 1, f. 20. — Voith,

in Sturm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect ti. pt 3, pi. 1.
Paludina impura, Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 183, pi. 7, f. 2. — Turt. Manual L.

and F. W. Shells, p. 134, f. 120.— Brown, Illust Conch.

O. B. p. 27, pi. 14, f. 72, 73. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed.

Desh.) vol. yiii. p. 514. — C. Pfxif. Deutsch. Land und

Sttssw. Moll, pt 1, p. 104, pi. 1, f. 14; and pi. 4, f. 40, 41.

^KiCKX, Moll. Brabant. Austral p. 74. — Rossm. Iconog.

Land und SUssw. MoIL pt 1, p. 107, pi. 2, f. 65. —

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. Yol. i. p. 148. — Sowbrbt, Conch.

Manual, f. 537. — Oras, Moll. Ter. et FIut. France, p. 67,

pi. 6, f. 12.
Bithymajacvlator^ Risso, H. N. Europe M^rid. yol. iy. p. 100.
Paludina tentaeulaia^ Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 315 (not young). — Philippi,

Moll. SiciLyol.ii.p. 122.
Bithinia tentacuiata^ Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 93, pi. 10, f. 120.—

Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 124.

This early known shell is thin, semi-transparent, quite
smooth, shining, and of a fulvous horn colour ; in shape
it ranges from ovate-acute to oblong-acute, but the latter
form is by far the less frequent. It is composed of five
volutions, of which the body-whorl, when viewed dorsally,
is equal to the rest collectiyely, and whilst they are only
moderately convex (and sometimes only slightly so), is

BITHINIA. 15

generally more or less yentricose. The more produced
is the shell, the less convex are the turns. The suture
is distinct but fine, and the whorls, instead of jutting
out abruptly, as in Leachi% shelve gently downwards.
The general proportion of their breadth to their height
is as two to one. The apex is very small, and rather
pointed; the enlargement of the succeeding volution is
sudden. There is no true umbilical cavity, but at most
a slight crevice behind the pillar-lip, which latter is
narrow, somewhat appressed, and not dilated anteriorly.
The aperture is subpyriformly ovate or obovate, being
contracted to a point at its posterior extremity. It occu-
pies three-sevenths of the entire length of the shell, and
not half of the greatest breadth. The outer lip is some-
what disposed to expand, and is slightly thickened within
by a white ridge, which forms a support for the oper-
culum. Our largest specimen measures a third of an
inch in breadth, and rather more than half an inch in
length.

Animal usually dusky, almost purplish-black, speckled
with brilliant yellow, sometimes of a general pale tawny
hue; muzzle long; tentacula dusky, slender, equal, scarcely
thickened at their bases, and bearing near their outer
bases small black eyes, on slight prominences. A single
small veil on the right side of the neck. Mantle lax,
but thickened at the edge. Foot oblongo-triangular,
rounded behind. Denticles of the tongue with numerous
very prominent linear marginal crenations.

This species is found in ditches, canals, and slow small
streams throughout the greater part of England, appa-
rently becoming rarer in the north. It is doubtfully
recorded as an Aberdeenshire shell by Macgillivray, most
probably from ballast; we have taken species undoubt-

1 6 PALUDINIDJE.

edly from that source in the Forth (E. F.) In Ireland
it is common throughout the greater part of the island.
(W. Thompson).

It is distributed throughout the greater part of Europe.

As a fossil, it occurs for the first time in the mammal-
liferous crag.

B. Lbachii, Sheppard.

Whorls tumid; aperture greatly projecting, nearly circular,
not being contracted posteriorly ; a distinct umbilicus.

Plate LXXI. fig. 7, 8 and (Animal) Plate H. H. % 4.

Bithima ventriooaOf Gray, Medical Repoiitory, 1821, p. 239 (no deflcription);

Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 94, pL 10, f. 121.
Turbo Leachiif Sheppard (March, 1822), Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. zir. p. 152.
Paludina actUoj Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 315.

„ similis, Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 135, f. 121.

M TroteheUana (fide specimens from Philippi).

„ ventriootaf Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 27, pL 14, £ 74, 75.

The name ventricosa having appeared without any de-
scription, loses all claim to priority. Hence, on the prin-
ciple of using that specific appellation, which has first
appeared with such a definition (descriptive or pictorial) that
naturalists could recognise the object intended, we are com-
pelled to adopt Mr. Sheppard^s name of Leach%% although
that gentleman candidly acknowledges, that he received
the shell from Dr. Leach, under the manuscript name of
ventricosa. The responsibility and profound research de-
manded by, and generally bestowed on, a supposed new
species before its printed publication, is very different
from that cursory observation which leads a man, to whom
in his ordinary reading an object is unknown, to term it
new in a friendly correspondence, or suggest a name by
which it might be referred to in the ordinary exchanges of
local naturalists. Manuscript names and crude descrip-

BITHINIA. 17

tions are the bane of our science, and tend more than any
other cause to burthen Natural History with an oppressive
and confusing mass of synonyms.

This little shell has an ovate-acute figure, and is thin,
semitransparent, and of an uniform horn-colour. Its sur-
face has a satinlike gloss, and is usually smooth ; occa-
sionally, however, the lines of increase become strongly
indicated upon the base, and a few obsolete spiral ridges
are barely perceptible towards the outer lip. There are
from four to five tumid and deeply divided volutions, that
slope inwards at their lower extremities, and instead of
gradually shelving from the suture above, stand out from
it abruptly and subrectangularly, so as to produce a kind
of scalaiiform appearance. The whorls enlarge rather
quickly from a not very fine and acute point ; yet the
body or final coil is short in proportion to the preceding
one, and when viewed dorsally does not exceed the length of
the spire. The base of the shell is rounded, yet compressed.
The mouth, which is not contracted to an acute angle
posteriorly, is obliquely subcircular, but is rather longer
than broad ; it occupies three-sevenths of the total length of
the shell, and decidedly more than half the basal diameter,
since it projects outwardly much beyond the columnar
axis. The peristome is acute and continuous, but disposed
to expand ; it curls back a little so as partially to conceal
the small but distinct umbilicus. The outline of the outer
lip is more or less sinuous. The ordinary length of the
shell, which is twice its breadth, is a quarter of an inch.

The animal is grey, slightly speckled with orange ; its
head and neck are dusky grey, the tentacula very long,
greyish- white, and ringed with orange in the region of the
eyes. The foot is pale-greyish white. The denticles of the
tongue are not so prominently crenated as in the last species.

VOL. ni. D

18 PALUDINID^-

This Bbell is much rarer than the last, and appears to be
confined to the south of England. It inhabits many
localities in the region of the Thames, and its tributaries.
Bath (Clark); Bristol, Clumber Lake, Cardiff (Jeffreys).
Bare near Scarborough (Bean). It is said to occur near
Preston in Lancashire (Kenyon).

Mr. Jeffreys observes, ^' that individuals resembling the
elongated variety in Turton's collection, which that author
had supposed identical with the Cyel. viride of Draparnaud,
are met with in Greenwich marshes.'*''

VALVATA. 0. F. MeLLBR.

Shell turbinated or discoid, thin, umbilicated, whorls
much rounded, smooth, carinated or striated, covered with
a corneous epidermis : mouth circular, peristome continu-
ous ; operculum homy, concentrically spiral.

Animal with a produced muzzle; its head furnished
with long, cylindric tentacles, bearing sessile eyes beside
their external bases; foot bilobed in front; branchial
plume long, pectinated, partially exserted. Lingual arma-
ture of series of denticles, each composed of a central broad
tooth with a hooked and denticulated summit, and three
lanceolate denticulated hooked laterals.

This genus is of more ancient origin than is usually
assigned to it. We have found unquestionable species
in the freshwater beds of the oolitic period. At present
it is distributed through the temperate regions of the
earth, living in slow running rivers, ditches, and lakes, but
presenting no great variety of shape or ornament, and but
few specific forms.

VALVATA. 19

V. PI8C1NALI8, Muller.

Spire manifestly raised aboye the last yolution.

Plate LXXI. fig. 9, 10.

Neriia pudmaUs, Mt^LLXB, Hist. Venn. pt. 2, p. 172.
Hdue „ Omxlin, Sytt. Nat. p. 3627 (from last).
Tufi)o fonUmtlis^ Pultbnxy, Hatchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 45. — Mont. Test. Brit.

p. 348, pi. 22, f. 4. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vol. yiii. p. 168. — Dorset Catalog, p. 50, pL 18, f. 3, 4. —
TuET. Conch. Diction, p. 207. — Wood, Index Testaceolog.
pi. 31, f. 87.
CydoiUiMa oitemm, Drap. MolL Ter. et FIut. France, p. 33, pL 1, f. ] 4.
Vahata obbiwa^ Bbaed, Coq. Paris, p. 190, pL 6, f. 17. — Turt. Manual L. and

F. W. Shells, p. 130, f. 114.— C. Pfxif. Deatsch. Land und
S'tissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 198, pi. 4, £ 32, and pi. 1, f. 13
(animal). — Kiokx, Moll. Brabant, p. 70.
Twrio tiermalUy Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 852.

Valvaia pimnmUuy Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Deah.) vol viii. p. 504. — Fleming,

Brit. Animals, p. 286. — Kenton, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i.
p. 425, fig. b. c. d. — Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. toI. ii.
p. 117.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 97,
pL 10, f. 114. — Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 17.
—Brown, lllust Conch. O. B. p. 27, pL 14, £ 62 to 65.
— Blainv. Faune Fxanq. MoIL pi. 12, a £, 6. — Sowbrby,
Conch. Manual, f. 322. — Philippi, MoU. Sicil. toI. ii.
p. 122. — Menke, Zeitschrift Malak. 1845, p. 119.—
Gras, MolL T. et Fl. France, p. 69, pi. 5, £ 17.
Valv^ pueunle^ Chenu, Traits Element, p. 470, f. 558.

Of this common shell, there are two variations in form
among our native specimens, which differ strikingly from
each other ; in the one, the shape is comparatively long,
and the umbilical cavity small in proportion ; in the other,
the shape is decidedly broad, the umbilicus large, and
the edge of the aperture manifestly recedes anteriorly.

The general contour is orbicular-trochoid, and the shell
is rather thin, a little glossy, somewhat transparent, and
of a pale horn-colour, changing upon the spire into a
reddish hue ; the entire exterior is densely wrought with

20 PALUDINID^.

raised longitudinal wrinkles, and the last whorl or two
are occasionally encircled with a few almost obsolete
ridges. There are five peculiarly rounded volutions, whose
increase, from a small, but very blunt apex, is moderate
as to height, but rapid as to breadth. They are short,
since the usual breadth of the penult is nearly thrice its
width, and are divided by a suture, that from the ab-
rupt rise of the turn above it, and a slight horizontal
compression in that below it, appears profoundly dis-
tinct. The spire, which, viewed from above, is of about
the same length as the body, is obtuse. The base of
the shell is somewhat compressed horizontally, but still
is more or less convex. The umbilicus is abrupt, and
though not capacious, is tolerably large. The laterally
projecting aperture is continuous, circular, disposed to
expand, occupies fully one half of the basal diameter,
and is about equal in length to the spire. The outer
lip is acute, simple, and slightly recedes in front ; it
forms no angle with the erect pillar-Hp, which latter
curls back a little, yet is not reflected. From the ob-
liquity of the last whorl, it lies, at the mouth, entirely
or nearly below the preceding one, instead of clasping
it, so that the front extremity of the aperture projects
below the general level of the base. The coils of the
multispiral operculum enlarge quickly near the margin.
The diameter of the shell is very nearly a quarter of an
inch.

The animal (which was first noticed by Montagu) is of a
pale grey colour with setaceous tentacula, eyed at their exter-
nal bases, and bears a tentacle-like appendage near the head
on the right side. Its pellucid delicate retractile branchial
plume projects from over its neck. '^ Between the months
of May and August,"" writes M. Bouchard Ghantereaux,

VALVATA. 21

this Mollask deposits its eggs to the number of from
sixty to eighty. All are coDtained in a single spherical,
yellowish, leathery capsule, which it fixes to stones and
stems of aquatic plants. The eggs are not wholly hatched
in the capsule, but about the twelfth day of its existence
are partly set free through a rupture of its walls, and
till about the sixteenth day, when the fry are set free,
are united in a gelatinous mass.^

This shell is generally distributed through the British
Isles (though rare in some districts), preferring peaty lo-
calities. The variety which has been termed dfpressa^
occurs abundantly in the Gurraghs of the Isle of Man
(E. F.) ; in the Clumber Lake (Jeffreys) ; and at Dublin
(Humphreys).

It ranges through the greater part of Europe, and is
known as a fossil in the later fresh-water tertiaries.

V. CR18TATA, Miiller.
Spire not raised aboye the last whorl.

Plate LXXI. fig. 11,12,13.

VtUvata crigiata, Mt^LLXR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 198. — Flxming, Brit. AnimalB,

p. 286. — Aldxr, Mag. Zool. and Bot toI. ii. p. 117. —
Qbay, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 98, pi. 10, £ 115.—
Brown, Illnst. Conch. O. B. p. 28, pi. 14, f. 66, 67.—
SchrOt. FluBBconch. p. 240, pi. 5, f. 26. — Lam. Anim. s.
Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. Tiii. p. 505. — C. Pfkif. Deuttch. L.
nnd SUtsw. Moll, pt 1, p. 101. — Nils. MoU. Sueciae Ter. et

FluT. p. 87 Mbnkx, Zeit. Malakoz, 1845, p. 123.

Neriia vofooto, Gmblin, Syst. Nat. p. 3675.
HdU erutaia^ Mont. Tett. Brit. Tign. 1, f. 7, 8 ; toL il p. 460.
Valvata tpiroHrit^ Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fl. France, pi. 1, f. 32, 33. — Turt.

Manual L. and F. W. Sheila, p. 131, f. 115. — Brard,
Coq. Paris, p. 187, pi. 6, £ 15, 16.— C. Pfxip. Dentsch. L.
nnd Susswas. Conch, pt. 1, p. 100, pi. 4, f. 34.
„ planorint, Drap. MolL Ter. et FIut. France, p. 41. — TuRT. Manual L.

and F. W. SheUs, p. 132, f. 1 16.

22 PALUDINIDiK.

Turbo oritUUuSf Maton and Kack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 169. — Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 227. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.
p. 883.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 32, f. 163.

A certain degree of variation is produced in this long-
known species, from the looseness of its coil, which causes
the spire to appear at one time nearly level, at another time
somewhat sunken. The peristome at times, too, bends
slightly backwards, at other times it is simple. Hence, we
believe, has arisen the distinction between the F. spirorbia
and V. planorhis^ as it appears in certain writers; yet
Draparnaud^'s figure of the latter exhibits a more slowly-
enlarging shell than any of our adult British speci-
mens.

The shell is discoid, thin, semitransparent, glossy, and
of a rather pale horn-colour, smooth to the eye, but under
the lens densely and distinctly, though partially, wrinkled
in a longitudinal direction. The upper disk is flattish, the
spire being rather sunken than otherwise ; the middle of the
lower disk is broadly and deeply excavated, and thus exposes
all the preceding volutions. The three cylindrical whorls
are a little flattened both above and below ; they enlarge,
with moderation, from a not very small apex, and are dis-
tinctly separated by a suture, that, from the abruptness
of their elevation, appears the more profound. As the volu-
tions are not very tightly coiled, nearly their entire extent
is visible in the vast umbilical cavity ; the flatness we have
also referred to, is not apparent underneath towards the
mouth: the circumference is well rounded. As the last
turn does not clasp the preceding one, the aperture is
circular, yet the curve, for the most part, is a little flattened
upon the pillar. It occupies fully one-third of the basal
diameter, is simple, acute, yet more or less expanding
when adult, and manifestly projects below the basal level.

VALVATA. 23

The outer lip slightly recedes anteriorly. The diameter is
about the tenth of an inch.

Animal of a general daskj grey hue approaching to
black on the sides of the snout and neck. Tentacles very
long, greyish white ; eyes at their bases within pale pro-
minent spaces. Branchial plume broadly triangular, very
sensitive, retractile, greyish white; tentacular filament
long, curved upwards, white ; foot grey, strongly and
acutely bilobed in front.

It inhabits ponds and ditches in many parts of Britain ;
general through the south-eastern parts, Clumber Lake,
Cardiff (Jefireys) ; Bath (Clark). In ponds at Prestwick
Car, Northumberland (Alder) ; Scarborough (Bean) ;
Duddingston, near Edinburgh (E. F.) ; Clare, in Ireland
(Humphreys). " Distributed all over Ireland '^ (W.
Thompson).*

* The F. mimtia of Ttuton was in all probabilitj derived from an immature
•hell, bnt the specimens are no longer to be met with in his collection. The
specific distinctness of the minuta of Drapamaud we have likewise doubted,
and find the shell introduced in Dr. Menke*s Monograph of Vatraia (Zeits. Mai.
1845, p. 127), without any further particulars than its original most imperfect
definition.

UTTOBINID^:

This group consists of Mollusks, living in the eea or
in brackish water, having close affinities with the members
of the last family, but differing in several particulars,
among which the form of the opercalom is conspicaons,
since instead of being multispiral, or formed of numerous
concentric layers, it is composed of a spire of few and
rapidly increaeing turns. All the shells of this ^unily
have entire mouths, but they differ greatly in form in
the different genera, varying from discoid to lengthened
cones. The animals are bisexual ; they have muzzle-
shaped heads provided with tentacula and sessile eyes.
Their tongues are long and armed with transverse bands
of teeth, each row consisting of a broad and hooked
central denticle flanked on each side by three oblong,
hooked laterals or undni. The branchial plume is single.
The foot has a distinct linear duplication in front, and
a groove along the sole. The form and appendages of
the operculigerouB lobe afford important generic distinc-
tions. There are no neck-lobes or lateral cirrht. The
mantle exhibits traces of a rudimentary canal, or respi-
ratory fold.

Members of this group inhabit all regions of the sea, but
by fta the greater number live near shore, and a very con-
HJilorable portion of them are found only between tide-
marks.

LITTORINA. 25

LITTORINA, FiRussAc.

Shell turbinate, solid, subconic or snbgloboee, with a
short spire ; surface smooth or spirally grooved, protected
by a more or less developed epidermis ; mouth subcircular,
peritreme entire, outer lip sharp-edged, columellar lip
expanded, imperforate. Operculum pyriform, corneous, of
few rapidly increasing whorls, the spiral nucleus laterally
placed.

Animal having a muzzle-shaped head, with two tenta-
cula, bearing the eyes on bulgings at or near their external
bases. No neck lobes ; operculigerous lobe without fila-
mentary processes. Foot rounded at both extremities,
grooved below for the two posterior thirds of its length.
Branchial plume single. Male organ rather long, linear,
bent, crenated on one side, reflected into the branchial
cavity. Lateral elements of the tongue subequal, and all
with lobed and denticulated apices.

This excellent genus, which of all its family, approaches
most nearly Paludina, an affinity borne out even by the
minute character of its dentition, consists of an assemblage
of MoUusks which formerly made part of the hetero-
geneous genus Tfirho. They all live strictly between
tide-marks, and many of them can exist without incon-
venience in localities where the sea does little more than
occasionally sprinkle them with its spray.

The LUiarina^ or Periwinkles, to call them by their
popular name, are distributed through the seas of all
climates. Fossil species are enumerated likewise from
all formations, even the most ancient, but in this as-
signment of the range of the genus there appears to be
much error, for assuredly the greater part of the fossils

VOL. III. £

26 LITTORINID^. ,

■

called Littorina, belong to quite other genera, nor do we |

believe that any true palseozoic examples of the genns have
as yet been discovered.

L. NERiToiDESy LinnaBus.

Small, smooth, oyate-conic ; usuallj more or less black ; whorls
much shelving, flattish, or merely convex ; spire short, but acute.
Mouth angularly contracted posteriorly : outer edge of the pil-
lar lip but little if at all concave ; throat very dark.

Plate LXXXIV. fig. 1, 2.

Turbo NerUoide$y Linn. Syrt. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1232.— Philippi, Weigm. ArcMv.

Nat 1841, pt. 1, p. 271 ; MoU. Sidl. toI. ii. p. 159.
Hdi» petraoj Mont. Test. Brit toI. ii. p. 403. I

Twho jpetrmtu, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. ] 60. — Rack.

Dorset Catalog, p. 49, pi. 18, f. 13. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 198. — Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 298. — Brit Marine
Conch, p. 165. — Dxllw. Recent Shells, toL ii. p. 820. — Wood,
Index Testae, pi. 30, f. 13. — Blainv. Fanne Fian^. MoU.
p. 301.
UUorwa Ba$teroU^ Patraud. Moll. Cone, pi. 5, f. 19,20.
7\irbo cartdeicetts. Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 217. — Blainv.

Faune Franq. Moll. p. 302, pi. 12, f. 9 Costa, Test

SieiL p. 102. — Philippi, MoIL Sicil. voL i. p. 189. —
DjUiBS. Rec. Coquil. Lam. pi. 37, f. 6.
Iiis$oa eUgans, Risso, H. N. Europe M4r. fig. 46 (not of text).
Paludina glabraia, Zibol. in C. Pfbip. Deatsch. Land nnd Siisswas. MolL pt 3,

pi. 8, f. 9, 10.
Littorina etnruUa, Costa, Osserv. Zoolog.

„ petraa^ Gray, Zoolog. Proc. 1833, p. 116. — Johnston, Berwick. Gob,
vol. i. p. 269. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 139. — Hanl.
Brit. Marine Conch, p. xxxix.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B.
p. 16, pi. 10, f. 17. — Aldbr, Cat. MoIL Northomb. and
Durh. p. 56.
„ emndetoent^ Potibz and Mich. Galerie Douai, Moll. p. 227.
„ Neritoidesy Philippi, Neae Conch. toI. ii. p. 166, Lit pi. 3, f. 20.

Our examination of the Linnsean collection has con-
firmed the accuracy of Philippics determination of this
often-named shell. The original specific appellation is

LITTORINA. 27

appropriate enough, for there is a comparative flattening
of the ventral or underneath portion of the bodj whorl, so
that an horizontal section, as in the genas Nerita^ would
be somewhat hemispherical.

The shape ranges from ovate-conic to oval-conoid, and
the colouring, in our native specimens, whose hue is for the
most part uniform, or only diversified by a single narrow
basal zone of a whitish cast, from purplish brown to cho-
colate black; in the Mediterranean examples the tint is
more frequently bluish grey passing into ashy white near
the sutures and the base. The shell is rather thin, but
not transparent ; when in fine condition it is almost smooth
(or with a few wrinkles of increase), and somewhat glossy,
but from the ordinary exposed nature of its habitat on
the British coast, is generally dull and eroded. The spire
is merely composed of four short and much shelving
volutions, that quickly slope to a tolerably acute point,
and are divided from each other by a fine suture ; although
not ventricose, but merely convex, or even flattened, they
are well defined. The body occupies from two-thirds to
three-fourths of the entire length, the former proportion
in the more produced specimens, the latter in the more
abbreviated ones ; its surface is not simply rounded, but
flattened and shelving towards the suture, and upon the
basal portion of the ventral or underneath side of the
shell. The mouth occupies from one-half to two- thirds
of the entire length ; it is subpyriform, or oval-acute,
rounded below, and contracted above to an acute angle.
The two lips are connected by a broadly spread enamel,
that is usually of a reddish-liver or chocolate colour ; the
outer lip is peculiarly sharp-edged, and disposed to expand,
especially at the broadly rounded base. The pillar is
wide, flat, and bevelled to a sharp edge (which is occa-

28 UTTOUKIDA.

nonally of a whitish cast) ; its oater or free margin is
not concave, but diagonally rectilinear. The throat is
smooth, always dnsky, and generally almost black, with
a narrow zone of white near the anterior extremity. Irish
specimens are said to attain to the length of three-eighths
of an inch, but the majority of our English examples only
measure a quarter of an inch long, and are a third or a
fourth less in breadth.

The animal has a black head and muzzle ; its tentacnla
are pale, and on each side of each tentacle runs a dnsky
line. The foot has dusky, almost black sides, and is
bordered in front by a white band; its disk is nearly
white.

On the very edge of the high-tide mark, and often at
considerable distances above it, where only the dash of the
spray can moisten it with sea water, we find this pretty
little mollusk assembled in myriads in the crevices of
rocks, on most of our rocky shores all round Britain and
Ireland, so generally distributed, indeed, that to enu-
merato localities would be superfluous. There are a few
suitable places, where notwithstanding it is either absent
or very local, as on the rocky coasts of the Isle of Man,
the shores of Kent, Sussex, &c.

It is distributed all round the coasts of Europe, and
extends throughout the Mediterranean, always preserv-
ing the same habitat on the very edge of the sea.

L1TT0R1NA« 29

L. LiTTOREA, Linnseus.

Solid, not smoothy jet melj ridged ; whorlfl not rounded, but
more or less flattened. Base and pillar not so produced, and
aperture not so filled up anteriorly as in rudis. Outer lip joining
the bodj at ah acute angle, and more arched below than aboye :
pillar lip not peculiarly broad, usuallj white, its inner edge for
the most part well arcuated.

Plate LXXXIII. fig. 7, 8, and (Animal) Plate 0. G. fig. 3.

LisTBR, Anim. Angl. pL 3^ f. 9 ; Hist, Conch, pi. 585, f. 43.
T^rte /itfomw, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1232. — Psnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4,

vol. iv. p. 128, pi. 81, f. 109.— Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 98,
pi. 6, f. I. — PuLTSNBY, Hutchins, Hilt. Donet, p. 45 (partly).
— DoNOV. Brit. Shells, toI. i. pi. 33» 1 1.— Mont. Test. Brit.
voL ii. p. 301. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. voL viii.
p. 158. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 49, pi. 17, f. 1. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 196. — Flbhino, Brit. Animals, p. 298. —
Macgjjlljv. MoU. Aberd. p. 1 36. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 165.
— BoRN,TestaceaMns. Cses. p. 341, pi. 12,f. 13, 14. — Chbhn.
Conch. Cab. toI. t. pL 185, f. 1852. — Obvbns, Conch, (ed.
Bachm.) p. 66, pi 28, f. 315. — Dillw. Recent SheUs, vol. ii.
p. 817. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 30,1 5. — Lam. Anim.
s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. iz. p. 199. — Blainv. Fanne Fran^.
pL 12, f. 3.— Phiuppi, Moll. SicQ. toL i. p. 189; toL ii.
p. 159.
^ mhikUiu, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toL iz. p. 214 (fide

Desh., LoT^n, Menke).
LiHorina vulgaris, SowsRBV, Genera Shells, Litt. f. 1. — Rbbvb, Conch. System.

pi. 222, t 1.
Tkrbo ruiUt Blainv. Fanne Fran^. MoU. pL 12, f. 2.

IMUmma liUorea^ Johnston, Berwick. Club, toL i. p. 267. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. xzxiz. — Brown, Illost. Conch. G. B. p. 15, pi. 10,
1 1,2,3.
Lilorina lUorea^ Mbnkb, Zeitschr. MalakocooL 1845, p. 49. — Philippi, Neue

Conch. Tol. ii. p. 102, Lit pi. 1, f. 7, 8, 10 ; toI. iii. p. 64,
Lit. pL 7, f. 12 (monstrosity).

Like most littoral shells, the species of this genas are
liable to great changes of shape and coloar : the former
arises chiefly from the amount of elevation displayed by

30 LITTORINID^

the spire. Hence the fonn ranges from snbgloboee to
ovate-acute, which last we regard as the most ordinary and
characteristic appearance. The shell is solid, a little glossy,
and its colouring is either of an uniform tint, or disposed
in rings. Impure scarlet, black, fulvous, or brown,
are the usual tints ; the two latter are often zoned with
numerous narrow fillets of red, or smoke-colour. There
are six or seven volutions divided by a fine and simple
suture, and terminating in a more or less acute apex.
They are spirally girt with densely disposed raised striae,
which, however, are, for the most part, much more mani-
fest in the young, than in the aged specimens, where the
surface, from abrasion, exhibits merely the intervening
striae. The shelve of the whorls is considerable, that
is to say, they are much broader below than above;
they are flattish, or plano-convex, and never much rounded.
The proportion of body to spire is very variable ; occa-
sionally they are almost equal ; in the produced form, the
dorsal length is in general as two to one ; in the globular
form, the spire hardly occupies more than a fourth of the
entire length. There is very often, especially in the
more elongated specimens, a slight disposition to retnsion
beneath the suture of the body-whorl. The aperture is
large, ovate, disposed to obliquity, and more or less con-
tracted posteriorly. The outer lip runs at a very acute
angle to the body, and typically (in the adult), is more
arcuated anteriorly than posteriorly, the base of the shell
being broad in the more characteristic examples. The
pillar-lip is broad, plano-convex, or flattened (not retuse),
and white; it is not particularly thickened at its union
with the outer lip : its free edge is moderately concave,
its inner, or attached margin, is greatly arcuated. The
throat is smooth, and usually of a chocolate-brown : more

LITTORINA. 31

rarely the entire mouth is white. The larger of the
specimens we have delineated is fiillj the average size
of fine individuals. As a general rule, it may be remarked
that in the banded varieties of this and rtutUy the colour-
ing-matter is usually disposed in narrow rings in the
former, in broad zones in the latter. The outer lip,
in the present species, is more frequently margined in-
ternally with the darker external colouring ; in rttdiSj
it is more apt to be pallid, or tinged with orange-
yellow.

The animal above is of a general dark hue, arising
from close-set brownish-black linear markings on a yel-
lowish or tawny ground. The lanceolate tentacula are
irregularly ringed with these markings, as is the muzzle
also. The operculigerous lobe is rounded, pale, and
tawny, with few markings. The sole of the foot is
yellowish-white. Loven describes the tongue as having
broad and quadrate central teeth, with strongly inilexed
apices, consisting of a cordate central lobule, flanked by
obtuse denticulations on each side : the uncini are nearly
all alike, thick, and have unequally lobed and toothed
apices.

This is pre-eminently the '* Periwinkle ^ of our shores,
a name said to be a corruption of petty winkle. Mr.
Searles Wood says that they are called " Pinpatches ""
in Suffolk. Great quantities are sold in London, and
eaten on many parts of our coast, after being boiled, when
the animal is extracted by means of a pin. It is a poor
man''s delicacy, but by no means to be despised. It
inhabits the third sub-region of the littoral zone,* or belt,
between tide-marks, that of which Fucus articulatus and
F. nodasus are the characteristic plants, and is found

* See Memoirs of the Geol. Sorrej of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 373.

32 LITTORINIDJi.

BO generally aroand our shores, that we need not enume-
rate localities. Occasionally specimens much distorted
are taken, apparently when an inflnz of tresh water has
effected their growth, and to some snch cause, possibly
to the melting of icebergs, we may attribute the carionfl
monstrosities of this species which occnr in the red
and nuunmaliferons crags, such as those figured by Mr.
Searles Wood in hia excellent work on the Crag Mol-
lusca. It is found along the Atlantic shores of Europe,
ranging southwards as &r as Asturias.

L. RDOiB, DonoTsn.

Solid, rarely ridged ; whorls rouoded, spire acute, more or less
short. Mouth small, more or less rounded, not contracted above,
but lessened at the base by the broad confluence of the pillar and
outer lip, which latter is rather more arched above than below,
and joins the body at nearly right angles. Base generally a little
produced.

PUte LXXXIII. &g. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, lud Plate LXXXVI. Gg. 1.
7orh> ndu, Donov. Brit, Sbell^ toI. i. pL S3, f. S.— HoNT. Tart. Brit. p. S04.
— Maton and Rack. Tram. Linn. Soc^ toI. tuL p. 159, pL 4,
f. 12?, 13.— RACK.Don«tCBU]og.p. 49,pl. 18, f. G.— Tuiir.
Conch. Diction, p. 197. — Flbhino, Brit. Anim. p. 29B (put.) —
Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 166.— Dillw. Reconl Shclli, vol. ii. p. 81S.
—Wood, Indei TaiWc. pi. SO, f, 7.— Lm. Anim, s. Vert. (ed.
De«h.) vol. ii. p. 216.- Duu. Rec CoqniL Lan. pL 37, f. B.
„ liUoraa, Matok and Rack. Tinnt. Linn. Soc vol. Tiii. pi. 4, f. 10, 1 1 ?
(from which Bkown, HI. Conch, pi. 10, f. S, 6). — Rack.
Donet Catalog, pi. 19, f. 3 (probably).
IMeriita ndu, (not of Gould), Johnbton, Berwick Clnb, toL i. p. 267

(tar.a.).- MACOn-Liv. MolL Aberf. p. 137 (chicay)

BriL Murine Conch, p. iirii. — BnQwN, Illuil. Conch. O.
B. p. IG, pL 10, f. 10 to 14, 3J,— Mbnki, ZeilKhr. 3Iala-
koiooL 184S, p, £3. — Philifp:, None Coach. niL U. p. lOS,
Litt. pL I, f. 14, 15,16.
„ zowtrta. Beak, BriL Marine Conch, p. 366.

mffTtlinrata, Grat in Zool. Beechey Voyage, p, 140 (probahly),—
PHiLiPPi,NeaeCoDch.vDl.ii.p.I04,Litt.pl.1,f. 17, 18,19.
„ liaarat, Baawn, III. Conch. 0. B. pi. 10, t. 4.

LITTORINA. 33

This strong shell closely resembles the preceding, but
does not attain to its size, and chiefly differs from it in the
roundness of its well-defined volutions. It is sometimes
almost smooth, sometimes spirally girt with indistinct cos-
tellar strise (in which case those upon the base are the
most prominent) and very rarely (yet occasionally in an
orange and livid banded variety, where the ridges are
obfloletely subtnbercular) strongly costellated. The colour
ranges from yellowish-white to orange, and is either uni*
form or banded with about two or three zones of liver-
colour or chocolate, of which one at least is broad ; the
throat varies in tint from chestnut to dark chocolate-
brown ; the peristome in the paler varieties is pure white,
in the darker ones is tinged with diflerent intensities and
shades of liver-colour. Occasionally also (but not com-
monly) the shell is livid and the zones, if present, pale
yeUow.

The form of the most typical examples is subglobose-
conic, but, as in the common periwinkle, the spire varies
greatly in relative height, and the more produced it is,
the longer is the shape of the body. The basal portion
of the body is almost always flattened, narrowed, and
rather elongated; when the cessation of roundness is
abrupt, a slight angularity is perceptible upon the final
whorl. The mouth of the adult is small in proportion
to the extent of its outer circumference, the cavity being
greatly diminished through the space occupied by the
thickened basal junction of the two lips ; it is rounded
oval (more rarely circular) and not contracted posteriorly.
The junction of the outer lip, which is acute, disposed
to expand, and more arched posteriorly than anteriorly,
is subreetangular ; hence its ordinary marked projection.
The attached edge of the columella is often a little ele-
voL. in. p

34 LITTORINIDJE.

vated, and is comparatively straight (in liitarea it is much
arcuated). The pillar is plano-concave, and abruptly
dilated, being remarkably broad at the anterior base,
where it is often disposed to become slightly effuse and
to twist a little to the left. The parietal enamel is gene-
rally rather thick in adult individuals. The throat is
quite smooth. An umbilicoid indentation is occasionally
perceptible.

Our largest specimen only measures nine lines and a
half in length, and eight lines and a third in breadth.

We are Inclined to regard the nigroUneata^ as defined
by Philippi, as an aberrant form of this species. The
chief peculiarity arises from the spiral sculpture being
elevated into regular ribs that are separated by profound
sulci, and are often bifid near the outer lip. At times,
too, the angle formed by the junction of the outer lip with
the body is almost as acute as in littarea^ from which
the shape of the pillar and the anterior filling up of the
aperture sufiices to distinguish it. The most characteristic
style of colouring is where the shell is tawny, and the sulci
brown or almost black ; sometimes, too, the entire shell
is pure white, or painted with two broad fulvous zones ;
sometimes of a bright yellow, either with or without two
broad spiral bands, in whose livid tint the projecting cost^e
do not, for the most part, participate ; the margin of the
mouth in the banded examples is more or less stained with
reddish purple.

The shell figured BBJugosay in Montagu'^s *' Supplement
(pi. 20, fig. 2) to the Testacea Britannica^^ (not that ori-
ginally described as such), looks like an aberrant ridged
variety of this very variable species. At least what we
suppose to be identical (pi. LXXXV I. fig. 1 ) appears to be
so. It is smaller and rather less solid than the more typical

LITTORINA. 35

forms, is coarsely and sharply ridged, has a rather more
abbreviated or globose contour, and a rather larger aper-
ture. The colour is usually of an uniform scarlet or
brown, but sometimes the ridges are white, whilst their
intervals (as well as the mouth of the shell) are of a
chocolate or dark brown tint. The basal declination is
abrupt and subretuse. There are only four or five volu-
tions, which are very distinctly defined ; those of the spire
are very short, so that the body is usually twice the
length of the rest united, a character that distinguishes the
shell from the ridged variety of tenebroga^ wherein the
smaller whorls are much more produced. The principal
ridges (those above the basal slope) are about six in
number, and are separated by rather broader interstices.
The mouth is rounded oval, and very projecting; the
pillar is broad ; the base a little produced.

The animal differs from that of the preceding species, in
being of a lighter hue, with the exception of the head,
which is more uniformly dusky. The dark markings are
not arranged in bars, and the tentacles instead of being
ringed, are dusky, with a pale yellowish line down the
centre of each. The edge of the muzzle and base of the
foot are yellowish, or yellowish white. Mr. Clark has
observed that this animal, unlike the last, is viviparous ;
** in July and August all the ovaria are fiill of completely
formed young shells/^

The Littorina rudis is found almost everywhere on
stony and rocky shores, often in considerable numbers,
though not strictly gregarious. It inhabits the first and
second subregions of the Littoral zone, those of JFucus
eanaliculattu and Lichina^ usuaUy below the next species,
and always within the reach of the tide. Its continental
range is like that of littorea.

36 LITTOBINIDf.

L. PATDLA, Jeffreys.

Subglobose, not particularly solid, almost always marked with
raised wrinkles or ridges. Whorls four, at moat five ; the penult
not shelnng above, bat abruptly swoUeu, and peculiarly longer
than the preoeding turn. Spire short ; apex bluntish. Aper-
ture rounded oval, not diminished in size by any broad basal con-
fluence of the very prominent outer lip, whose superior junction
with the body-whori is more or lees rectangular : pillar lip not
produced, rounded anteriorly.

PUtaLXXXV. fig. 6 to 1 0, and (Anidul) Plate Q. O. Eg. 3.
y 7Vrio>«^iMM, Mont. TeK. BriL vol. ii. p. 586.— TuHT. CoDch. Diction, p. 196,
bom which Brit. Marina Conch, p. 267, ai Litlofimjmgoii. —
DiLLW. Rwtuit SbclU, ToL ii. p. 820.

_ „ Rackbtt, Dorael Catalog, p. 49, pL )9,f. 1.
Littorina patida, Jbpfrbvs, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 259, f. 7.

„ tijaata. Brown, Illiul. CoDch. 0. B. p. 16, pi. 10, C 20, 21.

„ ruftHJiibi, Aldbr, CataL Holl. Nonhmnb. and Dnriiam, p. 55.

The largest oxample of this species delineated in our
eugraTiDgB, presents a remarknble decree of likeness to
some of the stunted and costellated forms of tmtbroaa ;
so much so, indeed, that we do not venture positively
to assert the specific distinctness of the two shells.
Since, however, the examination of a long suite of spe-
cimens, has not clearly proved to us the union of the two,
we have preferred to retain a constituted species, rather
than wrong the author of it, by too hasty a suppression.
The chief distinguishing characters appear to be the
rt-iiiarkable swell of the penult whorl, and its extreme
dorsal length compared to the shortness of the succeeding
volution. The absence of all indication of this character
ju Montagu's figure of jugoaa prevents our recognition
<if liis species, although his description of that shell applies
tx'ller to the present Litlorina, than to any other we are
aciiiiainted with.

LITTORINA* 37

The shape is subglobose when young, and becomes more
or less obliquely globular-acute when adult. The shell
is never solid, but, at most, seems moderately strong:
the colouring is yariable, the exterior being sometimes
clear yellow or orange, sometimes white, and sometimes
almost black ; it is occasionally, too, mottled with brown
and white (in which case the mouth is of a chocolate
colour). The more ordinary tints, however, range from
a somewhat olivaceous drab to intense brown, changing,
for the most part, into a darker hue upon the spire, and
a paler one at the base. Adult ringed or banded varieties
must be very rare, as we have never met with them, but
the younger shells are not unfrequently mottled, and
sometimes even streaked with white. The whorls, which
are five in number, are either encircled with numerous
raised wrinkles, which become almost obsolete on the basal
area, or else are girt with more or less strong and distant
ridges. Chat diminish in size below the basal declination.
The first three volutions are remarkably small, but the
penult becomes suddenly laiger (being decidedly longer
than the united preceding ones), and, as well as the
body, much rounded. From this tumidity the suture
is peculiarly distinct, particularly in a variety, where the
body is horizontally flattened posteriorly. The apex is
very small, but is not prominently acute : the spire appears
to occupy, at most, a third of the entire dorsal length,
more frequently only a quarter, and a still smaller pro-
portion in the younger examples. The base is not at
all produced, its surface is less convex than the portion
above it, and the commencement of its declination (usually
rather an abrupt one) is generally, in a slight degree,
subangulated. The aperture is rounded oval, not con-
tracted above, usually of a paler or darker chocolate-

38 LITTORINIDJB.

coloar, and occupies from, at least, foar-seventbs to folly
uoe half the entire length of the shell. The out«r lip
is simple, acute, and peculiarly projecting and rounded,
especially posteriorly, where its joDction with the body is
nearly snbrectangulai. The pillar (in the adult) is almost
equally broad throughout, somewhat concave, and not
at all produced; the length of the mouth is but little
diminisbed by its confluence with the outer lip.

We have figured an oblique and patnloas variety, of
which we possess two forms, one resembling the type in
its possession of riblets, the other actually smooth upon
the body-whorl towards the outer lip. The colouring
of the latter, which is evidently the lahiata of Brown,
is pale yellow, adorned with encircling interrupted streaks
of reddish brown.

The characters of its aperture distingaisb it from the
aberrant ridged variety of rudis so specially indicated in
our description of that species; for, in that shell, the
anterior extremity of the mouth is filled np by the broad
confluence of the suddenly expanding pillar with the outer
lip. The acateness of its apex, its comparative solidity,
and the more shelring roundness of its pennlt volution, aid
ns in separating it from its closely allied congener.

The majority of individuals do not exceed the third
of an inch in length or breadth, but one of our specimens
of the wrinkled or typical variety, measures nearly half
an inch in either direction. This specimen was obtained
from the vast pile of rocke near the cavee in Freshwater
Hay, Isle of Wight (S. H.), where the species is met
willi in abnndance, along with petraa and rvdit, each
preserving, however, its peculiar situation upon the same

The ridged forms are procured both on the north and

LITTORINA. 39

south coasts of Oreat Britain ; Newbiggin and Salcombe
(Alder).

The animal is of a general yellowish- white hae; the
whole of the upper part of the head is covered with
purplish lineations; the extremity of the muzzle is yel-
lowish-white. The tentacles are subulate, yellowish-white,
lineated on each side with a fine black stripe ; their bases
are much swollen, and bear the eyes on the outer bulgings.
A few purplish lines mark the sides under the tentacles.
The foot is oblong, rounded at each end, margined in
front, and conspicuously grooved in the centre.

This species is viviparous, and assembles in vast numbers
gregariously on rocks at the edge of high water-mark, and
often considerably above that limit. Its abundance in
many localities where rudis is absent or rare, would seem
to bear out its distinctness. It is found all round our
coasts, and has a foreign distribution similar to that of its
near allies.

L. TBNEBROSA, MoutagU.

Usually more or less thin, very rarely solid ; of an ovate-conic,
or oblong-conic shape, the spire being always more or less deve-
loped. Whorls six, much rounded, not abruptly enlarging.
Mouth rounded oval, its base usually rounded, and not pro-
duced : pillar not broadly confluent at its junction with the
outer lip.

Plate LXXXIV. figi. 11, 12; Plate LXXXV. fig. 1 to 5.

TVirfto lemebroMt, Mom*. Teat. Brit. yoL ii. p. 803 ; Snppl. pi. 20, t 4. — Maton

and Rack. Tiana. Linn. Soc. yol. viiL p. 160. — Rack. Dorset
Catal. p. 49. — Tubt. Conch. Diction, p. 197, £ 36, 37. —
Flbm. Brit. Anim. p. 298. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.
p. 817.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 30, f. 6.

M liiioreu$, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc vol. viii. pi. 4, f. 8, 9 ?

M vetUtMif Sat, Jonnu Acad. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 241.

40 LITTORINIDiE.

IJUorina ienthrota, Forbba, Malac. Monens. p. 18. — Macoill. Moll. Abetd.

p. 138. — Brit Marine Conch, p. xxxix. f. 92 (changed
from Turho L p. 166). — Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 16,
pi. 10, f. 18, 19. — QouLD, Invert Maasaehua. p. 259,
£ 175*.— DiKAT, New Yoiic MoU. p. 105, pL 6, 1 106.

Of this shell there are two varieties, the one ridged, the
other smooth, that pass imperceptibly into each other ; of
these we regard the latter, which is by far the commoner,
as the normal form.

The shape ranges from ovate-conic to oblong-conic, the
larger examples being ordinarily the less produced ones.
The colouring is very variable, being yellow, purplish-
chocolate, livid brown, scarlet, or chocolate brown ; in the
latter case, with an occasional zone of orange in the middle
of the body-whorl. Sometimes, too, the sur&ce is equally
and rather broadly zoned with orange red and dusky brown.
A not unfrequent and very characteristic style of painting,
is where a ground, that ranges from fulvous brown to
almost black, is mottled by irregular but somewhat spi-
rally disposed, short angulated streaks of white, yellow
or orange. The texture is often thin, rarely, if ever,
solid, and at most is moderately strong ; the surface has
but little lustre, and ranges in sculpture, from almost
smooth, or merely impressed with very fine and undulated
spiral lines, to spirally ridged. There are six much
rounded and often very bluntly subscalariform volutions
that terminate in a rather fine apex, and rather slowly
increase in length, though they quickly enlarge in breadth ;
of these the lower ones are peculiarly well defined, the
rise from the suture being almost perpendicular. The
spire, viewed from above, occupies from three-sevenths to
one-half of the entire length ; the penult whorl is about
half as long as it is wide. The body whorl is always
short (compared with our native species), and is some-

LITTORINA. 41

times nearly half again as broad as it is long ; it is well
rounded, though a little flattened in the middle, and its
basal declination is, for the most part, low down, and rather
sudden. The mouth, which occupies rather more than
one half the length in the shorter specimens, rather less
than that proportion in the produced ones» has an ovate
contour, and is not contracted posteriorly; its colour, if
not that of the exterior, is chocolate brown. The outer
lip is never thickened, is moderately arcuated, and is
united to the body at almost a right angle. The pillar lip,
which sometimes twists a little to the left, shelves inwards
and is somewhat dilated at the base of the shell ; its
inner or attached edge is arcuated and a little raised. A
large specimen of nearly eight lines in length, measured
six lines in breadth ; another produced and smaller sized
example, five lines long, only measured a quarter of an
inch across.

Strange to relate, although the typical forms of rudis^
ienebroM^ patula^ and saxatilisy are so very unlike, certain
aberrant individuals almost indicate, that ihey form but one
species. We have figured some specimens (pi. Ixxxiii. fig. 4,
and pi. Ixxxv. fig. 3, 4) that almost connect the first three
forms, but the greater production of the spire, the propor-
tional and slower increase of the turns, and the possession of
an additional volution, induce us to refer them to the pre-
sent heading.* These shells, and certain allied forms,

* The unfigored L. veniricota of Brown*8 lUustrations (p. 16), is probably one
of theie links between fenebrosa and pattda. We haTe not» howeTer, observed
any specimens that precisely correspond to it. We transcribe the description of
its characters firom the work alluded to : — ** Shell rather thin, smooth, conic,
Tentricose, body large^ and the spire small, measuring only one-third of the length
of the body, consisting of four inflated, deeply separated volutions, and terminating
in a rather obtuse apex ; the superior part of the body, and volutions of the spire
somewhat flattened above, giving them a subcarinated appearance ; aperture sub-
rotund, dark burnt umber brown within ; outer lip thin, slightly inflected, and of

VOL. III. G

42 LITTORINIDiE.

fairly enough agree with the Turho jugosus of Montagu's
description (Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 586.— Maton and Rack.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 158, pi. iv. fig. 7, probably.
— DiLLw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 820, probably.— Brown,
Illust. Conch. G. B. pi. x. fig. 16, probably), but not with
his representation of it in the Supplement. The Litto-
rina Juposa of writers seems to be constituted from the
strongly ridged varieties of the three species just men-
tioned by us.

The animal of this Litiorina does not appear to present
characters which will enable us to pronounce it distinct
from rudis. It inhabits muddy flats and inlets all round
our coasts, and has a distribution correspondent with that
of its preceding congeners.

a rich £Eiwn colour at the edge ; pillar lip broadly reflected on the colmneUa, a
little coQcave in the centre, and of a brownish purple colour ; the whole exterior
surfiice covered with zigzag markings of a deep reddish brown, and doll wood-
brown, yellowish towards the margin of the lip ; a few obsolete lines of growth
can be discerned crossing the body. Length, nearly five-eighths of an inch;
breadth, nearly half an inch. Found by James Macdonald, Esq., adhering to
stones near high- water mark, in Clew Bay, county of Mayo, on the west coast of
Ireland.

** We have also received a variety, which is obsoletely sulcated spirally on the
body, with the apex a little more acute, and the depression on the upper part of
the volutions less conspicuous, and having a pale buff coloured spiral bond on the
upper margin of the body and volutions, close to the suture, and terminating in
the apex.

*' This sheU is somewhat allied to both the Turbo ienebrotut and labiaiut ; it
differs from the former in being less elongated, and in the body being much
larger in proportion to the spire ; and from the latter, in the body being less in
proportion to the spire, and in the aperture being greatly smaller.*^

LITTORINA. 43

L. sAXATius, Johnston.

Minute, thin, subglobose, smooth, or obscurely striated. Whorls
only four, the penult peculiarly big, and, as well as the body,
which is broader than long, tumid ; base short, much rounded :
apex blunt. Aperture suborbicular, rather more than half the
length of the shell, broadly rounded, and not filled up anteriorly :
pillar attenuated below : outer lip peculiarly arcuated, meeting
the body almost at right angles to it.

Plate LXXXVI. fig. 4, 5.

LiUorima taxatiUs^ Johnston, Berwick Club, yol. i. p. 268. — Macgil. Moll.

Aberd. p. 138, firom which Brit. Marine Conch, p. 258. —
Aldbr, Moll. Northnmb. and Dnrh. p. 56. — Philippi,
Neue Conch, vol. iiL p. 6% pi. 7, f. 1 6.
M M^J0cft», Bban, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 266.

As Olivi had described a Littorina under the name
saxatilis^ the appellation neglecta has been snbstituted for
that of the present species. We revert, however, to the
specific epithet by which our shell was first designated,
because we consider that the Italian author has not sufili-
ciently defined his species to secure its positive identifica-
tion. Moreover there can be little doubt that he meant
the Littorina Neritmdes,

This minute shell seems to us more like a smootbish
dwarf form of the L.patuta^ but as Philippi, in his recent
monograph of this genus, sanctions the species, we have
unwillingly retained it. When most typical it is of a glo-
bosely subconoid shape, and of equal length and breadth,
is generally a little glossy, thin, typically smooth, but occa-
sionally with obscure raised spiral lines, and for the most
part is of a whitish ash-colour, painted with an irregular
net-work or tessellation of obliquely subspiral wavy linear
streaks of an olivaceous brown or dusky smoke colour ;

44 LITTORINIDJ£.

more rarely it is of an uniform brownish black. There
are only four volutions, of which the first two are obscurely
defined (the apex being almost always eroded, but appa-
rently blunt) and very short ; the penult, by comparison,
is remarkably big, but its breadth is ftill double its height ;
the body somewhat ample, but rather broader than it is
long. These two last whorls are simply tumid, and swell
out at once, without any depression of surface, from the
very distinct suture. The body is twice the length of
the spire ; the base is short, and its declination, though
sudden, is well rounded. The aperture, which is rather
capacious, the basal portion not being filled up by any
broad confluence of the lips, occupies rather more than
one half the length of the shell ; it is longitudinally sub-
orbicular, scarcely, if at all, contracted posteriorly, and
broadly rounded anteriorly : the throat is chestnut or
rufous brown. The outer lip, which is simple and acute,
is peculiarly arched, and iuUy as much so below as above :
its junction with the body is rectangular. The free edge
of the pillar-lip is straightish (compared to the outer lip),
its attached margin is arcuated : the pillar is simple, short,
and neither twisted nor produced anteriorly, but tapering.
The specimens we have described from, measure only the
eighth of an inch in either direction.

This shell is abundant in many localities on both our
eastern and western coasts, and is probably a common
species. On the rocky shores of the Isle of Man we have
gathered it abundantly in the crevices of the rocks beside
Corallina officinalis. Mr. Alder and Mr. Hancock re-
mark that on the Northumberland coast it is found ''on
rocks near low- water mark, bare of sea- weed, but covered
with Balani and muscle. The habitat of this little species
is different from that of the preceding, being always near

LITTOKINA. 45

low-water mark. This, with the difference of form and
size, induce us to think it distinct. We have taken from
its body embryos well developed and covered with a
shell/'

L. LiTTORALis, LinnsBus.

Semiglobose, solid, smooth, or at most striolate, the general sur-
hce flattish. Body bluntly sabangulated aborei peaked below in
the yoang ; spire remarkably depressed, its whorb not rounded ;
pillar-lip decidedly broad.

Phte LXXIV. fig. 3 to 7.

LifiTSii, Anim. Angl. pi 3, f. 11, 12, 13; Hist. Conch, pi. 607,

f. 40, 44. — Knorr, D^lioes des Yeax, pt 6, pi. 23, f. 8, 9.

— Chkmn. Conch.Cab.yoLy.pl. 185, t 1853 and 1854,

Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, e. f.

Xerita iitlarrUu^ LiNN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1253 ; Fauna Snecica, ed. 2, p. 533*

— Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iy.p, 141, pi 87, f. 143.— Da
Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 50, pi. 3, f. 7, pi. 4, f. 2, 3. — Donov.
Brit. Sheila, yol. i. pi. 20, f. 2.— Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p.
467. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. yiii. p. 226,
pL 5, f. 15. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 57, pi. 16, f. 13 to
16 ; pi. 20, f. 2, 3.— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 126.— Flrm-
iNo, Brit. Anim. p. 318. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii.
p. 989.— Wood, Index Testae. pL 35, f. 27.
Turbo XeriUndes (not of Linn.), Pdltbnrt, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 44. —

Malacolog. Magaz. p. 28. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 171. —

Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) yoL ix. p. 214. — Blainv.

Faune Franq. Moll. p. 301, pi. 12, f. 8. — Gkvbns, Conch.

Cahinet (ed. Bacbmann, 1 830), p. 67, pi. 28, f. 318, 319, 320.

— Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 189.

y, reliuiu. Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 215. — Potiez and

Mich. (hi. Douai, Moll. p. 316, pi. 29, f. 11. — Blainv. Faune

Franq. Moll. pi. 12, f. 7.

„ (JUutaius, Lam. (not Linn.) Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol ix. p. 216

(probably).
„ iiBiulaifUj Blainv. Faone Fian<;. Moll. p. 301, pi. 12, f. 6.
LiUorima NerUoide*^ FoRBss, Malac. Monens. p. 19. — Johnston, Berwick Club,

vol. i. p. 269. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 140.— Brit.
Marine Conch, p. xxxix. — Brown, lllust 0>nch. G. B.
p. 25, pi. 13, f. 14,15,21,22.

46 LITTOBINIDA.

idttornu sbwiKu, Minkb, ZuiUcb. M>L 184S, p. 55. — Loven, Indu MoU'

SeuidiMT. p. 2Q — PuiLirpi, Neoe Conch. toI. ii.p.lO*.

Lilt. pi. I, f. 20, 31, 22 MiDDiNii. M>1bc Rowc pL 2,

3, p. 57, pi. nil, f. 24—38.

Of this very common shell there are two marked varia-
tions in shape, besides subordinate ones. We propose to
describe the more typical of these first, and then to indi-
cate the peculiarities of the other variety. This form has
a transversely, and generally obliquely, oval contoar, is
opaque, very solid, more or less dull, and of various
shades of yellow, rufous, or brown, either uniform, or
banded with the first on a ground of either of the two
darker colours, or vice versd. Oflentimes, too, it is re-
ticulated by closely-disposed zig-zag lines, that radiate
at first from the sutures in simple curves. The sur&ce
is nearly smooth under its epidermis, being only, at most,
very finely and densely striolate in a spiral direction. The
spire is remarkably depressed, and composed of about
three- an d-a-faalf turns, that at first slowly, and then quickly
enlarge, and commence irom a blunt yet very small apex :
they are scarcely raised, very gently shelving, flattened
above, more convex below, and separated &om each
other by a very fine snture, over which the succeeding
whorl is wont to lap. The great disparity in length
between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the penult
turn is very characteristic of the species. The body
is ample, placed obliquely with respect to the other
volutions (so that the sptre is lateral), and usually
produced at the anterior base in fiilI>growa examples;
it is bluntly subangulated above, gently shelving and
a little flattened below, and plaao-convex in the middle,
Ik nee the circumference opposite the mouth, instead
ut' being rounded, as in most Liltorina:, is broadly and
slightly convex. The aperture which is rounded oval.

LITTORINA. 47

jet a little contracted posteriorly, and broadly rounded
anteriorly, owing to the thickness of the shell, is small
compared to the peristome ; its colouring is either whitish,
or tinged with violet, liver colour, or chocolate. The ex-
treme length of the peristome is fully two-thirds of the
total length of the shell, its breadth decidedly exceeds
one-half of the basal diameter. The outer lip is bevelled to
an acute edge, is disposed to expand, recedes considerably
at the base, is well rounded anteriorly, and is gently arched
and much shelving posteriorly. The pillar lip, which is
glossy, and shelves much inward, is broad, and less
flattened than in most British species of this genus ; it
is broadly confluent with the outer lip, being chiefly, and
rather suddenly, dilated at the base of the shell, near
which its outer or free margin is concave, but becomes
straighter as it recedes thence. The margin of the
enamel, which surmounts the pillar in adult specimens,
is straightish or incurved. A linear indentation for the
most part bounds the inner margin of the columella. In
immature examples the mouth is narrower, being longi-
tudinally oval, and is produced and attenuated anteriorly.

In aged specimens, the final whorl is apt to become
suddenly deflected at its termination, which causes the spire
to seem much more elevated, and the length of the shell to
become equal to its breadth.

In the other variety, the body not being so obliquely
placed in regard to the lesser volutions, the general shape is
much more globose, and the angularity of the final whorl
much less conspicuous ; the spire is more raised, and the
aperture more oval. The outer lip, too, is generally
thinner, and the minute spiral wrinkles more wavy.*

* The L. NeritiformiM of Brown (111. Conch. O. B. p. 17, pi. 10, f. 24), whoie
description we here tranicribe, seems to be a somewhat distorted form of this

48 LITTORlNIDiE.

The breadth of a full-sized indiyidual of the former
variety was three quarters of an inch, and its length only
half; an example of the latter variety measured seven and
a half lines broad, and seven lines long.

The animal is usually of a bright yellow colour, but
occasionally, as in a variety we have taken in the Isle of
Man, is tinged with dusky, and has the tentacula and
muzzle nearly jet black. The former organs are slen-
derer than in its congeners, and the eyes placed rather
farther back. The mantle in the former variety is edged
with orange, in the latter with a black line. The opercu-
lum is tinged with rich brown.

This species is abundant all round the British and Irish
coasts, living on JFWt , between tide-mark, but more espe-
cially inhabiting the third subregion of the Littoral zone,
that otFucus serratusj where it is found in company with
Troehus dnerariua. It ranges along the shores of the
Northern and Celtic provinces on the European side of the
Atlantic.

ipedeB : — *^ Shell strong, sabconic, smooth ; spire very short, being about one-
fourth of the length of the body, consisting of four well-rounded volations ending
in an obtuse apex ; body large, tumid, crossed by some obscure lines of growth,
its upper margin provided with a narrow spiral groove, which continues throughout
the volutions; aperture subrotnnd, dark purplish brown within, pale fawn colour
within the maxgin of the inner lip, which is thin, and not continuous; pillar lip
glossy, white or pale reddish purple, broadly reflected on the caluinellay with a
very slight subumbilicus behind. Length neariy five-eighths ; breadth upwards
of three-eighths.

** We discovered thia species adhering to rocks below high-water mark, near
Downpatrick, Irehind, where it is very plentiful**

LITTORINA. 49

L. FABALiB, Tnrton.

Very smaU, thin, yet usually broader than long, subglobosei
reticulated by chestnut markings, devoid of spiral striae or ridges.
Spire very depressed ; body well-rounded, not peaked at the
base ; pillar^lip rather narrow.

Plate LXXXVI. figs. 2, 3.

Tmrho fabali»t Turt. Zoolog. Journ. toI. ii p. 366, pi. 13, f. 10. — Flbmino,

Brit. Anim. p. 298. — Brit. Marina Conch, p. 167.
LUtorina BeanU, Maogiluv. Moll. Aberd. p. 140.

„ /obalisj Brit. Marine Conch, p. zjjdx. — Baown, lUost. Conch. O. B.
p. 17, pL 10, £ 38, 39. — Philippi, Neae Conch, vol. iil. p. 66,
Litt. pi. 7, 1 18.

As the fry of UUoralU^ which assumes at times the
colouring and general aspect of this species, is occasionally
marked as such in the cabinets of collectors, we may
obserre that even in that early stage it is a more solid
shell, is peaked and somewhat produced at the base, and
exhibits a wider confluence of pillar and outer lip.

This little shell has a rather obliquely subglobose form,
is rather broader than long, thin, a little transparent,
slightly or scarcely glossy, of an orange-brown, loosely
reticulated by rufous lines, and is apparently smooth ;
numerous longitudinal wrinkles, however, may be discerned
by the magnifying glass, and a lens of high power
discloses, likewise, faint traces of densely disposed spiral
striulso. The spire is yery short, occupying only the
sixth or even the fifth of the total length; it consists
of two whorls and a half, that are separated by a fine
but profound suture, increase rather quickly in length,
and terminate in a small but bluntish apex. Although
not ventricose, they are convex, but are little elevated,
and very gently shelving. The body is very ample,

VOL. in. H

50 LITTORINID^.

swollen and elevated in the middle, convexly shelving
above, and abruptly but still convexly declining to a
rounded termination anteriorly. From the suddenness
of the basal slope, and the recedence of the outer lip in
front, the shell appears, when viewed from above, to lean
considerably forward. The mouth is ample, being equal
in size to the rest of the ventral area, and occupying about
five-sixths of the total length ; it is rather obliquely pro-
minent, especially anteriorly, is longer than broad, and
of an oval-suborbicular contour. The outer lip is very
thin, well arcuated both above and below, and recedes con-
siderably at the base of the shell. The pillar, which is
shining, flattish, or even a little hollowed, and of a paler
or darker liver- colour, is concave at the free or outer
edge, and arcuated at the other margin ; hence it is apt
at times to bear a narrow crescent-like form ; it mani-
festly shelves inward, and is more or less broad, yet less
so at its confluence with the outer lip, than it is higher
up. There is often a little indentation at the ordinary
site of the umbilicus in other genera. Our largest ex-
ample only measures the fifth of an inch across, and is
a trifle less in length.

The confusion attending the history of this minute
Littorina, prevents our indicating its distribution with
accuracy, and saying more than that it was first dis-
covered at Scarborough, by that indefatigable and ob-
servant Gonchologist, Mr. William Bean, to whose re-
searches in this branch of Natural History we owe our
warmest thanks. Mr. Jeffreys possesses specimens ga-
thered on the Northumberland coast by Mr. King. He
considers it a variety of Uttoralis.

LITTORINA. 51

L. PALUATAy Say.

Subglobose, smooth, not solid ; whorls convex; body rounded;
basal confluence of the two lips not broad ; outer lip acute and
much arcuated.

Plate LXXXIV. fig. 8, 9, 10.

Tmrho palUattu^ Say, Joam. Acad. Nat Sc. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 240.
LUtarima paUiatOy Gould, Invert Massach. p. 261, f. 176*. — Philippi, Neue

Conch. ToL iii. p. 68, Litt pL 7, f. 27, 28, 29 (well).

The only two native specimens of palliata^ which we
have ever examined, those delineated in our engravings,
were taken on the coast of Yarmouth, Isle of Wight,
by our friend Mr. Metcalfe. Both these individuals having
been lost by our engraver, we are compelled to derive
our outline of the distinctive characters from examples
sent us .from the United States, where the species is
most abundant.

Shell subglobose, broader than long, not at all flat-
tened underneath, not solid, yet moderately strong, vari-
able in colouring, olivaceous yellow, or brownish red ;
tint either uniform, or banded, or reticulated with the
darker hue. Surface smooth, or at most densely and
spirally striolate. Whorls about five, those of the spire
convex ; the first two or three extremely small, the penult
very large in proportion to them ; the body rounded, and
occupying from two-thirds to three-fourths of the entire
length, its basal declination not at all angulated, but
abruptly though arcuatedly sloping. Suture very narrow.
Mouth capacious, suborbicular, scarcely longer than
broad, usually occupying about two-thirds of the shell in
the adult, but a less proportion in the young, usually
chocolate-brown, broadly rounded below. Outer lip very

52 LITTO&INIDJE.

acute, much arcuated. Pillar-lip not suddenly broad ;
its outer edge very concaye. Length four lines and a
half; breadth five lines.

The more convex whorls, the rounded body, and the
absence of any broad basal confluence of the two lips,
distinguish it from littaralis. Mr. Sowerby assures us
that similar specimens, whose identity with paUiata was
unquestionable, have been taken on the south coast of
England.

In the preceding account of the British LiUorin^^ several
are described as species which nuiny of our ablest natural-
ists regard as varieties, whilst others are considered varieties
which some hold to be worthy of specific rank. Our ovm
belief is that even the list we have given assigns too high a
rank to several forms ; but in order that this difficult sub-
ject should be so treated as to enable those who may have
opportunity, to work it out still more completely, we have
described provisionally as species the leading types or most
striking forms, even at the risk of laying too much stress
on transient characters.

Our conviction is that the result of a completed know-
ledge of this genus would be a reduction in the number of
true British species. Taking the most permanent features
of the animal and its shell as our guide, we are inclined to
reduce the true specific types to four.

1. LiTTORiNA NERiTOiDEs ; a foHu which is so distinct in
animal and shell that it has not been subdivided like its
neighbours, nor confounded with them.

2. LiTTORrNA LiTTOREA ; the characters of the animal are
constantly different from those of mdu ; the shell rarely

LITTOBINA. 53

resembles too closely that of the next species ; and the
habitat is constantly different. The animal, moreover,
is oviparous. It is possible that occasionally hybrids
may be produced between it and rudis^ which may ac-
count for the rare specimens contained in a few cabinets
exhibiting an apparent combination of the characters of
both.

3. LrrroRiNA buois. This is the form which has been
most divided into so-called species. We believe, with Mr.
Jeffireys, that patula^ tenehrasa and saxatilis, with the
many less distinct varieties which we have enumerated
under this synonymy will eventually prove to be this
species modified by variations in the habitat. The animals
of all too nearly resemble each other, and have the common
character of being viviparous. Of the more remarkable
varieties patvia and mxatilis are rock-inhabiting specimens,
the former living mostly on the edge of high- water mark,
the latter in crevices near the low- water line, whilst rudis
inhabits stones within the half tide belt, and temlrosa
muddy and brackish water localities. They have all a
power of maintaining life for a long time out of the water ;
this they possess in common with many mollusks exposed
to the air at the fall of the tide. Mr. Barlee has observed
it in Trochus lineatusj which species he has kept alive
away from the sea for as many as eighteen days, whilst
ziziphinus rapidly perished.

4. LiTTORiNA LiTTORALis. Under this species, which in
several respects, especially in the features of the animal,
approximates the Littarina to the Lacuna, will probably
fall fahaiis^ and, we feel almost sure, palliata.

54 LITTORINIDJE.

SPURIOUS.

L. ziczAC, Chemnitz.

TVodkut xicxae^ Chbhn. Conch. Cab. vol. ▼. p. 69, pi. 166, f. 1599 (not var.

f. 1600.) — Gmblin, Syst. Nat. p. 3587 (not var.).— Dillw.

Recent Shells, vol. ii p. 808, var. a.
Turbo „ Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viu. p. 160. — Mont.

Test Brit. SuppL p. 135. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 199.
PhananeUa linmta^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Deih.) toL iz. p. 243, in part.
LiUorina ziesoac^ Potibz and Mich. Oal. Douai, Moll. toL i. p. 280, pi. 28, f. 1 1,

12. — Dbsh. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) voL ix. p. 204.
Liiorma „ Prilippi, None Conch. toI. ii p. 162, Lit pi. 3, £ 13, 14.

A common W. Indian shell, int7*oduced by Maton and EackeU,
under the belief that it was identical with a shell figured by them
(pL 4i,f, 14, 15, copied by Brown, loc. cU, pL 10, /.26, 27), and
taken by Lady Wilson, near Sunderland, This last is supposed
by Mr, Alder {Moll, Northumb, and Durh, p. 57) to be identical
with Neritoides.

L. D18PAR, Montagu.

7\(r6o durpar, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. iz. (1811), p. 195, pi. 13, f. 4. —

Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 199.
Cinguta ^ Flbming, Brit Anim. p. 309. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 184.
UHorifta „ Brown, lUust Conch. O. B. p. 1 6, pi. 10, f. 26, 27.

Probably a native of the W. Indies ; introduced by Montagu,
whose figure of it is very exact, as found at Poole in Dorsetshire,
It comes between Neritoides and Mauritiana in appearance, but is
distinct from either.

LACUNA. 55

LACUNA, TuRTON.

Shell tnrbbate, solid or thin, obliquely conoidal or sub*>
globnlar, spire short or produced, surface smooth (in the
British species) protected by an epidermis ; mouth ample,
rounded, peritreme entire, not continuous, outer lip sharp-
edged, columellar lip expanded, grooved, umbilicated.
Operculum semicircular, corneous, of few rapidly increasing
whorls, the spiral nucleus lateral and subterminal.

Animal having a muzzle-shaped head, with two long
tentacula, bearing eyes or bulgings at their external bases.
No neck-lobes ; operculigerous lobe expanded or winged
laterally and furnished behind with two filamentary pro-
cesses, more or less developed, but sometimes nearly ob-
solete. Foot rounded at both extremities, contracted at
the sides, centrally grooved. Branchial plume single.
Male organ long, thick, compressed, placed near the right
tentacle. Lateral elements of the tongue heterogeneous;
two of the uncini as well as the median denticle with
incurved (five) denticulated apices.

The mollusks of this genus, which was instituted by
Turton, and is one of the most natural groups of its order,
were formerly confounded with Natiea^ and, even now,
are frequently associated by conchological authors with
genera to which they have no near affinity. They live
upon sea-weed, usually inhabiting the fronds of Laminaria
and FucuSy in the zone of which the former plant is
characteristic ; more rarely ranging to greater depths. The
peculiarities of the animal were first described by Philippi.

Loven states that their ootheca are vermiform, thick,
and curved in a semicircle.

The species are mostly of northern seas. Their geological
range is not yet clearly understood.

LITTORINIDA.

L. PALLiDULA, Da Costs.

Alrooat always broader than long, flattened beneath, pecoliarlj
expanded at the mouth ; lacuna large in the adult, and equal to
two-thirds the length of the shell, sometimes absent in yoong
ipecimens.

PUteLXXII. eg. 1,3,BDdGg. 3,4(Mp<iOtb).

^fenla paliidula. Da Coiit*, BriU Conch, p. 61, pi. i, L i, fi. — DONOV. Brit.
Shell*, ToL i. pi. 16, C 1.— Hont. TciI. Brit. tdL ii. p. 4S8.
— Haton ud Rack. Tnni. Linn. Soc to). tuL p. 23& —
Rack. Donel Catalog, p. 57, pL 20, L 4, 6.— Dillw. Recent
ShoUi, Tol. ii. p. 986.— Wood, Index Teitac pi. 35, t. 21.

T\irio pallidiJiu, Tuht. Conch. Diction, p. 193, £ 24, 25, 85, B6.

Naiica paUiivia, Blaihv. Faune Fian^. Moll. pi. U, L 6. — Plihino, Brit.
Aninuli, p. 320. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 150. — Bkown,
lUuit. Conch. O. B. p. 25, pL 13, f. IS, 20.

lAKwna „ TuRT. Zoolog. Jonrn. toI. iiL p. 190. — Jobkiton, Bnwidi

C1uh,vDl. i. p. 270. — MAcaiLLiv.Halt.Aberd. p. 145.—
Uakl. Brit. Marine Conch, p. xuii. t. 85.
„ n ow. f patiila, Hanlbt, Brit. UariiM Conch, p. zzzrii. L U.

Tho broad canal and Natiea-\i\te aspect of this most
cliaractcriatic species of Lacuna readily enable ns to sepa-
rate it from its British cou^ners. It is flattened nnder-
neath, bnt above is almost hemispherically convex, and of
a somewhat obliquely snbtriangular-oTate form, that is for
tho most part broader than lon^, but occasionally is some-
what more circular than nsaal. From its thioDess it ia a
little translucent, and is covered with a rather dull and
dirty yellow epidermidal coat, beneath which the shell
is of a whitish fane, and never banded nor variegated
with auy other colour. The surface is almost smooth ;
nnmerous wrinkles of increase, and occasionally a few very
obscure spiral ridges may, however, be descried. Of the
three volutions which compose the shell, the two upper
Hi-.'ircely occupy any appreciable portion of its area, being

LACUNA. 57

not only very narrow, but also scarcely raised and very
lateral : although much shelving they are rounded. A
slight horizontal retusion or flatness under the suture,
which is simple, but quite distinct, is principally observ-
able upon the body-whorl. This last is remarkably ample,
enlarging with great rapidity from the previous turn ; it is
much dilated towards the outer margin, is well rounded
in the middle, but has its basal surface a little flattened.
The apex is small, but not acute. The aperture is more
than semicircular, but much longer than it is broad': it is
greatly projecting, and very capacious, for it decidedly occu-
pies more than one half of the lower superficies of the shell.
The outer lip is simply and continuously arched, and dis-
posed to expand ; it unites with the inner lip posteriorly
at nearly right angles, its anterior junction is devoid of
angularity. The general inclination of the white pillar-lip
is almost perpendicular, yet slightly retuse : its lacuna or
canal is remarkably broad and long, reaching two-thirds up
the shell, where it terminates in a large funnel-shaped
umbilicus : it is abruptly defined, and almost overhung, as
it were, by the body, and although rather profound is not
more particularly excavated in the middle than elsewhere.
Our larger specimens measured five lines in breadth, and
about four lines in length.

The shell, erroneously called L.patula in our plates, is
the immature state of a large olivaceous variety of this spe-
cies. Its form is subtriangular, being very broad at the top
and attenuated at the basal extremity ; the subsutural canal
is peculiarly distinct. The mouth is peculiarly capacious,
and is scarcely surmounted by the spire ; it is longer than
broad, and somewhat ear-shaped. The chief peculiarity is
the entire absence of a lacuna, except when the shell is
mature, in which stage of growth it resembles the typical

VOL. III. I

58 LITTORINIDJE.

form, but is more solid and usually olive-coloured. It is
common enough on a cluster of submerged rocks, a mile
or two from the shore of Torquay in S. Devon (S. H.). An
extremely flattened variety is taken at Sunderland, (S. H.)
that reminds us not a little of the Coriocella perepicua.
Mr. Jeffreys finds it on the Mumbles, near Swansea.

The animal, with a sketch of which we have been
favoured by Mr. Alder, is white ; its tentacles are long,
subulate, bearing eyes on the outsides of their slightly
swollen bases ; the muzzle is rather narrow ; the foot is
rounded at each end, and slightly contracted at the sides
centrally ; the operculigerous lobe is broadly margined at
each side, and bifurcated behind ; the two tail-like furcar
tions are subulate and rather short, though conspicuous,
and extending beyond the end of the foot. In our plate
we have given a drawing of the changes of form in this
species during its development, observed and kindly com-
municated by our esteemed correspondent, Mr. Spence
Bate, of Swansea.

Although much more common in the north than in the
south, this mollusk is very generally distributed around the
British shores, living on the characteristic sea-weeds of the
Laminarian zone. It is very fine and abundant in the
Firth of Forth.

L. puTEOLus, Turton.

Smally subglobose, often zoned, never of an uniform yellow j
pillar canaliculated.

Plate LXXII. fig. 7, 8, 9 ; LXXIV. fig. 9.

Cochlea parvoy Da Costa, Brit Conchol. p. 85, pi. 8, f. 12.
Hdioe fasdata^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. toL t. p. 5, pi. 1, f. 20, 21 (badly),

from which Mont. Test. Br. p. 446. — Maton and Rack.

LACUNA. 59

Trans. Liim. Soc. toI. viii. p. 205. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 67.
Hdix laeuna^ Mont. Test Brit. p. 428, pi. 13, f. 6. — Maton and Rack. Trans.

Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 201. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii*
p. 917.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 33, f. 70.
NerUa rrfa^ vat. Mont. Test Brit Suppl. p. 151.
TWio laemuiy Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 193, f. 87, 88, 89.

M pvteolut, Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 193, f. 90, 91.
Lacuna „ Turt. Zoolog. Joum. vol. iii. p. 191. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. xxxTiii.
„ Montaeuti, Turt. Zoolog. Joum. toL iii. p. 191.
Turito/ateiaiuM, Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 300.
NaHea laeunOj Flbming, Brit Animals, p. 320.— Brit Marine Conch, p. 150. —

Potikz and Mich. Galerie Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 292.
Laeinia/a$eiaUi, Macgilliv. Moll. Aberdeens. p. 145. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 256, f. 84. — Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 128, pi. 10,
f. 54 (changed from Pkananella/aadcUa, p. 10).
M svleaioj Macgilliv. Moll. Aberdeens. p. 146 (fide Je&eys from type).
„ Mwtagtd^ Brown, Illust Conch. O. B. p. 128, pL 57, f. 8.

The members of the genus Lacuna require a studious
examination of long suites of examples collected from
yarious localities, in order to arrive at just conclusions
respecting the natural limits of each species. Our group-
ing together the very dissimilar forms that we have
included under the name of puteolus, is the result of such
an examination, and is .forced upon us, contrary to our
preconceived ideas, by the observation of numerous con-
necting links between the several varieties. We propose
to describe at large the typical form (the 2/. puteolus of
the " Zoological Journal,^' Turbo lacuna of " Turton^s
Dictionary ^^), and then to indicate the more peculiar
aberrations from its ordinary characteristics.

The shape is nearly globular, and the shell, when adult,
is comparatively strong, and hence not particularly trans-
lucent. It is covered with a thin dull yellowish horn-
coloured skin, beneath which the surface is either of an
uniform livid white, for the most part changing to an
obscure violet upon the spire, or else is alternately marked

60 LITTORINIDiE.

upon the final volution with zones of whitish and cho-
colate brown, or sometimes, though very rarely, car-
nelian red. Of these bands, there are three light, and
three dark ones, commencing with the former, besides
the narrow whitish strip that surrounds the pillar; all,
excepting the second darker zone, which is broader than
the rest, are almost equally narrow; occasionally the
entire shell is tinged with the darker hue, so that the
zones in consequence become obscure ; sometimes, but
almost wholly in worn individuals, the colour is lilac or
dirty rufous. The closely disposed longitudinal wrinkles
of increase are often strongly indicated. There are from
three to four volutions that end in a blunt, but very
small, and generally white apex, which are only separated
by a simple suture, yet are very distinctly defined, owing
to their more or less abrupt rise, roundness, and horizontal
compression above ; the last character is, however, at times
almost obsolete, especially in abraded examples. The
rapid increase in size is not confined to the last volution,
for the penult turn, likewise, is quickly enlarged. The
dorsal length of the body is three times that of the
spire (which is occasionally so short, that it does not
project beyond the penult turn when viewed dorsally),
and is either broadly rounded in the middle, or else is
angulated above, and plano-convex in the middle; the
base is short, abrupt in its declination, and usually either
straightish or retuse. The aperture, whose length, which
at the least is two-thirds that of the entire shell, is greater
than its breadth, is suboval and much projecting. The
outer lip is almost semicircular, and manifestly recedes
towards the base. The pillar-lip is white, solid, rather
flat, decidedly broad, not much shelving, scarcely at
nil oblique, nearly straight at the edge ; it occupies half

LACUNA. 6 1

the total length of the axis. It is indented near the
moderate-sized umbilicus, with a tolerably profound and
broad canal, that in general does not extend down to the
anterior extremity ; but occasionally does so. The Turbo
puteolm of ^^ Turton's Dictionary,^'' is a sub- variety of this
form, in which the shape is more like pallidula^ being
depressed, rounded, and obliquely produced; the pillar
and groove are consequently broader.

It is by this last modification that we are led into the
peculiarly aberrant /a^ciato, the ordinary northern form
of this species. In this variety, the banded colouring
is redder, and, for the most part, better defined than in
the type, the zones are generally continued upon the
penult turn, and the apical whorls are pale or liver-
coloured, instead of violet. The shell Is thinner, smoother,
and glossier; and the shape, although occasionally pre-
cisely that of the type, is usually more obliquely produced,
and hence less globular. This alteration in the general
contour proportionately afiects the several parts likewise.
The looser coiling of its whorls, which are rounded and
more shelving, causes the spire to become more elevated,
so that it occupies nearly two-fiilhs of the total length of
the shell. The pillar-lip is arcuated, narrower, and more
elongated than in the type ; it is canaliculated throughout,
and its inner margin sharply defined by the overhanging
edge of the body whorl.

Our own specimens scarcely measure a quarter of an inch
in either direction ; but Turton's are stated to have been
nearly half an inch across.

The animal, in such specimens as we have taken alive,
is entirely of a pale yellow or tawny colour, with the
exception of two dusky dots or lines on the top of the
muzzle. The head is rather large, with a prominent and

62 LITTORINIDJE.

rather broad snout, and long subulate tentacles bearing
conspicuous black eyes on the outsides of their thickened
bases. The foot is rather short, rounded at both ends,
and contracted in the middle, so as often to assume an
hour-glass shape. It is grooved medially below. The
operculigerous lobe, though large, is not developed to the
same extent as in the neighbouring British species; but
appears like a ledge on each side of the pale yellow
operculum, and has the two caudal filaments reduced to
points or almost obsolete.

This pretty and variable shell is very generally dis-
tributed all round our shores, though perhaps not quite so
plentifiil as ^incta. Like it, it inhabits the Laminarian
region. Abroad, it ranges from the shores of Norway
(Loven), to as far south as Vigo Bay in Spain (M^An-
drew).

L. VTNCTA, Montagu.

More or less oval-conoid, the length invariably exceeding the
breadth ; spire more or less raised ; canal very distinct.

Plate LXXII. fig. 10, 11, 12 ; LXXIV. fig. 7, 8 ; LXXXVI. fig. 6, 7, 8 j

and (animal) Plate G. O. fig. 4.

Turbo divarieatutf (not of Linn.) 0. Fabric. Fauna Qranlandica, p. 392 ? fide

Lo^en.
„ vinctui^ Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 807, Snppl. pi. 20, f. 3.— Maton
and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 167. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 195, f. 92, 93. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 168. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 844. — Wood, Index Testae,
pi. 31, f. 69.
„ cafMi/u, Mont. Test. Brit vol ii. p. 309, pi. 12, f. 11.— Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 195.
Helix „ Maton and Rack. Tnuis. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 220. — Dillw.

Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 968. — Wood, Index Testae, pi. 35,
f. 178.
Turbo quadri/ateiatug^ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 328, Suppl. pi. 20, f. 7.— Maton

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol viii. p. 167. — Turt.

LACUNA. 63

Conch. Diction, p. 194. — Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p.
299.~Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 16, pi. 10, f. 35.
— DiLLW. Recent Sheila, toI. ii. p. 845. — Wood, Index
Testae pl. 31, f. 70. — Lovi^N, Index Moll. Scandinav.
p. 22.
Lacuna qu€ulrif<ueiata Turt. Zoolog. Jonm. vol. iii. p. 191.

^ vinctOy TcRT. Zoolog. Jonm. vol. iii. p. 192. — Johnston, Berwick
Gab, vol. i. p. 273. — Macoilliv. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 143. —
Brit. Marine Conch, p. xxxviii. (changed from Turbo v.
p. 168).— Brown, Illnst. Conch. G. B. p. 9, pl. 10, f. 46. —

Philippx, Wieg. Arch. 1836, pt 1, p. 231, pl. 8, f. 4

Gould. Invert. Massach. p. 265, f. 178.* — Dbkat, New
YorkMoll. p. lll,f. 119.
„ amo/w. Tort. Zoolog. Jonm. vol. iii. p. 192. — Brown, Illnit Conch.

G. B. p. 9,pl. 10, f. 48.
„ pertuaa, Conrad, Jonm. Acad. N. S. Philadel. toL vi. p. 266, pL 11,

f. 19.
„ vineta oar. ? gfucUior^ Mbtoalpb, Brit. Marine Conch, p. xxxviii. f. 86.
„ divaricatOy Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 23.
„ cornea and bifatciataf Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 10, pl. 10, f. 47,

44, 45.
„ striata, Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 10, pl. 10, f. 49 (probably).

A wide amount of differences is exhibited in the several
varieties of this abundant shell ; differences, however, so
evidently arising from proportiofuxte modifications of the
same normal form,— a criterion we esteem important in
determining the narrow limits between specific and varietal
distinction — that in accordance with, and perhaps a little
in deference to, the opinion of the great collectors of the
present day, whose ample store of specimens in every
stage and circumstance of growth, affords them the best
of data for arriving at an accurate decision, we have united
the vineta^ canaliSy and quadrifa$ciaia of Montagu under
one common appellation.

In the most characteristic examples of vineta — and such
we consider those individuals to be, which in shape are
most dissimilar to the other British Lacuna — the form
is oblong-conical, passing into ovate-conical, and the shell
is thin, transparent, a little glossy, and apparently smooth.

64 LITTORINID.E

yet when closely examined exhibits for the most part
(especially upon the body-whorl) a dense array of minute
and rather indistinctly indented spiral lines. Beneath the
delicate pale buff or fulvous horn-coloured epidermidal
skin, the surface is either of an uniform whitish tint, or else
is banded with four narrow zones of chestnut or chocolate
brown. Of these, the first of which seems always to
commence at some small distance from the sutural line,
there are four upon the body-whorl, two of which are
generally continued upon the succeeding turn. In the
variety ii/asciata^ which is generally smaller, and some-
times broader than in the type, the bands unite in two
broad pairs, that are frequently of a dark flesh-colour.
There are five quickly increasing whorls, of which the
apex is small and blunt, and the body (viewed underneath)
occupies from three-fourths to three-fifths of the entire
length of the shell. Their attenuation above is always
rapid, but their height and degree of convexity is subject
to much variation ; the whorls, however, are always more
rounded below than above, and as a general rule it may
be observed, that the shorter is the shell, the more rounded,
horizontal, and abbreviated are its turns, and the more
ample is the mouth ; the more elongated the figure, the
more produced flattened, and oblique are its volutions,
and the smaller is the aperture. No angularity is ever
observable (as in crassior) beneath the simple suture.
The basal declination of the body is generally sudden, and
its commencement occasionally subangular, though more
usually rounded. The mouth is longer than broad, is
ovate or rounded ovate, and in general is equal or superior
to half the length of the shell ; but in the slender variety
(gracilior) only occupies about two-fifths of it. The
outer lip is acute, simple, disposed to project and expand.

LACUNA. 65

is much arcuated above, but somewhat straightened at the
anterior base, where it manifestly recedes. The white
pillar-lip, which terminates near the junction of the outer
one in a moderate-sized but distinct umbilicus, is pro-
foundly canaliculated, and overhung by the body- whorl;
it varies in breadth, but in general is moderately broad,
and its free edge, which is generally sunken, is slightly
concave, and leans a little away from the outer lip. Our
larger specimens measure five lines in length, and three
and a half in breadth.

What we regard as the eanalis has an ovate-acute
figure, and a rather short spire whose whorls are simply
rounded. The body is a little flattened in the middle,
and at times is distinctly angulated at the beginning of
the basal declination, which produces a corresponding
effect upon the aperture. The breadth of the penult turn
is twice its length. The mouth, which shares in the
general abbreviation, is nevertheless very large, and occu-
pies more than one half of the total length. The pillar-
canal is very wide. The dwarf variety quadri/asciata
bears much resemblance to this form, but is solid and still
more stunted ; the basal angulation is rendered peculiarly
distinct from the surface of the body being decidedly
flattened in the middle. The pillar is broad in proportion
to the width of the canal.

Through the kindness of Mr. Alder we are enabled
to figure the Cullercoats specimen (pi. Ixxxvi. f. 7) from
which he described his L. labiosa (Moll. Northumber-
land and Durham, p. 58). From the profound respect
we entertain for the opinion of that excellent naturalist,
we have refrained frcmi citing his species as a synonym
of vinctay to which nevertheless two North British spe-
cimens in our own cabinet approximate it so closely,

VOL. III. K

66 LITTORINIDiE.

that we cannot venture to rank it among our species of
Lacuna.

" L. labiosa^ LovJ:N i Ovate-oblong, tapering, whitish,
rather solid, with five whorls, very slightly convex, the
last occupying rather more than half the shell, and rounded
or very slightly carinated below. Outer Up a little ex-
panded, and thin at the edge, within which it is thickened
by a callosity which extends round the base of the aper-
ture uniting with the expanded columellar margin below.
Umbilical groove small. Length a quarter of an inch,
breadth one and a half tenths. — In sand at CuUercoats.
The shell is thicker and more slender than L. mncta^
and is somewhat intermediate between it and L. eras-

We have figured likewise (pi. Ixxxvi. f. 8) one of the
two Northern specimens referred to, which perfectly agrees
with Lovdn'^s somewhat succinct description in the '^ Index
MoUuscorum Scandinaviee.**^ The other has precisely the
shape of vincta^ but the outer lip is pink and a little
thickened internally, so that its base is more broadly
confluent than usual with the columella, characters which
connect it with the delineated specimen, which is rather
solid and of an uniform pinkish colour externally.

The animal was first described and figured by Philippi
in 1836, from specimens of the variety canaUs, Through
the aid of Mr. Spence Bate we are enabled to give an
original figure taken from the form quadrifasciata. Dr.
Johnston describes it fully in the valuable ^^ Transactions
of the Berwickshire Naturalists* Club.''' " It is of a pale
flesh-colour, the proboscidiform mouth reddish orange, the
sides and sometimes the head dusky or black ; tentacula
setaceous, contractile, the eyes on short pedicles (i. e. bulg-
ings) at their base ; foot oval, rounded at both ends.

LACUNA. 67

widest behind, the anterior end capable of being extended
considerably beyond the head, the margins plain, but there
are two very short filaments between the hinder part and
the operculum. It swims on the surface in a reversed
position, and it frequently leaves the water to settle on the
surface of fuci exposed to the atmosphere.

This species in one form or other, is universally distri-
buted around the British Islands, living on Laminarise
just below low-water mark, and often cast up dead upon
sandy shores. It ranges all round the boreal regions of
the North Atlantic.

L. cRAssioR, Montagu.
Qyate-conoidy strong, never banded ; pillar not canaliculated.

Plate LXXII. fig. 5, 6.

Turio aramor, Mont. Test. Brit ▼ol. ii. p. 309 ; SuppL p. 127, pi. 20, f. 1.—

Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. yiii. p. 159. —
TURT. Concb. Diction, p. 198. — Flkmino, Brit. Animals,
p. 299. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 167. — Dillw. Recent Shells,
vol. iL p. 820. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 30, f. 12.
w palUdtu, DoNOT. Brit. Shells, vol. t. pi. 178, f. 4.
JjaauM crasthr^ Turt. Zoolog. Jonm. voL iii. p. 192 — Johnston, Berwick.

Club, Tol. L p. 271. — Hakl. Brit. Marine Conch, p. xxxix.
—Brown, lUust. Conch. 0. B. p. 10, pL 10, f. 43.

This anomalous Lacuna is strong, nearly opaque, has
an ovate conoid shape, is covered with a rather thick dull
yellowish epidermis, that is disposed in obliquely longitu-
dinal flakes, beneath which the shell is almost smooth, a
little glossy, and of a cream or pale pinkish hue. The five
volutions, whose longitudinal increase is rather quick, termi-
nate in a small depressed and not particularly pointed apex ;
their line of division is simple, but the whorls (except the
apical ones which are simply rounded) appear peculiarly

I
I

' 68 LITTORINID^.

distinct and bluntly scalariform, owing to a brief horizontal
compression at their upper suture ; otherwise they are
moderately convex. The body, which is not particularly
rounded, occupies dorsally from one half to three-fifths of
the length of the shell ; the commencement of the basal
declination, which is abrupt and subretuse, is somewhat
angular. The breadth of the penult whorl is nearly twice
its length. The aperture is of an uniform chalky white,
is suborbicular or rounded ovate, longer than broad, and oc-
cupies from two-fifths to nearly one half the length of the
shell; it is sometimes a little prominent, and often sub-
angular, and a little effuse at the anterior extremity. The
outer lip is simple and acute. The pillar-lip is broad and
flattened, increases in width anteriorly, and shelves consi-
derably inwards; it is neither particularly oblique, nor
canaliculated, but at most is indented with an obscure and
narrow groove-like chink ; the free edge is concave. The
axis is imperforate. The average length is only five lines,
and the breadth three; but these dimensions are often
exceeded.

Unfortunately we do not possess any note of the animal
of this, perhaps the scarcest of our Lacuna, though common
enough in many localities, especially in the North. It has
the widest vertical range of any of our species, extending
from low- water-mark to as deep as fifty fathoms (Thomas).
Like the last species it is a favourite food of the haddock
(Knapp). Mr. A. Hancock has found it alive at Culler-
coats in pools at low water.

Note. — We ha?e not leen the L, reima of Brown (III. Conch. G. B. p. 128,
pi. 10, C 52, 53), the delineation of which somewhat remindt one of the fry of
Paludina, bat copy his description veHxiiim ;

^ Very thin, Bubglobose, hyaline, and of a greeniah-brown colour ; spire
extremely small, hardly elerated above the body, and oonsuting of two volutions;

ASSIMINIA. 69

body with a tabcarinated cone in the centre ; aperture obliquely OTate ; outer lip
thin and sharp at the edge ; pilhu^lip narrowly reflected, with a alight slit
behind. Found at Dunbar by General Bingham.^

We doubt the maturity of thia sheU.

The NerUa peUudda and alba of Adama (Tnma. Linn. Soc voL iii. p. 67,
copied in toI. riii. p. 227, and in Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 127, &c) are possibly
the fry of Zocmuv, but their description is by fiff too meagre for identification.

ASSIMINIA. Lbach, Or4V.

Shell ovato-conical, solid, with a more or less produced
spire, smooth or obscurely striated ; mouth ovate, peri-
treme entire, outer lip sharp-edged, columellar lip ap-
pressed. Operculum corneous, ovate, of a few rapidly
increasing whorls.

Animal having a muzzle-shaped head, with two rather
short tentacula, bearing the eyes on their tips ; no neck-
lobes; operculigerous lobe without filamentary processes.
Foot rounded at both ends. Lateral elements of the
tongue (as described by Lov^n) dissimilar ; all with den-
ticulated incurved apices ; median denticle with extended
lateral crura and a prominent basal process.

This curious genus is remarkable among its tribe for
the position of the eyes at the end of the tentacles.
The question has been discussed, whether these tentacles
are to be regarded as swtentaada only, or as vihracula
and sfMtentacula united. The latter view, which has been
maintained by Mr. Gray, seems to us that which most
nearly approaches the truth.

The Asfiminia are mostly inhabitants of brackish
water. Species have been discovered in many parts of
both the old and new worlds, and many, owing to the
difficulty of determining them without a knowledge of
the animal, have probably been overlooked.

70 LITTORINIDiE.

A. ORAYANA, Jeffreys.

Plate LXXI, fig. 3, 4 and (Animal) Plate H. H. fig. 6.

Nerita Synoera hepoHca, Gray, Medical RepoBitory, vol. xt. (1821) p. 239,

(animal).
Limneus Grayanua^ Jkpfrsys, Trans. Linn. Soc. toL zvi. p. 378.
Attiminia Grayana^ Fleming, Brit Animals, p. 275. — Bsrkklkt, Zoolog. Jour.

vol. T. p. 429, (animal), pi. 19, f. 4. — Gray, Manual L.

and F. W. Shells, p. 86, pL 11, f. 127. — Brown, Illust.

Conch. G. B. p. 27, pi. 18, f. 3, 4. — Sowbrby, Conch,

Manual, f. 363*.
Paludina „ Potisz and Mich. Gal. Douai, MoUusq. vol. i. p. 251, pi. 25,

f. 23, 24.

It seems surprising that a shell so locally abundant aa
this is should not have been noticed by the earlier writers
upon British Gonchology. It is of an oval-conic shape,
but occasionally becomes both broader and more abbre-
viated, is tolerably strong, a little translucent, smooth or
very nearly so, and of a shining Ailvous tint. This colour-
ing is either uniform, or so arranged that whilst the space
around the axis is of a paler tint than the rest, a broad
central band of a more intense hue encircles the body,
and is continued as a narrow strip along the bottom of
the smaller volutions. Nearly one half of the length
occupied by the seven whorls, of which the shell is com-
posed, is filled by the body whorl (when viewed from
above) ; the rest of the volutions are plano-convex or
but very little rounded, simply and regularly shelving,
and rather short, their height not being equal to half
their breadth. A slight degree of angularity is generally
perceptible about the middle of the body- whorl, nearly in
a line with the course of the suture : the base is short,
and the slope is a little convex. The spire is rather
quickly attenuated, and the apex is very small, and

A8SIMINIA. 71

rather acute. The sutural line is simple, but distinct,
and scarcely at all slanting. The aperture is rather small,
occupies about three-eighths of the total length of the shell,
and rather more than half the basal diameter ; its shape
is ovate-acute, the posterior end being a little contracted.
The edge of the outer lip, which is continuously arched,
and rather prominent, is a little flattened anteriorly.
There is no umbilicus, but only a slight indentation be-
hind the pillar-lip, which latter is somewhat expanded,
appressed, rather short, curved, yet not so much as the
outer one, and is spread into a callosity posteriorly. A
line and three quarters for the breadth, and not quite
three lines for the length, may be regarded as the average
dimensions of full-sized individuals ; the breadth is often-
times, however, rather more in proportion.

The animal was carefully examined by the Bev. M. J.
Berkeley, and described and figured by him in the fifth
volume of the '* Zoological Journal.'*'' The muzzle is
deeply notched in front, fuscous, strongly annulated, and
has pale edges to its lip ; on each side is a groove running
backwards from the base of the tentacula. These organs
are very short, obtuse, and fuscous, and bear the eyes
on their tips. The foot is broadly obovate, obtuse, above
fuscous, beneath olivaceous, shaded with cinereous ; its
front margin is double.

It inhabits brackish water ^'amongst Conferva^ Buppia^
ZanicAellia, &c.,^^ in the estuaries of rivers in the south-
east of England. Greenwich marshe:^.

72 LITTORINID^.

RISSOA. FhkMisvjLLR.

Shell conical, solid or thin, with a produced spire ; 8ur<
face smooth or ribbed, spirally or longitudinally striated
and grooved, in some species cancellated ; colour various ;
mouth ovate, peritreme entire, continuous, outer lip sharp-
edged or strengthened by a rib. Operculum ovate, cor-
neous, of a few rapidly increasing whorls.

Animal having a produced muzzle-shaped head, with
two long setaceous tentacula bearing eyes or bulgings near
their external bases. No neck-lobes; operculigerous
lobes with developed lateral expansions, and in numerous
species with a caudal filament. Foot usually sub-angu-
lated in front, acute behind ; in some species rounded at
both ends. Lateral elements of the tongue dissimilar, all
with denticulated apices ; medium denticle, and its flank-
ing laterals very broad, and with lobed incurved apices.

Almost all the shells which compose this extensive
genus are of very small size. They inhabit all depths of
water between high-tide-mark, and one hundred fathoms,
but the majority of them are dwellers in the laminarian
zone. Many are remarkable for beauty of sculpture, others
for brilliancy of colour. They are found in all parts of
the world, but abound most in the southern parts of the
north temperate zone. Several attempts have been made
to divide the Rissoa under different genera, but, after a
careful consideration of their shells, and of the animals as
far as known, and not without hesitation we have felt
obliged to keep them together, and even to include those
curious brackish water forms which have been styled,
among other names, Paludinella. Should, however, the
latter be found to have the posterior part of the foot

RIS80A. 73

always rounded, and the operculigerous lobe constantly
destitute of a caudal filament ; and, on the other hand,
the truly marine species to ha7e the caudal termination
constantly acute, and the operculigerous lobe always pro-
vided with a cirrhus, then we may have sufficient grounds
for separating the two groups. At present, however, we
cannot assert such differences in the animals to be con-
stant, and, as to the shells, a generic distinction founded on
them will not in this instance hold good, since assuredly
the latter characters of the animal in known instances
accompany forms of shells, which, though truly marine,
cannot be definitely distinguished from the Paludinella:.

The ^iMOtf undoubtedly existed during the oolitic period;
brackish water species of the genus are abundant in the
Purbeck rocks; so similar, too, are they to existing
forms, that it requires a very critical eye to mark their
differences.

B. STBIATULA, MoutagU.

Shorty strong ; whorls encircled by acute prominent carinas,
whose interstices are traversed by densely«disposed minute lon-
gitudinal striae.

Plate LXXIX. fig. 7, 8.

Twrio earinaiusy Ba Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 102, pi. 8, f. 10.

Turbo ttriatulMy (not of Linn.)— Mont. Test Brit. toI. ii. p. 306, pi. 10, f. 5.—

Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. Tiii. p. 172 (not
diagnoBis). — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 50, pi. 14, f. 10. —
TuRT. Conch. IKct p. 212. — Dillw. Recent Sheila, vol. ii.
p. 857.— Wood, Index Testae, ph 31, f. 100.
„ momilis, Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 200 (fide Jefireys from type).

Cmgula ttfiatula^ Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 305.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 175,

f. 45.

Ristoa f, Rbcluz, Reyne Zoolog. Cnyier. 1843, p. 9.

LUtorina „ Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 17, pi. 10, 1 33, 34.

Although assuredly not the Turbo striatuluB of Lin-
naeus, which we regard as a lost species, since the types

VOL. m. L

74 LITTORINIDJE.

are no longer to be found, and the description is too brief
for recognition, we retain the specific epithet by which the
shell is so generally known, since Montagu has clearly
defined and well figured it under that appellation, whilst
Da Costa, although prior, has forfeited his claim, through
wilfully substituting a name of his own for what he thought
the true Linnsean one.

Turton, Fleming, &c., have rightly omitted the ob-
noxious reference to the Systema Naturee. Neither
Michaud, nor Philippi (supposing the trochlea* and
labiata'f to be identical, as some assert) were aware
that the species had been already described.

In general aspect this shell reminds one of the genus
LittorifM. It has an abbreviated oval-acute form, is
moderately strong, particularly so for its genus, of a
rather dull surface, and of an uniform squalid white both
within and without ; dead specimens, however, are as white
as snow. The five volutions that compose the spire occupy
about three-sevenths of the dorsal length, and are divided
by a simple but distinct suture ; the apex, more frequently
blunted by attrition, is rather pointed in the more perfect
examples. The lower whorls are scalariform, being hori-
zontally flattened above, and almost perpendicularly straight
below. The turns of the spire rather quickly increase in
size, yet are rather short, for even in the penult the breadth
rather exceeds twice the length, whilst in the antepenult
the proportion is nearly as three to one. The body is mode-
rately attenuated below; the basal declination is convex
and not at all sudden.

* R. trodkUa^ Mich. N. Esp. Riu. p. 1 6, t 3, 4. — Potib and Mich. Oal

Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 267.
t R, labiaia, Phil. MolL SiciL toI. i. p. 155, pi. 10, f. 7 (fossil).— Dbsh. Lam
Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 467.

RISSOA. 75

The spiral carinse, with the densely disposed perpendieu*
lar lamellar stri®, in their intervals, constitute the peculiar
feature of this species. The two principal keels are sharp
and prominent, particularly the upper one, which generally
curls a little upward and is not adjacent to the suture, but
lies about as far from it as from the second carina. These
two are followed on the body- whorl, at some little distance,
by numerous crowded spiral costse, the terminal ones of
which are rather further apart ; one of these ribs is gene-
rally apparent, also, along with the carinse, on some of the
smaller volutions. Occasionally a raised line or two winds
between the principal keels. The aperture is large, and
occupies about four-sevenths of the total length, and about
three-sevenths of the ventral area; its contour is rather
obliquely subovate, rounded below, but contracted above.
The outer lip is prominently marginated or thickened
behind, straightish or but little curved in the middle, and
well arcuated anteriorly ; its basal recession is very trifling.
The throat merely exhibits the indentations of the external
sculpture. The inner lip, which unites itself to the outer
one by a broad parietal enamel, is very narrow on the
columella, where its inner edge is comparatively rectilinear.
There is no umbilical chink. Our largest specimens measure
nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and fully two lines
in breadth.

The animal of this, as of too many other Itissoa^ is, as
yet, unknown.

This is a southern species and scarce ; Island of Herm
on rocks near low-water-mark (S. H.) ; Margate (S. H.);
gathered in sand from Cornwall by Mrs. Richard Smith,
and at Exmouth by Mr. Clark (Jefireys) ; Tenby (Lyons) ;
in seven fathoms, Weymouth (E. F.) ; Bantry Bay
(Jeffreys) ; Arran aisles, Galway (Barlee) ; in several locali-

76 LITTORINIDA

ties in the south and west of Ireland (Thompson). It
ranges southwards to the Mediterranean.

R. LACTBA, Michaud.

Suboval, girt with elevated strisBy that are decussated, except
in general upon the hase of the bodj-whorl, by longitudinal
costellae or raised lines : spire short : suture simple : throat
smooth.

Plate LXXIX. fig. 3, 4.

Tw^ oemeeHatuif Lam. Anim. b. Vert. (ed. Deth.) vol ix. p. 218, fide Reclns,

(iriecognizable). — Dblbssbrt, Rec. Coq. Lam. pi. 37, f. 7.
Rittoa laoUa, Michaud, Especes de Risi. p. 9, fig. 11, 12. — Philippi, MoU.

Sicil. YoL L pb 159 ; vol. iL p. 129. — Potib and Mich. Galerie
Douai, MolL toL i. p. 271. ^ Dbh. Lam. Anim. a. Vert. ?oL
viii. p. 466.
„ oofMeUoto, RiCLUZ, Rev. Zool. Cuvier. 1843, p. 8.

Both this and the preceding species belong to the Littori-
niform types of the genus. The shell is tolerably strong,
but little if at all translucent, of a dull and uniform squalid
white (in fresh examples), and of an oval-acute contour.
The surface is elegantly sculptured by a peculiar decussa-
tion of raised spiral and perpendicular lines. The former
are the more apparent upon the body, where they appear as
rather crowded revolving costellse, that become rather more
distant as they approach the anterior extremity : upon the
lesser turns they are mere lamellar arcuated striae, and are
much more densely disposed (we counted six or seven on
the penult) than the longitudinal ones. The latter are
the more marked upon the spire, where they appear as
subpliciform lamellae ; they do not quite extend to the base
of the shell, are moderately distant from each other, but
approximate as they approach the outer lip. The suture
is rendered very distinct by the contrast between the

KI880A, 77

shelying of the upper part of the Yolutions, and the more
sadden slope of the lower portion ; moreover, the whorls,
especially the last, are apt to become subscalariform, sub-
angnlately jutting out a little from the base of the preceding
turn. The longitudinal increase of the lower whorls of the
spire, which scarcely occupies more than a third of the
total length, and is composed of five more or less rounded
coils, is rather quick; the turns themselves are short,
except the penult, whose breadth does not much exceed
twice its length. The apex is more or less acute. The
body, which is simply convex above, is rather produced
and a little attenuated below; its basal declination is
neither flattened nor abrupt.

The aperture, which is quite as long as the remainder of
the shell, is oval-subpyriform, devoid of sculpture, contract^
ed and slightly subsinuated above, rounded and a little
patulous below. The throat is smooth, and the lips con-
tinuous ; the outer one is acute, straightish above, yet well
arcuated below; a linear indentation, but no distinct
umbilical chink, is for the most part visible behind the
straightish pillar.

Of this beautiftil species, four living specimens (two of
which were unfortunately lost) were taken by Mr. Hanley,
from under large masses of stone at St. Helier'^s, in Jersey,
by wading into pools at very low water. The larger
examples were nearly a quarter of an inch long, and almost
two lines broad.

It is a South-European form, ranging through the
Mediterranean, where it lives immediately below the edge
of the sea, and dead shells are abundantly thrown ashore
on the sand.

78 LITTOBINID^.

B. Zetlandica, Montagu.

More or less oval-acute; whorls scalariform, cancellated by
longitudinal and spiral costellse^ of which latter there are three
on the penult, and five or six only on the last whorl : a smooth
broad concaye area encircles the base : throat not crenated.

Plate LXXX. fig. 1, 2.

T\trho Zetlandicut^ Mont. Tnma. Linn. Soc. toI. xi. (1811) p. 194, pi 13, f. 3.—

TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 211.
C^doitrema Zetlandica^ Flemino, Brit. Anim. p. 312. — Brit Marioe Conch.

p. 158.
Ris9oa esfdottomatOj RiCLUZ, Rev. Zoolog. Cuvier. 1843, p. 104.
duffufa 9calari/ormi9, Brit Marine Conch, p. xlii. fig. 89.
Riiioa Zetlandica^ Brown, Illiut. Conch. G. B. p. 1 1, pi. 9, f. 79.

The original representation of this shell in the Linnean
Transactions, is so unlike its ordinary shape, that the
identity of scalari/ormis would scarcely be surmised from
a comparison of its figure in the ^^ British Marine
Conchology."

The form varies in some degree as to elongation or
abbreviation, but is generally oval-acute, and the shell is
moderately strong, not translucent, and of an almost uni-
form squalid white, or pale fulvous. The four larger volu-
tions are roughened by moderately distant longitudinal ribs,
that are more or less distinctly clathrated by spiral costellse,
of which last there are generally three rows on the
penult and antepenult turns, and five, besides the extreme
basal one, on the body- whorl. The longitudinal ribs,
attenuated to lamellse, are continued over the horizontally
flattened summit of each volution, but often cease below
after the fourth spiral ridge, and are always absent from
the broad concave area that lies between the peculiarly
prominent fifth ridge, (often of an intensely fulvous hue,)

RISSOA. 79

and the slight anterior or terminal keel. Sometimes the
spiral sculpture is comparatively obscure, so as to be
chiefly perceptible through intersectional asperities upon
the perpendicular ribs. There are six and a half abruptly
scalariform volutions, that are so deeply divided by the
profound yet simple suture, towards which they suddenly
and subangulately shelve both above and below (the middle
portion being moderately convex), as almost to appear dis-
united. The length of the body is about equal to that of
the spire, and the length of the penult to that of the two
previous turns united; the apex is exceedingly small in
proportion to the next two equally smooth volutions. The
mouth occupies firom about two-fifths to nearly three-
sevenths of the entire length, and is oval or rounded oval,
and not crenated internally. The outer lip is solid,
arcuated, prominent, and thickened behind by a sharply-
projecting but not very wide rib ; it is curiously edged with
two erect lines, enclosing a very narrow and flatly exca-
vated space between them, the inner one of which passes
over the pillar-lip, and completes the circuit of the
aperture. Our largest specimens were only a line broad,
and scarcely two in length.
We have never seen it alive.

Though designated after our northernmost province, this
species really occurs at both ends of the British seas,
but is scarce and local. Herm (S. H.) ; Guernsey (Bar-
lee) ; Exmouth, where it was gathered by Mr. H. G-wyn ;
in Barrycane, North Devon, collected by Miss Jefireys
(Jeffreys). In thirty-five and seventy fathoms on the
west coast of Zetland (M'Andrew and E. F.) ; Lerwick
(Jeffreys and Barlee) ; Eda Sound, and in from twenty
to fift^ fathoms on the east, and forty to sixty fathoms on
the west coast of Orkney (Thomas).

80 LITTORINIDiE,

It ranges to the coasts of Sweden (LovSn), and is found
fossil in the coralline crag of Sutton (Searles Wood).

There is not the slightest ground for regarding this
species as the type of a genus distinct from liissoa.

R. CRENULATA, Michaud.

Oval-acute, solid, coarsely cancellated by longitudinal and
spiral oostells, of which latter there are not more than three
rows on the penult whorl ; throat crenated.

Plate LXXIX. fig. I, 2.

Tkri>o eanodUdta^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 104, pi. 8, f. 6, 9.

M d'lKttv, (not Linn.) Donovan, Brit Shells, vol. i. pi. 2, f. 1. — Mont. Teat.

Brit vol. ii. p. 315. — Maton and Rack. Trani. Linn. Soc

vol. TiiL p. 161. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 49, pi. 14, f. 6, 9. —

TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 210. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.

p. 821. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pL 30, f. 15.

On^ula „ Flbmino, British Animals, p. 305. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 174.

Ritaoa eramUUa^ Michaud, Nonv. Especes de Riss. p. 15, f. 1, 2. — Potib and

Mich. OaL Donai, MolL vol. i. p. 269. — Dbsh. Lam. Anim.
s. Vert. (ed. DesL) voL viii. p. 465. — Philippi, MolL Sicil.
vol. ii. p. 126.
„ dmea^ Brown. Illnst Conch. G. B. p. U, pL 8, £ 21, 22.

As the name given by Da Costa, in one of his many
ungenerous attempts to deprive Linnaeus of the honour of
nomenclature, was bestowed by him on a shell which he
erroneously believed had already received a prior appella-
tion, it cannot take precedence of the subsequent one by
Michaud.

This well known Sissoa^ perhaps one of the most dif-
fused species of its genus, has an ovate acute figure, is
strong, yet a little translucent, and is of an uniform
yellowish white, or merely with a subsutural zone of
fulvous, and another near the basal extremity of the shell.
The exterior is coarsely cancellated throughout by equal-

RISSOA. 8 1

sized and nearly equidistant spiral and longitudinal ridges,
so that the interstitial hollows are nearly square, or
somewhat broader than long. The spiral series on the
body-whorl are six or seven in number; of these two
or three are continued to the penult volution, and for
the most part two are likewise perceptible upon both
the preceding turns. The points of intersection, in living
examples, owing to the sharpness of the ridges in their
perfect condition, are acute. The body occupies from
one half to four-sevenths of the total length of the shell ;
its surface is moderately convex, and its basal declination
rounded and gradual. The spire is composed of four or
five short turns, of which the penult very nearly equals
the united length of the three previous ones; they are
prominent, but not truly convex, and from their scalari-
form structure, the profound suture appears at times to
be almost canaliculated. The mouth, which is either
nearly ovate or of a rounded oval figure, occupies nearly
one half of the entire length, but its cavity is visibly
diminished by the thickness of the outer lip, which latter
is moderately curved and externally marginated and den-
tated by the projecting terminations of the spiral ridges.
The inner lip is often stained, in living examples, with
rufous chocolate ; with this hue the throat, which is
crenated by raised sulci, is also faintly tinged. The
pillar itself is arcuated, spread, and furnished with a
tubercular elevation. Our largest specimen measures
nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and more than the
eighth of an inch in breadth.

The beach in a miniature bay of the little islet of
Herm, near Guernsey, is literally composed of myriads of
dead shells of this species ; yet during a residence of some
weeks not a single individual was discovered in a living

VOL. III. M

82 LITTORINIDiE.

state ; the vast accumalations being in all probability
derived from the numerous submerged rocks which stud
the waters that lie between this nook and the adjacent
island (S. H.). We haye dredged it, dead, in fifteen
fathoms in west bay of Portland and on the south coast
of Cornwall (M'Andrew and E. F.) ; Falmouth ; White-
sand bay, Cornwall; Manorbeer, Pembrokeshire (Jeffreys);
Torquay (S. H.), off Lundy Island, and in fifty fathoms
on the Nymph bank, but dead (M'Andrew); *' Guernsey,
Salcombe bay, Skye, Stomoway, Loch Fyne, Bantry,
Birterbuy Bay, and Arran Isles in Gal way '^ (Barlee).
''Found in a few places on the east, west, and south
coasts of Ireland ^^ (W. Thompson). The preceding lo-
calities will show that it is mainly a southern and
western species. It does not range north of Britain,
though southwards extending throughout the Lusitanian
and Mediterranean regions.

B. GALATHus, Forbes and Hanley.

Oblong-conic, finely cancellated throughout by longitudinal
and spiral costellar stri®, of which latter there are four or five
rows on the penult Tolution. Whorls six, prominently rounded ;
the last but one rather elongated and swollen ; the last narrow.
Throat crenated.

Plate LXXVIII. fig. 8.

This shell is generally named '' ealathiscus f*^ in British
collections ; not that it agrees correctly with the figure in
Montague's '' Testacea,^ but that it approaches his descrip-
tion more nearly than any well-authenticated indigenous
species. We ha7e changed the name but slightly, so as
to facilitate the recognition and memory of the shell we
are about to describe.

RISSOA. 88

Thifi pretty little shell has an oblong-acute figure, is not
yerj strong, and is slightly translucent ; its surface has
some little lustre, and is of a yellowish white, either uni-
form in tint, or with a faintly indicated zone of fulvous at
the top, and near the base, of the body. Of the six volu-
tions, the body or final one is rather less than the united
length of the rest ; and of about equal length and breadth ;
the penult is rounded, swollen at its base, rather large in
proportion to all the other turns, and about twice as broad
as it is long ; the rest are convex, but shelve to a greater
extent above. The body compared to that of crenulata
is very narrow; its basal declination is uninterruptedly
rounded and gradual. The suture is profound, or even
excavated. The sculpture, which extends to the anterior
extremity, consists of a fine but regular cancellation effected
by the intersection at right angles of moderately raised
perpendicular and spiral costellae ; the lattices are broader
than long, the perpendicular riblets being the more dis-
tant. There are four or five rows of the spiral raised
lines on the penult, and about eight or nine on the body,
on which last they are not undulated, nor are the longi-
tudinal ones at all crowded. The aperture is small,
rounded ovate, and occupies about two-fifths of the entire
length. The arcuated outer lip is marginated or thickened
behind, is solid, dentated outside by the termination of the
spiral riblets, and distinctly crenated internally; it pro-
jects but Uttle, and is not patulous anteriorly. The pillar
is pure white, not tuberculated, and the inner lip is not
much developed. The usual length is the eighth of an
inch, and the breadth nearly four-fifths of a line. Mr.
Barlee possesses a very coarsely cancellated example, with
but seven rows of spiral costellae on the body, and three or
four only on the penult whorl. The usual length is the

84 LITTORINID^.

eighth of an inch, and the breadth about three-quarters
of a line.

This Rissoa is a scarce species, and apparently confined
to the south of Great Britain and west of Ireland. Herm
(S. H.) ; Shellness, Kent ; Whitesand Bay (Jefireys) ; in
from fifteen to twenty fathoms ofi^ Penzance (M'Andrew
and E. F.) ; in fifty fathoms, dead, off Mizen Head
(M'Andrew) ; " collected by Mr. Warren, at Kilkee, in
Clare, Ireland" (W. Thompson).

It probably ranges along all the south-western coast of
Europe, and was one of the Rissoa dredged by Mr.
M*Andrew at Vigo in Spain.

R. Beanii, Hanley.

Oblong-conic, strong, wholly or partially decussated or subcan-
cellated by longitudinal and spiral raised lines^ of which last
there are six rows on the penult volution. Apex rather acute :
penult whorl not particularly swollen. Suture excavated. Mouth
subovate, rather small : throat crenated.

Plate LXXIX. fig. 5, 6.

Cinguta Beanii, Hanlby, Brit. Marine Conch, p. xli. fig. 43.

JRistoa ft Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 24 (from specimens).

This shell has an oblong conic shape, is rather solid,
scarcely if at all translucent, and of a somewhat dull sur-
ace ; it is either of an uniform fulvous or rufo-fulvous
brown, or is yellowish white with a tawny zone near the
suture and base of the body-whorl, and a stain of rich
brown upon the inner lip. There are two principal vari-
ations as to sculpture, which arise from the degree and.
extent of the characteristic decussation. In those rather
narrow individuals from which the species was originally
constituted, the body is merely ridged in a spiral direc-

BISSOA. 85

tion with closely disposed strong spiral flat-topped costellae,
which are decussated above onlj by perpendicular riblets,
or else are broken posteriorly into longitudinal series of
tubercles that do not e;stend to the base of the shell. In
the broader and subcancellated variety, the body, as well
as the smaller turns, is more or less closely traversed
throughout by longitudinal folds, that are surmounted and
subtuberculated by the spiral costellse, so as to form a more
or less crowded decussation. The number of spiral lines
on the penult whorl is almost invariably six ; on the
body there are generally twice that number underneath, of
which only eight or nine are visible on the dorsal surface.
The spire, which is about equal in length to the body, and
terminates in a rather small point, is composed of five or
five and a-half volutions, that are divided by an excavated
suture, somewhat quickly increase in length, and are either
rounded or merely convex. The body is rather narrow
for a species of this section of Bissoa^ and its basal declina-
tion is rounded and gradual ; the penult whorl is sometimes
rather large in proportion to the rest. The mouth occupies
from two-fifths to nearly three-sevenths of the entire
length, is rather small, not patulous, of a nearly ovate
shape, and has its throat more or less distinctly crenated
by raised sulci. The outer lip is thickened behind, and
much rounded at the base. The ordinary length is two
lines, and the breadth one line.

Certain individuals of the sub-cancellated variety of this
shell bear so striking a resemblance to calathus, as to
suggest doubts of their specific individuality, but may
usually be distinguished with readiness by the smaller size
of their lattice- work.

As Zetlandica seems to replace crenulata northwards,
though both species are companions during a portion of

86 LITTORINIDJS.

their range, so is the distribntion of Beanii, as compared
with that of calathus.

Exmouth ; Plymouth ; collected bj Mrs. Richard Smith
in sand from Cornwall (Jeffreys) ; in from fifteen, to
twenty fathoms, Caernarvon Bay (M*Andrew) ; Oban ;
Loch Carron and adjacent coast ; Lerwick and Deal Voe,
Zetland (Jeffreys) ; in fifteen fathoms, Eda Sound, and in
seven fathoms, Sanda Sound, Orkney, among corallines
and broken shells ; also in .fifty fathoms between Fair
Island and Orkney (Thomas). Dublin Bay (Alder);
among nullipores in Bantry Bay (Thompson) ; Birterbuy
Bay, in Gktlway (Jeffreys).

It ranges to the coast of Sweden (Loveu).

R. ABYssicoLA, Forbcs.

Elongated oval-conic, thin, white^ very closely decussated by
wavy spiral, and longitudinal lamellar lyrad, the latter of which
are the more prominent. Whorls not peculiarly rounded ; spire
as long as the body, blunt at the apex : suture profound : mouth
roundish : throat smooth.

Plate LXXVIII. fig. 1, 2, and (animal} Plate J. J. fig. 3.

This pretty species was first announced at the meeting
of the British Association at Cambridge in 1845. It
has an elongated oval-acute figure, is not very strong,
is of an uniform semitransparent white, and often a
little glossy. The sculpture reminds us of that of lactea^
and consists of close well-marked and very numerous
longitudinal lamellar ribs, which do not extend to the
base of the body, and still more densely disposed spiral
costellse ; the former are often oblique, the latter almost
always undulated. The spire, which is, if anything,
rather longer than the body, consists of quite four volu-
tions, that are divided by a canaliculated or excavated

BISSOA. 87

suture, and eud in an obtuse apex. These turns are well
rounded, yet shelving : their longitudinal increase is rather
quick, especially that of the penult, which is somewhat large
in proportion to the rest, its length being nearly its breadth.
The body is well rounded, and not produced ; its basal
declination is convex, and moderate. The aperture is sub-
orbicular or rounded-ovate, occupies about two-fifths or
rather more of the total lengthy and is not distinguished by
any peculiar sculpture. The throat is smooth ; the lips con-
tinuous, and both of them considerably and nearly equally
arched. The outer one is thickened behind, and although
not patulous, juts out very distinctly (instead of receding,
as in certain shells) at the anterior extremity ; the inner
one is narrow, and is not followed by any umbilical chink.
The pillar is much curved. The average length of ex-
amples is only the tenth of an inch, with an extreme
breadth of scarcely three-quarters of a line.

Although one of the rarest and most recently discovered
of our Bisso^^ we have been so fortunate as to meet with
and examine the animal. It has a short and rather narrow
muzzle ; the tentacles are long and linear ; the eyes large
for the size of the creature, black, and placed on rather
more prominent bulgings than usual. The foot is capable
of great elongation in front, where it is angulated and mar-
ginated, behind it is pointed; inmiediately behind the
operculum is a single, rather short, but conspicuous cirrhus.
The entire animal, except the eyes, is of a milky white.

It was first dredged alive in one hundred fathoms, on a
muddy bottom in Loch Fyne (M' Andrew and E. F.); Mr.
Jefireys and Mr. Barlee have taken it ofi^ Croulin Island
on the coast of Skye. Mr. M 'Andrew has also dredged
it in sixty fathoms, fifteen miles to the S. W. of Mizen
Head. It is probably a member of our boreal fi^una.

88 LITTOKINIDA.

R. scuLPTA, Philippi.

Oval-conic, bluntly nodulous where the spiral lyrcB intersect
the longitudinal folds, which latter do not usually extend to the
extreme base ; five spiral rows of nodules on the penult turn.
Body whorl broad and short ; volutions prominent, subscalari-
form ; the lesser ones excavated at their bases, so as to present a
widely channelled suture : apex acute. Mouth suborbicular,
moderately large : throat with rudimentary crensQ, that are
occasionally almost obsolete.

Plate LXXX. fig. 5, 6.
Rissoa sculpta, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 131, pi. 23, f. 21 (fossil).

Although the aperture is described by Philippi as per-
fectly smooth, we cannot doubt, from the rest of his lan-
guage, that his fossil species is identical with our recent
British shell, especially as the crense or rudimentary raised
sulci of the throat are oflen scarcely perceptible.

This species closely resembles both ctdathus and Beanii as
to the general aspect of its sculpture, but differs from both of
them in the greater breadth of its body, which affects the ge-
neral shape, and the more scalariform structure of its whorls.

We propose, for brevity''s sake, to particularize certain
points only of its characteristics, as our description of the
subcancellated variety of Beanii will apply to it in all
other respects. We have never seen banded examples, but
only such as are of an uniform fulvous, tawny orange, or
pure white : there are occasionally, however, two rufous
stains near the outer lip ; the inner lip does not appear
tinged with any colouring matter. The foldlike riblets are
surmounted at the intersection of the spiral costellse by blunt
oval nodules ; the decussated sculpture is more closely dis-
posed, there being ten spiral rows on the body of which
the three or four lower ones are oflen simple ; and five

RI8S0A. 89

rows upon the preceding tarn. The shell is scarcely so
solid as in the last, and is generally a little translucent and
glossy. The spire is for the most part slightly longer than
the body, and is composed of six ventricose whorls, which
appear yery prominent and somewhat scalar from the great
abmptness of the br«>adly excavated suture. The body is
short, rounded, and broad ; its basal declination is curved
and rather sudden. The mouth is larger and more rounded
than in Beanii ; the external pad of the arcuated outer lip,
whose internal crense are sometimes almost obsolete, is
abrupt. Strictly speaking, it is not the suture that is
excavated but the base of the preceding whorl. The first
three turns are perfectly smooth.

Dredged by Mr. M'Andrew, Mr. Jeffreys, and Mr.
Barlee, on the west coast of Scotland. Zetland (Barlee).
Possibly some of our localities for Beanii may belong to
this species. Loven records it as a Swedish species.

R. PUNCTURA, Montagu.

Oval-oonic, more or less coloured, very finely cancellated by
many spiral, and very numerous longitudinal thread-like lines :
whorls peculiarly rounded : suture profound, but not excavated :
throat perfectly smooth.

Plate LXXX. fig. 8, 9.
7Wvi6o retieulaiu$y Adamb, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iii. p. 66, pi. 13, f. 19, 21 ?->

Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 322 ; SuppL pi. 21, f. 1. — Maton

and Rack. Trana. Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 172. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 212. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 858. —

Wood, Index Teataceolog. pL 31, f. 101.
„ punetura, Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 320, pi. 12, f. 5. — Maton and

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. Tiii. p. 214. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 211. — Dillw. Recent Shells, toL ii. p. 838. —

Wood, Index Testaceol. pi. 31, f. 53.
Cbiffida retietiiata, Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 306. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. xl.
Rit$oa „ Johnston, Berwick. Clnb, vol i. p. 272. — Brown, Illost

Conch. G. B. p. 12, pi. 9, L SO.
M punetmratOj Macgilliv. MolL Aberd. p. 327.
dngula pimeiMra^ Brit. Marine Conch, p. xliii.

VOL. III. N

90 LITTORINIDJS.

Ritaoa jmnctura., Brown, IlIuBt. Conch. G. B. pi. 9, f. 43.

„ approanma^ Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f. 42 ?

We consider the Turbo pwnctura and reticulatus of Mon-
tagu to be merely two conditions of the same shell, the
outer lip in the former not being marginated at that stage
of growth. We have preferred the appellation punctura^
not on account of its two pages of priority (since the actual
date of publication was the same for both), but because the
description of the latter was not sufficiently perspicuous
to enable naturalists to identify the object intended ; hence
Beaniiy ineonspicua^ &c. are often queried for that shell in
the cabinets of our most scientific collectors. Neither the
pen nor the pencil of Adams haye clearly defined the
species he meant to pourtray.

The shell is rather thin, translucent, more or less glossy,
and of a conic or oval-conic form. In general it is of an
uniform yellowish white, but when perfectly fresh is girt
towards the base of the body with a tawny narrow zone,
from whence, as well as from the suture, emanate rather
distant streaks of the same hue, that do not usually touch
each other in the middle of the whorl. A coloured spot,
marking the termination of the zone, is almost always per-
ceptible near the base of the outer lip, behind which, near
the top, may usually be seen, likewise, an oblique coloured
segment of a circle. The surface is reticulated or very
delicately cancellated by longitudinal and spiral thread-
like lines, which are so slightly raised that worn individuals
appear to be merely indented with regular and closely
disposed series of punctures. The longitudinal threads are
extremely numerous, and usually become more or less in-
distinct near the base of the body ; the spiral ones, which
extend to the extreme base, are also numerous, there being
generally twelve or fourteen of them upon the body, and

RISSOA. 91

about five on the penult. There are six remarkably
rounded volutions, which rather quickly attenuate to a
small but not very acute apical point, and are divided from
each other by a very profound but narrow suture. The
body is of nearly equal length with the spire ; its basal de-
clination is rapid but well arcuated. The aperture is rather
large than otherwise, and occupies from two-fifths to nearly
three-sevenths of the total length of the shell ; it is of a
rounded oval or suborbicular shape, and is quite smooth at
the throat. The outer lip is much arcuated, broadly
rounded at the base of the shell, and but little marginated.
There is a distinct but narrow pillar lip (oftentimes stained
with rufous or liver colour) which being a little reflected
and raised slightly at its curved outer margin, displays a
kind of umbilical crevice behind it. This minute shell
is hardly the tenth of an inch long, but rather more than
half that measurement in breadth.

This species seems to range, though scarce in most
places, throughout the British seas. Plymouth, White-
sand Bay, Sandwich, Caswell Bay near Swansea (Jef-
freys); Exmouth (Clark); general in Devonshire (S. H.):
Scarborough (Bean) ; Isle of Man in twenty fathoms
(E. F.). " On corallines from ten to twenty fathoms water,
and in shell sand,^^ frequent in Northumberland (Alder) ;
Berwick (Johnston) ; Aberdeenshire (M'Gillivray) ; along
with calathus in Orkney (Thomas) ; Lerwick, Zetland ;
Hebrides (Jeffreys) ; Bundoran and Eilkee on the west
coast of Ireland ( W. Thompson) Bantry Bay ; Dublin Bay
(Jefireys).

There is so much confusion in the determinations of this
species and its allies, that we only give such localities as
have been rightly determined, and cannot venture on
foreign distribution.

92 LITTORINID^.

B. coarrATA, Adams.

Oblong-turreted, white ; whorls with strong longitudinal ribs :
base with a spiral carina : lip marginaied ; throat smooth.

Plate LXXVIII. fig. 6, 7.

7W6o cowtaiut, Adams, Trant. Linn. Soc. vol iii. pi. 13, f. 13, 14 (probably). —

Mont. Test. Brit. vol. iu p. 31 1, pi. 10, f. 6. — Maton and
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 174. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 51, pi. 19, £ 5.— Tcrt. Conch. Diction, p. 214. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 860. — Wood, Index Testae,
pi. 31, f. 107.
„ pHeaim^ Muhlp. Verb. Nat. Berlin, vol L pi. 9 (also called 3), f. 2.

Cingula eoslatOj Flkmino, Brit. Animals, p. 305. — Brit. Marine C^nch. p. 175.

liiamM exigua^ Michaud, Especes de Rissoa, p. 18, f. 29, 30 (not well). — Potikz
and Mich. Ghd. Donai, Moll. vol. i. p. 269.~Dbsh. in Lam.
Anim. s. Vert. (ed. De8h.)'vol. viii. p. 481. — Philippi, Moll.
Sicil. vol. ii. p. 125. — Mknkb, Zeitsch. Malak. 1845, p. 42.

Cinffula earinata, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. toI. i. p. 150, pi. 10, f. 10 (not well).

Riatoa ootUUa, Johnston, Berwick. Clab. vol L p. 273. — Brown, lUost. Conch.

O. B. p. 11, pi. 9, f. 74.

This beaatifiil little shell is moderately strong, a little
translucent, often with a vitreous lustre, and of an oblong
turreted contour. It is of an uniform white, and its sur-
face is traversed, as well by strong distant and obliquely
longitudinal ribs, as by crowded and spiral strise. The
latter, which under the microscope show themselves to be
slightly elevated, are chiefly perceptible in the interstices
of the costse ; the former commence at the suture, but do
not extend, upon the body, to the extreme base, but are
interrupted by a very prominent spiral carina, that revolves
from the top of the inner-lip to the anterior comer of the
outer lip, from the marginated rim of which last it is sepa*
rated by a narrow and somewhat concave strip of surface.
The body is scarcely, in general, so long as the spire, which
is composed of five somewhat ventricose turns, that are
profoundly, rather abruptly, and often subangulately divided

RISSOA. 93

by a slightly flexnouB simple suture: the apical turn is
bluntish and very small in proportion ; the rest increase
gradually in length, that of the penult not being equal
to that of the two preceding volutions collectively. The
mouth, whose cavity is vastly diminished in size by the
thickness of the surrounding margin, is very obliquely
subovate, perfectly smooth internally, and occupies about
two-fifths only of the entire length. The outer lip,
whose lateral outline is somewhat sinuous, for it advances
decidedly towards the base, is very broad, being margi-
nated behind by a rather narrow but much projecting
rib. This thickened rim, whose edge is curiously marked
with a shallow and flattened central excavation, that is
barred across with fine raised lines, is continued also along
the inner lip, and especially dilated upon the pillar ; the
elevated inner margin completes the circuit of the aper-
ture. Specimens in general are only the eighth of an inch
long, and not quite half so much in breadth.

This Bissoa is so very easily recognized, that, unlike
some of those we have just been describing, its range and
localities can be determined with precision. It has a
range in depth from low-water-mark to as deep as twenty
fathoms. It is frequent in the Channel Islands (S. H.),
and along the south coast of England from Sandwich to
Cornwall. We have dredged it in twenty fathoms ofi^
Penzance. It ranges along the east coast of Britain,
probably becoming rather scarcer northwards, though fre-
quent in shell sand in Northumberland (Alder). It
becomes rather scarcer also as we ascend the Irish sea
from the Channel, though frequent on the shores of South
Wales (Jeffreys). It has been dredged in from fifteen to
twenty fathoms in Caernarvon Bay (M^Andrew) ; and in
twelve fathoms in Milford Harbour (M*Andrew and E. F.).

94 LITTORINIDiE.

On the west coast of Scotland it has been taken at Oban
(Jeffreys) ; in the Orkneys it occurs among corallines,
though scarce ; in fifteen fathoms, Eda Sound, and seven
fathoms, Sanda Sound (Thomas). '^ On each side of the
Irish coast" (W. Thompson); Tarbert, in Galway (Jeff-
reys) ; Clew Bay, in seven fathoms (E. F.)

Southwards it ranges to and throughout the Medi-
terranean, and into the Black Sea : northwards, it has
been taken by Loven on the coast of Bohuslan, Sweden.
The Bev. D. Landsborough has found it fossil in raised
beaches at Largs, in Ayrshire, in company with erenulata^
calathus and striatula. These beaches must not be con-
founded with the pleistocene fossiliferous strata, which are
often regarded as of the same age and origin, but really
belonging to a prior epoch, one during which our seas
were in conditions comparable to those prevailing on the
coast of Labrador and Greenland now. The latter, more-
over, are not (except in comparatively few instances)
beaches, but elevated sea-bottoms. The true raised beaches
of later age indicate rather a slightly warmer temperature
in the sea of the Clyde district, due probably to a temporary
extension of warm currents northwards.

B. STBIATA, Montagu.

Cylindraceous below, tapering above ; whorls rounded, en-
circled with raised lines^ and usually, also, longitudinally ribbed
near the sutures : throat smooth.

Plate LXXVIII, fig. 8, 9.

Turbo ttriaiiUj Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iil pL 13, t 25, 26 (probably).

— Mont. Test. Brit. voL iL p. 312. — Maton and Rack, Trans.

Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 173. — Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p.

213.— Wood, Index Test. pi. 31, f. 106.

„ scmicosiaitu, MoNT. Test. Brit vol. ii. p. 326 ; Suppl. pL 21, f. 5. — Maton

9»

RISSOA. 95

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. rol. yiii. p. 162. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 201. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.
p. 837.— Wood. Index Testae, pi. 30, f. 50.
dngula driaia^ Flxming, Brit. Animals, p. 307. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 178,

f. 99 (not well).
Ri39oa minuiuBimaj Michaud, Nout. Esp. de Riss. p. 20, fig. 27, 28. — Dxsh.

Anim. s. Vert. toL yiii. p. 480. — Potixz and Mich. Gal.
Donai, Moll. vol. i. p. 274 — Rxcluz, Reyne ZooL Cuvier.
1843, p. 6.
communis, Forbes, Malacol. Monensis, p. 17.

iiriatOf (not Qnoy, nor Desh.) Johnston, Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 271
(with animal). — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 152.
Cmgula temieottata, Flxming, Brit. Animals, p. 307. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 177.
RUtoa graeilU^ViACQiLh. Moll. Aberd. p. 152, from which Cingula graeiUs,

Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 262 ; copied also, Broww, Illost. Conch.
G. B. p. 129.
Odo$Umia aemJcostcUa, Macgill. Moll. Aberd. p. 155.

„ AfartoMs, Macgill. Moll. Aberd. p. 156 (teste Jeffi-. from type);

copied, Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 260, and Brown, IU. Conch.
G. B. p. 130.
Bisaoa dsetusofti. Brown, Illost. Conch. G. B.
PynmU ecmdiduB and duoon. Brown, Illost. Conch. G. B. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 31,

32.
JUstoa wemicottaia. Brown, HI. Conch. G. B. p. 11, pi 9, f. 1, 2.

The very different look of the adult and immature
indiyiduals of this most abundant shell, induced Montagu
to regard the latter as a distinct species, which he pub-
lished under the name of T. semicostatm. The 0. Mariana
of Macgillivray is the same in a rather more advanced
stage, the relative proportions of the spire and mouth
varying of course with age, and especially in this Bissoa^
whose penult turn is nearly as large as the final volu-
tion. The B. gracilis of the same author was also de-
rived, observes Mr. Jeffreys, after an inspection of the
type, from a slender worn specimen of this species.

The form of this shell, although varying greatly as to
elongation, is always remarkably narrow, being cylindra-
ceous below, and convexly tapering above. Characteristic

96 LITTORINID^.

individuals are rather strong, a little glossy, more or less
translucent, and either uniform white (often, however, with
a ferruginous tinge) or marked behind the outer lip with
two rufous or tawny stains, that severally form the com-
mencement of a subsutural and inframedial zone. The
exterior is densely and strongly striated with raised spiral
lines, and (except in the variety Candida) is partially
adorned with longitudinal pliciform ribs, that in general
are rather distant and oblique, but vary considerably in
these respects. The ribs even upon the smaller turns
seldom reach the lower suture, and upon the two larger
ones extend but a little distance from the upper separating
line from whence they emanate. There are six and a half
ventricose whorls, divided by a deep but simple suture,
and oftentimes placed so irregularly that the shell appears
distorted. The apex is blunt ; the next two coils are small
in proportion to the penult, which is likewise swollen : the
body is, in general, almost as narrow as the preceding
whorl, and merely occupies from one third of the total
length in the produced forms, to two fifths in the abbre-
viated ones ; its basal declination is rounded and gradual.
The aperture is suboval, but contracted above, and smooth
within ; it occupies from about one third to three eighths
of the entire length ; its peristome is continuous, the
parietal enamel being for the most part thickly spread.
The projecting outer lip is strong but not marginated
behind ; it is much arcuated, and at the front extremity is
somewhat pouting and well rounded. There is no umbi-
lical chink, the pillar lip, though well defined, being usually
appressed. The length of our largest example is only the
seventh of an inch, and its breadth about four-fifths of a
line.

A slender, almost cylindrical variety, which frequently

RI8S0A. 97

is only composed of five volutioDS, and is devoid of the
longitudinal ribs, has been termed Candida by Brown. Its
coils are looser, so that there is often a rudimentary umbi-
lical chink, and its texture is thinner, and often of a pale
fulvous tint. The aculeus of Gould (Invert. Massach. p.
266, f. 172, badly) scarcely differs, except in being more
umbilicated, and the arctica of Loven (Index Moll. Skan-
din. p. 24), though a little more flattened horizontally at
the top of the whorls, is also too closely allied. The typical
specimen forwarded us by the author, has the whorls pro-
portionally shorter, and does not exhibit any stria) on the
extreme base of the shell.

The body of the animal of this species is less in propor-
tion to the shell than that of any other of our native Rissoa,
It is entirely yellowish white. The tentacula are linear,
and shorter in proportion to the body than usual in the
genus. The eyes are very large and black. The foot is
obtusely angulated in front, and similarly pointed behind.

This is a most abundant shell everywhere in the British
seas. It is plentiful in stony and muddy places between
tide marks, especially in the neighbourhood of low-water
line. It is also common in the laminarian and coralline
zones. The greatest depths to which we have known it
range, as observed by Mr. M 'Andrew and ourselves, have
been twenty-five fathoms, off Penzance, abundant ; thirty
fathoms in St. Magnus bay, Zetland, in both instances
alive ; and dead shells in fifty fathoms, off Mizen Head,
S.E. of Ireland ; forty-five fathoms and eighty-two fathoms
off the Zetland Isles. It has evidently a great capacity
for enduring varying conditions. It is commoner in the
north than the south of Europe ; it ranges from Norway
to the Mediterranean. It is found fossil in the coralline
crag.

VOL. III. o

98 LITTORlNIDiE.

R. PAHVA, Da Costa.

Sometimes with longitudinal ribs, sometimes smooth : outer
lip marked externally Mrith a curved and oblique chestnut brown
line at its upper or posterior comer. Peristome usually edged
with brown. A labial varix in the adult.

Plate LXXVI. f. 2, 6; Plate LXXVII. fig. 6, 7; Plate LXXXII. £ 1 to 4.

Turbo parvus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 104. — Mont. Test. Brit vol. ii. p. 310.
— Ma TON and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.Tol.viii. p. 171 . —
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 50, pi. 19, f. 4. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 215. — Dillw. Recent Shells, voL ii. p. 857. —
Wood, Index Testae, pi. 31, f. 99.
subiuteus and areus, Adamr, Trans. Linn. Soc. Tol.iii. pi. 13, f. 15, lo, 29,

30 (probably).
costatus^ Pultknbt, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 45, partly.— Lam. Anim.
8. Vert. (ed. Desh.) voL ix. p. 219, in part (fide Recinz).
^ lacteusj DoNOV. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pi. 90 (badly).
Citi^aparva, Flkmino, Brit. Animals, p. 306. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 176.
„ alba, Flbmino, Biit. Animals, p. 309, from types. — Brit Marine Conch,
p. 183.
liisfoa parva^ Or at, Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1833, p. 116. — Johnston, Berwick

Club, vol. i. p. 272. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 149. —
Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 11, pi. 9, f. 55, 56. — Aldkr
Moll. Northamb. and Durh. p. 54. — Potibz and Mich. Oalerie
Doiiai, Moll. vol. i. p. 274. — Rbcluz, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvier.
1843, p. 7.
„ alba, Johnston, Berwick Club, toL i. p. 272. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd.
p. 149 (worn), fide Jefireys from type. ^ Brown, lUostr.
Conch. G. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f. 16 to 19.
„ obacura^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 127, pi. 23, f. 10 (from specimens).
? „ fusoaloj Brown, lUiut. Conch. G. B. p. 10, pi. 9, f. 72.

*»

»»

We consider the curved line of colour, which externally
adorns the upper comer of the outer lip, as the distin-
guishing characteristic of this shell, by which examples of
it, even when immature, may be known from the dif-
ferent varieties of costulata^ rufilabris^ and inconspicua, cer-
tain individuals of which approach them in most other
particulars. In considering the interrupta of authors * to

* Montagues own example is a finely coloured aemittriatay bat his delineation
clearly proves that it was not that species which he intended to indicate.

RISSOA. 99

be a smooth, prodaced, and, for the most part, immature
?ariety of this polymorphous shell, we only adopt an idea
which those veterans in British conchology, Messrs. Jef-
freys and Clark have entertained for many years, and which?
although it may seem unlikely to those whose examples
of either form have been selected as intensely characteristic,
yet will, we feel assured, be ultimately assented to by all
who study like ourselves, from multitudes of specimens,
gathered from far apart localities.

Ordinary specimens of the ribbed or more character-
istic variety are moderately strong, glossy, scarcely at
all translucent, and of an ovate-conic shape. They dis-
play much diversity of colouring, some individuals being
wholly squalid white, whilst others are encircled with
so broad a band of dark brown, chestnut or fulvous
brown on the upper and lower portions of their prin-
cipal or larger whorls, as only to exhibit a narrow in«
tervening strip of white in the middle of their volutions.
Sometimes the dark hue may actually be regarded as the
ground colour, the pale strip being confined to the last
two coils. The labial varix is white, and the extreme
base of the body whorl, as well as the raised sculpture,
is usually a shade or two lighter than the general tint, the
prominent ribs being oftentimes nearly white throughout
their entire length. These last range from eight to twelve
upon the body whorl ; the lesser number when they are
solid and broad, the larger number when, as is sometimes,
but not ordinarily the case, they are narrow ; their intervals
are broader than the costse themselves, and are sometimes
smooth, sometimes spirally striolate. In characteristic
examples the early turns are destitute of sculpture, the
ribs being confined to the penult and antepenult turns,
and to the upper two-thirds of the body whorl, at the

100 LITTOEINlDiE.

commencement of whose basal declination (often indicated
by a raised spiral interstitial stria) they become obsolete.
The whorls, which are well defined by a very fine sature,
are six or se?en in n amber ; they are not ventricose, but
only moderately convex or even somewhat flattened.
Their longitudinal increase is gradual, and, for the most
part, they are rather short than otherwise. The spire,
which, in general, scarcely exceeds the body in length,
though occasionally it is more produced, ends in a small
but not very acute point, that is sometimes whitish, some-
times tinged with purple. The basal slope of the body-
whorl is rather gradual, and more or less flattened. The
mouth, which occupies two-fifths of the entire length, is
roundish oval, a little contracted above, and broadly ar-
cuated below, where it is slightly disposed to expand. The
peristome is continuous, and in typical examples is wholly
or partially edged with brown or cinnamon colour ; it is
rather broadly reflected over the pillar. The outer lip is
arcuated both above, and, more especially, below, where it
is apt occasionally to form an angle with the pillar lip ; it
is thickened externally by a broad and solid varix-like
rib, on the upper part of which is painted a curved and
oblique linear streak of brown, whilst the termination of
a revolving basal line of the same tint is likewise visible
near its lower extremity. Two lines is the full length
of individuals; their breadth is rather more than half
this measurement.

Turbo inter rupttu^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc vol. v. pi. 1, f. 16, 17 (probably).

— MoNT.Test. Brit. p. 329 ; Suppl. pi. 20, f. 8. — DoNOV.
Brit. Sbelk, vol. t. pi. 178, f. 2. — Maton and Rack. Trent.
Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 166. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 205.

— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 1 82. — Dillw. Recent Shells,
vol. ii. p. 841. — Wood, Index Testae, pi. 31, f. 62.

(vigula ifUerntpta^ Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 308.

RI880A. ' ••:>' . 101

•4

Rittoa itUempiay Johnstoh, Berwick. Club, vol. L p. 271 (m^'iiikaal). — Mac-

GiLLiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 150. — Brown, IlliuC bench. 0. B.
p. 12, pi. 9, f. 4d ?— Minks, Zeitach. Malak.**>84{I^. 41.

•

The Bissaa inUrrupta of anthors being devoid oT ribjs**
and in the more characteristic examples both thinner *f a .•**••.
texture, and narrower and more elongated as well in gene- *••**.**;
ral shape as proportion of its several parts, has naturally
been reputed a distinct species. Nevertheless, as certain
individuals which present all its other peculiarities are
wholly or partially ribbed, some otherwise typical are solid,
and others agidn have the abbreviated shape and broad
volutions of paroa proper, we cannot perceive any line of
demarcation between the two shells. The colouring ranges
from the ordinary brown-zoned appearance o{ parva^ to
uniform horn-colour or dark rufous ; the two bands are
occasionally, also, broken up into squarish spots* occa-
sionally, likewise, the body is longitudinally painted with
slanting or wavy lines of rufous-brown, that are usually
but not invariably, interrupted in the middle, and emanate
below from the encircling basal band. In pre-eminently
aberrant individuals the spire exceeds the length of the
body, the basal declination of which is more rounded
than usual ; in such specimens the mouth is likewise nar-
rower than in ordinary. This smooth form, when adult,
has a labial varix similar to the ribbed variety.

By the kindness of Mr. Jeffreys, we have figured (PI.
LXXXII. f. 3.) his unique example of B, Sarsii from
Loch Garron, which can only be distinguished from the
younger shells of the interrtipta by its superior size and
ventricoseness. We do not know the Sarsii of Lov^n, but
his description agrees very fairly, except that the mouth is
stated to occupy but one-third only of the total length.

We have delineated, likewise, (PI. LXXXII. f. ].) a

.-.•

• •.•

102 *. *'•'• littorinidjE.

•• • • •

v..

* • •

solid chq^olatfT'coIoured variety, which has the exact shape

of the'.^jiical parva^ but is quite destitute of ribs. The

indxviajAal itself is smooth, but obsolete spiral lines are

* vont* *to appear on the neighbouring variety fasciata^ in

•••**•. wiiich the coloured zones being continuous, the shell re-

;/•••* minds one of cingillus,

Plate LXXVI. fig. 2, represents the B, discrepans of
Brown (lUustr. Conch. G. B. p. 13, pi. q, f. 70, 71) which
we take to be rather a monstrosity than a distinct variety.
The whorls are looser and more rounded than usual, and
here and there one of them, at random, displays an
isolated series of longitudinal ribs.

The animal is yellowish-white except the mouth aud
summit of the head, which are often, but not always,
orange-tawny, sometimes inclining to dark purple, and
the lateral lobes, which are similarly tinged. The tenta-
cula are white, long, and setaceous, with eyes conspicuous
on their outer bulging bases. The lateral lobes are
large and conspicuous. The foot is shorter than the
body whorl, narrow, slightly squared in front, pointed
behind. On the caudal extremity is an operculigerous
lobe, furnished posteriorly with a prominent white tail
filament.

The form parva is abundant all around our shores ;
plentiful everywhere dead in shell-sand, and living under
stones and among corallines near low-water-mark. Hence it
ranges in great quantity throughout the Laminarian region.
We have dredged it alive in twelve fathoms, Weymouth,
and twenty fathoms off Penzance, and Mr. M'Andrew has
taken dead specimens in from forty-five to fifty-five
fathoms water off Gape Wrath and the Zetland Isles.
Lieut. Thomas remarks that it occurs clustered in im-
mense numbers on the branches of Corallina qfficinalisj in

RISSOA. 103

foar iathoms among the Orkneys, and that he has dredged
it in forty fiithoms water between the Orkneys and Fair
Island. It ranges from the North Seas to the Mediterranean.
The form interrupta does not appear to have so great a
range in depth, and is perhaps more abundant in the North
than in the South, though common enough everywhere,
especially congregating in the Laminarian zone. We have
never dredged it deeper than in twelve fathoms water.

B. cosTULATA, (Bisso !) Alder.

Oblong, conici strongly ribbed lengthways, and more or less
striolate in a spiral direction. Mouth not patulous. Peristome
tinged with purple. Labial variz white, not painted with any
linear markings.

Plate LXXVII. fig. 4, 5.

9 TWrfto eotiaUUj Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 219, in part ?
J\iH)o variabilU, Mxobrls MChlf. Verh. Berlin. Qes. Nat. toI. i. p. 312, in

part. ?
Bissoa eodnlata, Risso, H. N. Europe M6r. toI. iv. p. 119, probably. — Aldbr,

Ann. Nat. Hist vol. xiii. p. 324, pL 8, f. 8, 9.
9 „ nmilisj Scacchi, Catal. p. 14. 2, teste Philippi, MoU. SidLvol. ii. p. 124,

pL 23, f. 5.
$ f, Cfmerifdij Rbcluz, Reme Zool. Cuyier. 1843, p. 7.

The presumed recognition of Bisso^s species in the
present shell rests chiefly on the authority of a specimen
marked as such by M. Michaud ; for the identification of
Bisso'^s shells is always attended with uncertainty, since
that author was neither adequately conversant with the
writings of others, nor in the habit of clearly defining the
objects he proposed to describe. Hence we look upon
our native shell rather as the coitulata of Alder, whose
description is most admirable, than as accurately corre-
sponding to the expressions ''^paisse — a neuf tours de
spire, punctul^s de ferrugineux '^ of Bisso, whose language

104 LITTOKINIDJE.

altogBther coincides fairly with the characteristics of the
eostata of Desmarest and Philippi. This last writer
previous to the publication of the second volume of his
^' Enumeratio MoUuscorum Sicilias,^'* sent us examples as
the oblonga of his work ; but his diagnosis of that shell
induces the supposition, that they belong rather to the
similis which he subsequently distinguished from ollonga.

The shell is of an oblong-conic shape, is moderately
strong, not particularly lustrous, only slightly translucent,
and of a squalid white, more usually with the intervals of
the cost® of a fulvous brown. The larger volutions are
adorned with about eight to ten longitudinal ribs, which
are thick, blunt, rather distant, and strongly elevated.
They extend from suture to suture on the penult and pre-
ceding turn, but only reach two-thirds down the body, from
the dorsal half of which, indeed, they are frequently en-
tirely absent. Their intervals are marked with more or
less perceptible spiral wrinkles, that are at times changed
into flat costellar lines, with obliquely longitudinal striulse
between them ; hence, worn individuals are apt to appear
encircled vnth impressed dots. Of the eight slowly in-
creasing volutions the first four or smaller whorls are
almost always smooth. The body is scarcely broader than
the preceding turn, and only occupies from two-fifths to
three-sevenths of the total length ; its surface is rounded,
and its basal declination is convex and gradual. The
penult whorl is more or less tumid ; the apical turns more
or less flattened; the apex itself is small, yet not very
acute. The suture is fine, but distinct. The mouth,
which occupies two-fifths of the total length, is moderately
projecting, rather obliquely oval or rounded oval, scarcely
at all contracted above, and broadly or moderately rounded
below. The peristome is continuous, and of a lilac colour,

RISSOA. 105

which varies considerably as to depth and purity: the
throat is white and quite smooth. The outer lip, whose
acute edge is for the most part somewhat thickened at
the top, and is marginated externally by a solid white rib
or varix, that is never painted with a crescent-like linear
mark as in parva^ is well arcuated, advances a little in the
middle, and is disposed to expand at the base. The
curvature of the inner lip is much less than that of the
opposite margin : the pillar-lip is shelviug, not particularly
broad, and is slightly raised at the Inner or attached edge,
but displays no umbilical crevice. Minute and crowded
longitudinal wrinkles are often perceptible upon the labial
varix.

The length of a fair-sized example was the fifth of an
inch ; its breadth a single line.

This is a southern form on our shores. It occurs in
Herm, dead on the shore; at Byde in company with
labiosa ; at Torquay dXong vf ii\i parva (S. H.). Mr. Alder
who first recorded it as British, procured it from small
searweeds collected in Torbay, '^ where it appears to be
tolerably abundant.^^ Exmouth (Clark) Weymouth;
Manorbeer (Jeffreys) ; Dawlish (Mrs. B. Smith) ; Brook,
in the Isle of Wight ; ^* Boundstone and Birterbuy bays
on the western coast of Ireland, where it was found by
Dr. Farran and Mr. Barlee (W. Thompson) ; Cork (Jef-
freys).

It ranges to the Mediterranean; Mr. M'Andrew has
taken it on the coast of Spain.

VOL. 111.

106 LITTORIKlDiE.

B. RUFiLABBUAf, (Leach) Alder.

Small, solid, with numerous rows of punctures on the dorsal
surface of the bodj-whorl, whose ventral surface, along with the
penult turn is, for the most part, densely and coarsely ribbed :
peristome tinged with purple : outer lip margined by a broad
white varix.

Plate LXXVII. fig. 8, 9.

Ris9oa hyalina, Dbsmar. Ballet. Soc Philomat. Paris, 1814, p. 8 (copied

Dbsh. Lam. Anim. t. Vert vol. viii. p. 473), pi. 1, f. 6,
yoang ?
„ punctatcij PoTiBZ and Mich. Galerie Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 274, pi. 28,

f. 3, 4 ?
„ lUacina, Rbcluz, Revue Zoolog. Cttvier. 1843, p. 6, probably.
Cittffula rufilabrit, of Leach ? Bean, Brit. Marine Conch, p. xl. fig. 46.
liissoa rufUabrum, Aldbr, Annals Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 325, pi. 8, £ 10, 11

(as Aivania ruJUabrum of Leach, MSS.).

In the uncertainty which prevails as to whether either
of the first two cited species may have been constituted from
the immature state of this very distinct shell, we have pre-
ferred to retain the appellation by which the species is
generally known to British collectors, although the descrip-
tion of lilacina agrees so far well, that we were almost
tempted to substitute that name from its prior publication.
The synonymy of the Bissoa has proved very laborious, for
we have had to compare each of our British species with
between one and two hundred exotic ones, very many of
which (those of Cantraine and Moller, for example) are so
meagrely characterised, that we have not ventured to refer
to them, even where they approach the features of our
indigenous shells. Moreover, a conversance with foreign
collections has taught us, that the range of variation for
each species is far wider than is generally imagined, so
much so indeed, that we can scarcely determine the limits

RIS80A. 107

of certain specimens of the rufilahrum and those of the
costata of Desmarest. The violacea again is a close ally.

This solid Rissoa ranges in shape from ovate-conic to
oval conic, is scarcely translucent, has a resinous gloss, and
varies in tint from whitish horn-colour to dirty violet or
purple : when adult the hue is generally uniform, or the
pale ground is broadly and obscurely zoned with the darker
shade; but in younger shells the whorls are traversed
lengthways by rather distant linear streaks of fulvous or
yellowish brown, which almost invariably disappear upon
the formation of the longitudinal ribs. These last when
present at all (which, however, is usually the case in the
fiilly matured individuals) do not extend to the base of the
body, but merely reach about half way down, are most
conspicuous upon the penult turn, occasionally run up the
antepenult, but rarely if ever appear on any of the smaller
turns. These ribs are strong, closely disposed, and more
frequently oblique than otherwise ; their interstices are
narrow and spirally striated with obsoletely raised lines,
the intervals of whose crowded decussation by still more
obscurely elevated longitudinal wrinkles upon the ribless
dorsal surface of the final whorl, cause the shell to appear
punctured in regular (not quincuncial) rows. The volu-
tions, whose longitudinal increase is moderately quick, are
divided by a simple fine and oblique suture, and (except
the last two) are rather short and somewhat flattened ; of
the six or seven, which compose the spire, and rapidly slope
to a rather fine point, the smaller or upper ones are per-
fectly smooth. The basal declination of the body, which
occupies one half of the entire dorsal length, and in the more
typical examples is about as broad as it is long, is gradual,
and not much rounded ; upon the ventral side, indeed, it
is rather flattened. The mouth, whose proportion to the

108 LITTORINID^.

total length is as three to seven, is nearly ovate, a little
contracted above, and well rounded below. The peristome
is continuous, and of a lilac or violet brown hue ; the
throat is smooth, and of a pure white. The outer lip is
thickened externally by a very broad white varix-like rib,
that is usually stained with fulvous brown, at its base, and
near the outer edge, but is never marked posteriorly with
the arcuated coloured line of the allied parva (neither is
there any spiral band at the base of the shell). It is not
very convex above (where it is somewhat projecting), but
curves rather abruptly below, so as to quickly attenuate
the extreme base of the body ; before the formation of the
varix, it has a tendency to expand. The inner lip is much
spread upon the parietal surface, and is appressed and
somewhat reflected below : the pillar-lip is rather long and
almost perpendicular (though curved) ; there is no umbi-
lical crevice. A fair-sized example measured two lines
and a half in length, and a line and a third in width.

The animal, of which a drawing has been kindly com-
municated by Mr. Alder, has the head^ muzzle, margins of
the much developed lateral lobes, and the central sides of
the foot tinged with rich dark brown. The tentacles are
subulate, white with a yellow line ; the eyes are placed
within white spaces on the bulgings at their external
bases. The foot is somewhat rounded in front, pointed
behind, and bears at the extremity of the operculigerous
lobe a rather long caudal filament.

It is a southern and western species. Brighton and
Torquay (Alder) ; at Ryde along with labiosai and at
Torquay along with parva^ but not common (S. H.) ;
Oban, Loch Fyne, Loch Carron, and elsewhere on the
west coast of Scotland (Jefireys). '' On the east, west,
and south coast of Ireland : I obtained it at Bangor in

RI880A. 109

Belfast Bay in 1836'' (W. ThompBon). It is, probably,
an inhabitant of Zostera grounds.

B. LABiosA, Montagu.

Large, horn-coloured, sometimes with longitudinal, rib-like
folds, sometimes smooth, and with longitudinal tawny lines, no
spiral sculpture, nor impressed dots ; whorls flattened : mouth
large, patulous, more or less thickened at the outer lip.

Plate LXXVI. fig. 6 ; Plate LXXVII. f. 1,2, 3; Plate LXXXI. f. 3.

Turbo membranaoetu^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. ▼. p. 2, pi. 1, f. 14, 15 (badly).

„ costatu$^ PuLTSNSY, Hntchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 45, in part.
HOia labiota^ Mont. Test. Brit toI. ii. p. 400, pi. 13, f. 7.
TWfto labiotus, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc vol viii. p. 164. — Rack.

Dorset Catalog, p. 49, pi. 18, f. 16. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 203.^DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 840. — Wood,
Index Testae pi. 31, f. 57.
Cmgula labioga^ Flxming, Brit. Anim. p. 307. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 179,

f.42.
Rittoa „ Brown, lUust Conch. O. B. p. 10, pi. 8, 1 19.
9 „ puUa, Brown, lUust Conch. O. B. p. 13, pi 8, f. 25.
M metHbranaeoa, Lov^N, Index MoU. Scandin. p. 24 (probably).

Like most members of its genus, this large species of
Rissoa exhibits a considerable latitude of variation in both
form and sculpture; the style of colouring, at least in
native examples, is apparently more constant, the lineated
painting being confined to the thinner and smoother indi-
viduals. In the more characteristic specimens, the shape
ranges from oval-conic to oblong-conic, the texture is
rather solid, yet a little transparent, resinously lustrous,
and of an uniform pale horn-colour or dirty white. The
earlier turns are quite smooth, the body and two preceding
whorls are decorated with longitudinal pliciform ribs, that
range in prominence from strong and projecting to de-
pressed and almost obsolete; they usually widen below,

110 LITTORINID^.

are closely set, and for the most part are broader than
their narrow and perfectly smooth intervals. In general
they are wont to become obsolete on the upper part of the
antepenult, and more especially upon and towards the
slowly contracted and somewhat produced base of the
body-whorl. The spire, which is attenuated to rather a
fine point, that is sometimes white, sometimes purple,
is composed of six volutions, that barely equal the length
of the body-whorl, are but little convex, except that the
penult turn swells out a little towards the lower suture,
and are well defined by a simple separating line, that
becomes rather broader and stronger as it descends. The
mouth, which occupies about one-half of the entire length
of the shell, is large and subovate ; its throat is smooth,
and of a pure porcelain-white. The outer lip is mai^n-
ated behind, but is thin at the edge, which is disposed to
expand, especially at the rounded and projecting anterior
extremity. The pillar-lip is much reflected, but with no
distinct umbilical chink behind it ; it is rather long, broad,
shelves much inwards, and is Aimished with a more or less
distinct fold, that lies rather below the middle of the aper-
ture. We possess a stunted form of this variety, in which
the spire occupies only two-fifths of the shell, and the big
mouth is edged internally with dirty purple.

The thinner or membranaceous variety afibcts muddy
estuaries. It is usually more or less devoid of ribs, is
pale fulvous, and often variegated with obliquely flexuous
rufous lines, which in intermediate examples meander
between the almost obsolete costse. The fold of the
pillar-lip, which has occasionally a ruddy hue, is usually
less developed than in the more solid individuals. Both
in this and the typical form the longitudinal increase of
the whorls, which nowhere exhibit the slightest trace of

RISSOA. Ill

spiral striae (as in the allied i^entricosa)^ is particularly
marked upon the penult volution, which, curiously enough,
projects oftentimes at the suture beyond the edge of the
final whorl. The degree of obliquity and projection in
the mouth varies in different individuals. Live specimens
are covered with a tawny epidermis.

We do not feel disposed to augment the number of our
British Bissoa by the admission as a species of R, venusta
(Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 124, pi. 23, f. 4), of which
shell Mr. Barlee has taken a few examples at Weymouth,
(Pi. LXXVI. f. 6.) that perfectly coincide with typical
specimens presented to us by the author of the species.
They are not unlike the ordinary ribbed form, but are of
a waxen-yellow tint, have their folds more remote, less
spread, and, for the most part, somewhat swollen both
above and below. The aperture is smaller and less ex-
panded than usual, and both body and spire are somewhat
shortened.*

Fair-sized specimens measure about two-fifths of an inch
in length, and are about the seventh of an inch at the
broadest part. These proportions are very variable ; the
general rule being, however, that the more solid the ex-
amples, the more abbreviated is their shape, and vice versa.
Mr. Barlee has dredged some remarkably thin and smooth
individuals, (PL LXXXI. f. 3.) which are actually tur-
reted, their length being a quarter of an inch, their breadth
only a single line. In these individuals (which remind one

* The H, data of Philippi (Moll. Sicil. vol ii. p. 124, pL 23, f. 3) ia also most
cloiely allied to the British species. So too we suspect is the grosaa of Michaud
(Esp. de Ris. p. 70, f. 21, 22), which is ascribed to England by both that author
and Deshayes (Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 472). The plicatula of Risao
(Eur. M6r. vol. iv. p. 143, f. 134) has somewhat the look of it likewise, and
Reduz^s description of R, SouUtfeiana (Rev. Zool. Cuv. 1843, p. 5) agrees feirly
enough with this shell, except that he allows it but six volutions.

112 LlTTORINIDiE.

not a little of B. auriscalpitm) the mouth only occupies
two-fifths, at most, of the entire length, and the margina-
tion of the lip is almost obsolete.

The animal has a pale or slightly brown-tinged yellow
head and snout, with white subulate tentacles and spaces
round the eyes. The central or contracted portion of
the sides of the foot are coloured with dark purple, as
also are the well-developed lateral lobes. The foot is
slightly squared in front, pointed behind, and bears be-
hind the operculigerous lobe a conspicuous white caudal
filament.

The favourite habitat of this species is on the leaves
of Zostera in sandy or muddy places. It is chiefly found
on our southern and western shores. The solid variety
occurs in three fathoms water, near the pier at Byde,
in the Isle of Wight ; the smooth form is chiefly found
where there is an intermixture of mud, as at Tenby, Mar-
gate, and Weymouth (S. H.). At Southampton it is abun-
dant in from one to three fathoms water (E. F.) Fal-
mouth ; coast of South Wales ; Oban, and Loch Oarron,
in Scotland, (Jeffreys). In various localities around the
Irish coast (W. Thompson).

It ranges from the shores of Norway to the Mediter-
ranean.

RISSOA. 113

R. iNcoNSPicuA, Alder.

Not particularly minute, ranging in shape from oblong-conic
to abbreviated oyate-conic ; either whoUj white, or spotted or
longitudinally streaked with fulvous or rufous on a yellowish
white ground. Whorls decidedly conyex, not perfectly smooth,
nor distinctly cancellated ; if not ribbed, yet always with traces
of longitudinal or spiral obsoletely projecting lines. Mouth
shorter than the spire, not edged with lilac or rufous, nor painted
externally with any arched line of colour (as in parvd). Throat
smooth. A subumbilical crevice.

Plate LXXVI. fig. 7, 8 ; LXXXII. fig. 5 to 9.

9 TWdo attnd^ Adims, Trant. Linn. Soc toI. iii. pi. 13, £ 17, 18.— -Miton

and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. Tiii. p. 185. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 230.
Rimoa moonpiema^ Aldbr, AnnaU Nat Hist Tol. ziii. p. 323, pL 8, £, 6, 7.
„ maadaia. Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f. 5, 6. $
„ nmilitj Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 13, pi. 8, f. 20. 9

The Bisioa incompicua is perhaps one of the most
variable of the genus, or rather is that British species of
which we possess the greatest modifications in form and
sculpture. Mr. Alder's original delineation of it combines
characters that are not often found together in such high
development ; hence, despite its correctness, few specimens
would be positively determined by comparison with it.
The shape ranges from abbreviated ovate-conic to oblong*
conic, but certain fixed conditions appear to accompany
the dificrence of figure ; the broader individuals being
ribbed, solid, and more or less marginated at the lip;
whilst the more produced examples are thin, semi-trans-
parent, comparatively smooth, and have the margin of the
lip more or less acute. The surface is of a glossy white,
either uniform (as in the more solid and dead individuals)
or with a yellowish tinge, and occasionally painted with

VOL. III. Q

114 LITTORINIDJE.

rather broad wavy and somewhat remote tawny or rafous
loDgitudinal streak-like spots, that ran from the upper
suture, and do not either reach the lower one or inter-
mingle usually with the second series which is disposed
upon the base of the final volution. The more solid
examples are usually marked on the three last whorls,
with very numerous narrow, and often oblique longitudinal
folds ; these occasionally, especially on the more fragile
indiyidnak, become obsolete, and sometimes the surface
appears almost smooth, yet when closely scrutinized the
traces of folds are almost always perceptible ; usually,
also, the costal interstices are spirally traversed by rather
distant striae, but these likewise are often very obscure,
and are chiefly distinguishable (where the ribs vanish)
upon the base of the body- whorl. Therft are six or seven
whorls, which, though only divided by a nearly horizontal
simple yet well pronounced suture, are peculiarly well
defined, owing to their being decidedly convex, or even
ventricose ; they are a little more shelving above, are
gradual as to their longitudinal increase, and end in a
very small but blunt apex. The body, which is much
rounded, rarely exceeds two-fifths of the entire length
of the shell ; it is more or less abruptly rounded at its
basal declination. The length of the penult is not, in
general, one half it^. breadth. The mouth is small, and in
the more stunted forms occupies two-fifths of the ventral
length ; but in the more produced varieties is only half
as long as the spire above it : it is typically suborbicular,
and projects towards the base, which latter is broadly
rounded. The throat is quite smooth. The outer lip
is much arcuated, and more frequently acute, but is some-
times marginated externally by a narrow but prominent
varix-like rib, which is not distinguished from the general

RIS80A. 115

tint by any peculiar colouring. The pillar-lip, whose
attached or inner border is a little raised, is straightish,
and almost perpendicular ; it is remarkably narrow, occu-
pies a considerable portion of the inner lip, and is more
usually flanked by a kind of subumbilical crevice. The
usual sizes range from the seventh of an inch and half
as much in breadth, to the tenth of an inch and two-
thirds as much in width. Some narrow transparent
smoothish streaked examples from Bothsay, however,
measured the fifth of an inch long.

In the shape of the mouth and pillar it resembles the iZ.
albdla of Lov6n ; yet as all the examples of it with which
we have been favoured by the author present a more
abbreviated figure, stronger ribs, and a shorter spire, we
have not cited that species as identical. Nevertheless, we
are &r from sure that this is not the case.

We are disposed to group together our specimens into
four principal varieties, each of which runs so closely into
the succeeding one, that it is difiicult for those who pos-
sess a large number of individuals to definitively arrange
the whole of them under their appropriate heads.

Var. a. (the traditional albula of Adams.) Solid, abbre-
viated, uniform white ; ribs regular, almost per-
pendicular, with spirally striated intervals ; lip
usually marginated (pi. LXXVI. f. 8).

Var. B. {typical or first-named) ovate conic ; pale fulvous,
with darker spots, and a purple apex ; numerous
very fine longitudinal folds, that are often partially
reticulated by obscure spiral lines; pillar often
rafous (pi. LXXXII. f. 5, 6).

Var. G. (tenuis). Produced, thin, either spotted or streaked
with coloured lines that ran down from the upper

1 1 6 LITTOKIMIDA.

suture, but do not extend to the lower one.
Whorls sevea, almost smooth (at most very
obscarely sabcancellated), but almost always with
some obscurely raised spiral lines that are here and
there perceptible: lip rarely marinated, pillar
sometimes coloured (pi. LXXXII. f. 7, 8). This
form, especially where the lower set of streaks
unite at the base of the body into a spiral zone,
closely resembles the R.parva, rar. interrvpta, from
which the stratghtness of its pillar-ltp, its more
ventricose whorls, the obscure traces of spiral
sculpture, and the absence of the characteristic
dorsal painting of the outer lip suffice to dis-
tinguish it.
Vah. D. (! timilia of Brown). Elongated thin; lower
whorls almost smooth ; upper ones with a few
strong longitudinal ribs (pi. LXXXII. f. 9).

Mr. Alder has examined and described the animal of
this species. It is " white, with two long setaceous
tentacula, having the eyes at their external base. Head
bilobed. Foot slender, produced io front, white, with a
black spot in the centre of the posterior part. The sides
have two lobe-like appendages, margined with dark purple
or black : two other lines of the same colour, on each
side, run parallel to these ; the upper one on the side of
the back, the lower bordering the foot. The rest of the
body is white, with some blotches of yellow.*

The animal of the form tenuia, found sparingly by Mr.

Alder at, and a little below, low-water mark, at Bothsay,

is described by him as having " the bead umber-browa

above, the muzzle not quite so much produced as usual,

■ Annnis Nat. Hiil. vot. liii. p, 334,

RISSOA. 117

tentacles transparent white, with opaque white spots ; the
foot has on the upper anterior part a bilobed fold, margined
with black below; behind this the foot is opaque white
for a short way, the hinder part is semitransparent, with a
darkish streak in the centre, the sides are margined with
purplish-brown ; the lateral appendages are brown on the
anterior half, and whitish behind.

Bissoa inconyncua appears to range all round the shores
of Great Britain. It was first described under its received
name by Mr. Alder, who obtained it '' from deepish water,
among corallines,^'* on the Northumberland coast. In the
south it is found at Torquay (S. H.) ; Southampton,
Weymouth, Falmouth, Exmouth, Tenby and Manorbeer
(Jeffreys) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Doggerbank (Howse) ;
Oban and elsewhere in the west of Scotland ; Lerwick
(Jeffreys). In Ireland it has been found at Portmarnock
(Thompson) ; Bantry Bay, Dublin Bay, and Birterbuy
Bay (Jeffreys).

It ranges to Sweden.

B. SEMISTRIATA, MoutagU.

Conic, rather strong, not ribbed ; whorls rounded, partially
striated in a spiral direction ; body equal in length to the spire,
and quite as broad as it is long, encircled with two or three rows
of squarish spots ; pillar white, rather broadly reflected.

Plate LXXX. fig. 4, 7.

Turbo temitiriaiuSt Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 136, pi. 21, f. 5. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 201. — Dillw. Recent Shells, voL ii. p. 842.
Cinffula temittriatay Flxmino, Brit. Animals, p. 309. — Brit Marine Conch, p.

183,% 90 (badly).
,, pulckraj Johnston, Edinb. Philosoph. Jonrn. vol. xix. ; copied in Brit.
Marine Conch, p. 261.
Bissoa IruirkUoy Thompron, Annals Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 98, pi. 2, f. 10.

118 LlTTORINIDiE.

Macojlliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 151. — Brown, lUiut. Conch.
O. B. p. 129.
Rittoa wfiMc^rtiato, Johnston, Berwick. Clab, vol. i. p. 271. — Macoilliv. Moll.

Aberd. p. 149. — Bbown, Illiist. Conch. G. B. p. 11,
pi. 9, f. 3.
„ tuUuloaiay Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 129, pi. 23, f. 16 (from

specimenB).

The greater or lesser extent of the sculptured surface,
and the distinctness or obsoleteness (from abrasion or
bleaching) of the coloured markings, have caused the
appearance of this easily recognised species under several
appellations. It is distinguished firom several shells that
approach it in painting, by its peculiar shortness and
comparative solidity. It is of an ovate-conic shape, rather
strong, moderately glossy, semi-transparent, and of a white
or pale fulvous tint, marked with spiral series of squarish
or elongated spots of rufous or yellowish brown, and
encircled with strongly impressed and not very densely
disposed striae, which rarely occupy the entire surface,
but are 'chiefly perceptible upon the base of the body
and immediately beneath the upper sutures. The first
stria or two beneath each divisional line is peculiarly
profound ; the smaller turns are often traversed, likewise,
by obsoletely raised longitudinal wrinkles. The spots
of the upper row are the larger, and run inunediately
under the broad and profound suture; a second smaller
(and upon the lesser volution less distinct) set follow
them at some little distance, and are succeeded upon
the body-whorl by a third and closely adjacent series,
but the last two are apt to become confluent ; these co-
loured markings do not extend to the extreme base of
the shell. The spire is composed of five decidedly convex,
or subventricose whorls, which rapidly slope to a some-
what obtuse point ; their longitudinal increase is rather

RISSOA. 119

quick; they are mostly short, but the penult volution
is scarcely more than twice as broad as it is long. The
width of the body is equal to its length, which last vies,
at the least, with that of the spire; the basal slope is
rather abrupt, and decidedly rounded. The mouth, which
occupies three-sevenths of the total length, is obliquely,
and generally broadly, pear-shaped, being much contracted
above, and well rounded below; the peristome is con-
tinuous ; the throat is smooth. The outer lip is simple,
acute, moderately projecting, convex above, and much ar-
cuated below ; it is not patulous. There is no distinct
umbilicus, but a linear hollow exists beyond the slightly
elevated edge of the rather broadly reflected pillar-lip,
which last is white, shelving, subarcuated, and almost
perpendicular. Specimens rarely measure more than the
tenth of an inch in length, and rather more than half
as much in breadth.

The animal of this species has not been observed.

This species, though its range extends all round the
British islands, appears to become much scarcer north-
wards, and is possibly absent from the Zetland shores.
It is chiefly an inhabitant of the Laminarian zone, whence
it is cast up among shell-sand, but ranges into the com-
mencement of the region of Corallines. We cite a few
of its localities ; Herm, dead on the strand ; Torquay,
along with parva (S. H.) ; Dartmouth in seven fathoms,
Milford Haven in twelve fathoms water (M'Andrew and
E. F.) ; many localities on the south and north-west coast
of England, also at Oban and elsewhere on the west coast
of Scotland ( Jefireys) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Northum-
berland (Alder) ; Berwick (Johnston) ; Firth of Forth
in seven &thoms (E. F.) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray).
In shell-sand from Magilligan, Bundoran, and elsewhere.

120 LITTORIXIDA.

in Ireland (W. TbomiwoD) ; Bantiy Bij snd Cwk haiiwnr
(JeSrefBj.

It ranges to the Mediterranean.

B. BCBRA, Adams.

Or&l-co&ic, mfooa, or with a pale apiral l«nd on a rvfoai
groond : whorls decidedly conTcz, qnite smooth : oater lip not
nu^inftted.

PlMe LXZVIIL Gf. 4, 5 i Phtc LXXZ. L 3.

TWianirr, AjiAi(a,Tnni. liim. Soc ToL iiL pL I3,t 1 5 (pabifalf).— HoKT.

Test. Brit. Tiri. iL p. 320. — Maton uid Rack. Tram. Linn. Sk.

ToL Tiii. p. 162.— Tt-KT. Coach. Uction. f. 202.— BriL Uuine

Caotb, p. 182, e 26.— Duxw. Recent SlielU, TiL iL p. «3S.—

Wood, Index Totacnlog. pL 31, L 51.

„ mmi/ateiatm, Uokt. Tut. BriL ToL iL p. 320 ; SoppL pi. 20, t &—

HATONand Rack. Tiuu. Linn. SoooL TiiL p. 163^ —

TUXT. Conch. Diction, p. 203. — Dillw. Recent SfaeDi,

ToL iL p. tiS.—WooD, Index Tataceolog. pL 31, L &S.

CoK/ala nAra, FuNlNO, Brit. Animali, p. 308.

H mti^taaia, FliminO, Brit. Animda, p. 309. — Brit. Hirine Condi.

p. 182.

Riaoa falva, Michaud. Nodt. Eip. de Riw. p. Ifi, Eg. 17, I& — PaiLtrrt,

Holl. SiciL ToL i. p. 152 ; vol ii p. 129.— Pom and Hicii.

Galet. Donu, MoIL toI. L p. 269.

„ uMtfatdala, RacLuz, Reine Zool. CnTJer. 1S43, p. 10.~.BKOWti. IIL

CoDch. 0. B. p. 13, pL 8, r. 28.
„ rmbm, Uacoilliv. HoIL Aberd. p. 328.— Bbown, Illait. Conch. O. B.

p. i2,pi. 9, cir.

Although the Mediterranean examples of B. JulvOy
generally considered as more peculiarly Bynonjmons with
B. uni/oiciata, have their spire somevhat more produced
than is the case in oar native specimens, vre cannot perceive
the slightest difference, besides colour, between the mira
and unifatciaia of our own shores. This in the typical
form is of an uniform red, that ranges from tawny rufous
to vinous crimson ; whilst in the variety a single broad

RISSOA. 121

central zone of oolonring adorns the body, whose base
and subsutaral region are alike encircled by a pale band ;
of these the upper and broader one winds along the
top of the smaller turns, so that the shell appears alter-
nately striped with the lighter and darker hue.

The shell is a little translucent, and its texture rather
thin or moderately strong ; the surface is glossy and quite
smooth, and the shape is oval-conic. There are from five
to six whorls, which are tolerably, but decidedly, convex,
rather more rounded below, and considerably narrowed
above, since the attenuation of the spire (whose apex is blunt,
and almost mammillary) is rather quick ; their longitudinal
increase is rather gradual ; their sutural line is simple,
but distinct. The body, which is rather broad in proportion
to its length, whose basal declination is rounded, and whose
anterior contraction is rather sudden, is about equal in
length to the spire. The mouth, in perfect individuals,
generally occupies from three-eighths to one half of the
entire length, but in worn ones (and such are those of most
cabinets) is usually so abraded as to fill only two-fifths of
the actual length; it is oval-orbicular, and is broadly round-
ed at the anterior base. The outer lip is simple, acute, ar-
cuated, and peculiarly prominent below ; its edge is usually
paler, owing, perhaps, to its greater tenuity. The pillar-
lip, on the contrary, frequently exhibits a deeper tone of
colouring ; it is not much reflected, and there is scarcely
any perceptible chink behind it. Specimens rarely exceed
the seventh part of an inch in length.

We have a note of the animal of the uni/asciated form
of this species, communicated by Mr. Jeffreys. It would
appear to resemble that of ulva in several respects. It
is stated to be '' of a light yellowish colour with occa-
sional brownish streaks or blotches on the upper part and

VOL. III. R

122 LITTORINID^.

sides of the body ; the tentacles are very long and seta-
ceous, with a similar black bar to that in Eissoa tUva
below their tips."

It appears to be a widely distributed, but nevertheless
rather scarce species. It inhabits the laminarian zone and
the shore near low-water-mark. The Channel Isles,
Herm (S. H.) ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Whitesand Bay (Jef-
freys) ; Land's End (Barlee) ; Whitley, Northumberland
(Fryer in Alder Gat.). Laskey found it in the east coast
of Scotland at Dunbar, and Macgillivray records it from
the Buchan Coast. In some places on the north, east, and
west coasts of Ireland (W. Thomson).

It ranges to the Mediterranean.

B. ciNGiLLUs, Montagu.

Oval-conic, usually with three coloured zones on the body,
which is girt with obscure rounded costellar striae; whorls flattisb j
mouth oval-pyriform.

Plate LXXIX. fig. 9, 10, and (Animal), PUte J. J. fig. 4.

Helix peUa^ Linn. Sjit. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1249. 9

Turbo cingiUus^ Mont. Test. Brit vol. ii. p. 328, pi. 12, f. 7; Sappl. p. 125.—

Maton and Rack. Tnini. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 165. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 205. — Dillw. Recent SheUs, vol. ii. p. 841.
— Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 31, f. 61.
„ vUiatuSf Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pi. 178, f. 1.
„ gmphicus^ Turton, Conch. Diction, p. 200, f. 34. — Brown, Mem.

Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 521, pi. 24, f. 6.
Cingida cingUla^ Flkming, Brit. Animals, p. 309.

Risaoa cinffilusj Michaud, Especes de Rissoa, p. 14, f. 19, 20. — Potibz and

Mich. Qal. Dooai, Moll. vol. i. p. 268.
„ rupestriSf FoRBBS, Ann. Nat. Hist vol. v. p. 107, pi* 2, f. 13. — Brit.
Marine Conch, p. 184.
vitiata, RscLUZ, Revue Zool. Cavier. Soc. 1843, p. 10.
cingilkUa^ Macoilliv. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 328.
Cinytda cingUlaiay Brit. Marine Conch, p. 182, f. 51.
Rissoa ffraphica^ Brown, lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f. 83.
Pyramis cinffillus^ Brown, lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 15, pi. 9, f. 73.

»»

RISSOA. 123

This pretty species of Rissoa varies in shape from oval
conic, to semifiisiform, is tolerably strong, or at least not
very thin, a little translucent, and with a resinous lustre.
It is whitish or yellowish horn colour, and is encircled in
the typical examples with bands of rufous brown or intense
fulvous ; three upon the body and two upon the penult and
antepenult volutions. Of the zones upon the final whorl,
the middle one, which follows the line of the junction of
the outer lip to the body, is the principal ; only a narrow
strip of it is perceptible at the lower suture of the smaller
turns ; the upper band, which is the more marked one
upon the earlier volutions, is usually rather narrower, and
lies at some distance from the suture ; the third or ter-
minal one encompasses, and often stains the columella,
which last is occasionally also tinged with liver- colour.
Numerous rounded costellar striae wind round the body
whorl, and although apt to become partially obsolete else-
where, are always distinctly visible upon the basal area of
adult examples ; for the most part, too, obscure and irre-
gular wrinkles traverse the shell lengthways. There are
about six and a half whorls, whose convexity is so trifling,
that the lateral outlines are nearly rectilinear. They are
rather short, and are divided by a clearly defined yet
simple suture. The body occupies from two-fifths to three-
sevenths of the total length, but usually the former propor-
tion. The commencement of the basal slope, from its usual
flatness, is more or less subangulated. The apex is very
small, but blunt. The mouth, which is smooth within,
and occupies about two-fifths of the total length, is oval-
pyriform, being rounded, though often somewhat narrowly,
below, and contracted to a point above. The outer lip
is acute, not much arcuated, and not at all projecting.
The pillar is shelving, tolerably broad, and elevated at

124 LITTOKINIDA.

its inner margin : the parieUil eoamel is usually profuse
in adult examples. A sixth of an inch for the kugth,
and a line or rather more than a line for the breadth*
are the ordinary proportions.

The variety termed graphica by Tnrton, iB rather
stronger than usnal, and has its zones mnch more fiuatly
displayed. It is not uncommon at Weymouth, under
stones near the old castle, &c., (S. H.).

In typical specimens of the aberrant form rvpe^na, the
shell is nearly of an uniform white, and the spiral strice
are obsolete above the angulated commencement of the
basal slope. The seeming subsutnral line is not impressed,
but is merely the overlapped base of the preceding turn
revealed by the more than ordinary transparency of the
shell.

The animal is of a yellowish white, sometimes (in the
normal form) slightly tawny, sometimes (in var. m-
pettrit) more of a milky hue. The snout is prominent,
narrow, and translucent, showing the jaws and tongue
shining through ; the tentacles are very long and linear,
bearing the conspicuous black eyes on their opaqne white
bulging bases. The foot is narrow and oblong, angled,
but not sharply, in front, obtusely pointed behind. The
caudal cirrhus, if present, is small ; we have not been able
to see it. Wheu the creature is at rest the foot is much
contracted, and the tentacles are turned back on the shell.
When in motion it moves its tentacles in a waving manner
alternately ; a habit common to other species of the genus.

RUtoa ctTigUltts is strictly a littoral animal, abonnding
between tide-marks in muddy, rocky, and stony places
almost everywhere around the shores of Britain and
Ireland. The variety graphtcut is scarce; it occurs at
L;ingland, near Swansea (Jeffreys). The form rapeetris

RISSOA. 125

is local : it is common along with the banded variety in
many places in Dorset and Devon, on the west coast of
Ireland, in crevices of rocks in the Isle of Man, and under
stones at low water in the Hebrides, (E. F.).

Lov^n records the eingUlus among Scandinavian mol-
lusca, and we have gathered the variety rupestris abun-
dantly near Bergen in Norway (E. F.). The species, so
far as known, is a member chiefly of the Celtic fauna^ and
does not range &r to the south of Britain.

B. viTREA, Montagu.

Sabcylindrical, smootii, white ; whorls rounded, the penult
turn peculiarly large ; body neaiiy as long as the spire ; suture
very oblique ; outer lip acute : no umbilical crevice.

PUte LXXV. fig. 5, 6.

Turbo tritreus, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 321, pi. 12, f. 3. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 202. — Dillw. Recent Shells, voL ii. p. 838. —
Wood, Index Testae, pi. 31, f. 52.
Ileliai vUreOf Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. Yiii. p. 213.
n gkAraia^ Mxgerlb Mt^HLF. Vorhand. Geiel. Nat Berlin. yoL i. pi. 9,
£.10?
Cinffula „ Flbmino, British Animals, p. 308. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 182.
9 HisMoa pumettdum^ Philipfi, Moll. Sicil. yol i. p. 154, pi. 10, f. 11 ; from

which, Db8H. Lam. Anim. a. Vert. yol. viii. p. 476 ;
changed to fflabraia, Philippi, MolL Sicil. yoI. ii. p. 130.
Ristoa vUrea, Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 329. — Brown, Illust. Conch. 0. B.
p. 13, pi 9, f. 81.
n erytlalUna^ Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 13, pi. 9, f. 76 ?

There is a peculiarity in the look of this interesting
shell which allows us to separate it, at a glance, from
any known species of its genus. It is subeylindrical,
but attenuated above^ very thin, semitransparent, per-
fectly smooth, and of a shining and uniform white. Of
the five and a half very convex whorls of which it is
composed, the last two are so loosely coiled as almost

126 LITTOBINIDA.

to become discounected from each other, and the penult,
whose length is more than half its breadth, ia remarkably
and disproportionately large, being equal in length to the
three preceding tnrOB united. The apical whorl is obtuse,
and very small. The longitudinal increase of all but the
last TolutioB is rapid. The suture is fine and rery oblique.
The body occupies nearly one-half of the dorsal length,
but is scarcely broader than the preceding coil ; it is a
little produced at the base, where its declination is mo-
derate and rounded. The mouth may be considered short,
since it does not exceed the ventral length of the penult
turn; it occupies from one-third, to at most two-fifths of
the entire length, is subovate, not much peaked above, and
is broad yet scarcely rounded at the base, where it recedes
rather than advances. The peristome is continuous, and
is sometimes disconnected from the body. The outer-lip
is sharp-edged, moderately arcuated, and slightly disposed
to expand. The pillar-h'p is oblique, and, excepting
where it rounds off anteriorly into the outer one, is but
little arched ; it is reflected, rather narrow, and of nearly
equal breadth throughout ; its inner edge is a little raised,
but is not accompanied by any umbilical fissure. Two
lines in length, and tbnr-fiflhs of a line in breadth, are
the dimensions of rather a large example.

This is a scarce and local species, ranging to deeper
water than its near allies. Exmouth (Jeffreys and Clark)
Tenby ; Oxwich Bay, near Swansea, (Jeffi'eys) ; Milford
tlaven in twelve fathoms ; off Skye in forty fathoms
(M'Andrew and E. F.) ; Oban (Barlee) ; Eda Sound,
&c., in Orkney, in forty fathoms (Thomas). Aberdeen
coast (Mac^Ilivray); Zetland (Fleming). Birterbny
Bay and Arran (Barlee) in Ireland.

It occurs fossil in the coralline crag (Searles Wood).

RISSOA. 127

B. FRoxiMA, Alder.
Resembling vUrea, but spirally striated.

Plate LXXV. fig. 7, 8.

Ris$oa itriatuia (not of anthon), Jxpprbts, Ann. Nat. Hist vol. zz. p. 16.
M proxima^ Aldxr MSS. ; Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yoI. zz. p. 174 (no

description),
w virgmea^ Brown, lUnst. Conch. G. B. p. 13, pL 9, f. 82?

Although bearing so strong a likeness to vitrea^ that
instead of describing it at large, we need only particular-
ize its points of dissimilarity, we cannot hesitate to assent
to the perfect specific distinctness of this graceful little
shell. The regular, though very minute raised lines, that
densely encircle the entire surface of its larger whorls,
enable us readily to distinguish a well preserved specimen
from its closely allied congener; and even where an un-
natural smoothness results from long attrition upon the
shore, the practised eye of a conchologlst will detect
each individual by its more compact style of gyration.
For the whorls, not being loosely coiled, as in the pre-
ceding species, are rounder and less produced, and the
suture, which is profound or even subcanaliculated, is less
oblique. The apex of the shell is rather more depressed,
and the mouth, owing to the penult not being quite so
disproportionately large, is slightly longer than the whorl
above it. Its usual size is a little less than that of the
last species.

This rare species has been found in Cork Harbour,
Bantry Bay, Portmarnock, and Dublin Bay (Jeffreys).
It is the vitrea of Mr. Thompson's Report on the Fauna
of Ireland; he observes it has been obtained sparingly
on each side of the Irish coast.

128 LITTOBINIDJE.

B. ! FULoiDA, Adams.

Very minute, OTal-oblong, smooth, with spiral bands of colour
that are not broken into spots ; whorls only four, ventricose ;
apex obtuse ; mouth suborbicular ; pillar-lip erect ; a subum-
bilicus.

Plate LXXXI. fig. 1, 2.

Hdix fitigida^ Adams, Tnni. Linn. Soc yoL iiL p. 254.

TWr&o fulffitittt, Mont. Test. Brit vol. ii. p. 332. — Maton and Rack. Trans.

Linn. Soc. toI. nil. p. 161. — ^Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 199. —

Brit Marine Conch, p. 255.
TruncaUUa 9/uBoa^ Philippi, Wiegm. Archir. Naturg. 1841 , p. 54, pL 5, f. 4 ;

Moll. Sidl. ToL ii. p. 134, pi. 24, f. 4, probably.
Cingula/iilffida^ Hanl. Brit Marine Conch, p. zliii. f. 50.
Histoa „ Brown, Illast Conch. O. B. p. 13.

The general aspect of this minute species reminds one
of a miniature banded Paludina. We do not positively
assert that it is the TV. f fusca of Philippi, but it bears a
much greater likeness to the individuals he sent us, which
are, however, larger, more coarsely wrinkled, redder, and
rather more elongated, than to the delineation of his species
in the " Enumeratio.'**

The shell is oval-oblong, thin, semitransparent, glossy,
and either quite smooth or merely wrinkled with a few
lines of increase. On a pale Ailvous, or horn-coloured
ground, the penult and ante-penult volutions are encircled
by two narrow rufous zones, one near either suture, the
lower one of which usually enlarges upon the body-whorl,
which has a third or additional band around the extreme
base. There are four whorls, of which the apical one is
very short and obtuse, the last and the last but one each
but moderately longer than the preceding, and all of
them more or less ventricose. The penult and ante-penult
turns are of moderate height, and are more perpendicular

RISSOA. 129

in their convexity below, more arched inward above. This
difference of shelve tends to the better defining of the
whorls, which are likewise separated by a profound but
simple suture. The body is rather wide in proportion
to its length, and is somewhat shorter than the spire;
its declination is sudden, but rounded ; its axis is more
or less perforated. The mouth is suborbicular, and pro-
jects both laterally and basally ; the peristome is con-
tinuous, but the parietal enamel is but little spread. The
outer lip is simple, acute, and much arcuated both above
and below. The pillar-lip is likewise arched, though in
a less degree, is long, rather narrow, generally rufous,
erect, and reflected. The ordinary length of our British
specimens is not even two-thirds of a line.

So far as known this is a southern and western species.
It has been taken at Guernsey (Barlee) ; Weymouth ;
Falmouth ; Langland Bay near Swansea (Jeffreys) ; Tor-
quay (S. H., Clark) ; Burrow Island (Rev. G. M. Beevor);
Tenby (Lyons) ; Arran in Ireland (Barlee) ; Cork Har-
bour and Bantry Bay (Jeffreys).

B. PULCHERRiMA, Jeffreys.

Very minute, obovate-conical, umbilicated, smooth, with three
or four spiral rows of spots on the body-whorl ; volutions four,
ventricose ; spire short.

Plate LXXXV. fig. 1, 2.
Risaoa pidcherrima, Jbffrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist, (new series) vol. ii. p. 351.

This very minute shell has an obovate conical shape, is
semitransparent, extremely thin, quite smooth, and of a
glossy yellowish white, that is adorned with spiral rows of
small and rather distant squarish spots of yellowish or

VOL. III. 8

130 LITTORINID.E.

reddish brown.* Of these there are two or three series
upon the pennlt turn, and four upon the body, of which
the last is not qnite terminal, bnt lies at some distance
from the extreme base, and the first two, which are nsnally
rather nearer together than the rest, are oflea confluent,
the spots in this event being converted, once they incline
in different directions, into angnlated streaks. There are
only foar TotutioDS, of which the final one occupies one-
half of the dorsal length. The spire is short, and ends
in a rather large and very blunt apex. The smaller turns
are ventricose and of moderate longitudinal increase ; the
body is large, extremely rounded or swollen, and broad in
proportion to its length ; its basal declination is sudden,
bat much arcuated. The suture is fine, bat through the
convexity of the volutions is well pronounced. The mouth,
which usually occupies full three-sevenths of the entire
length, is suborbicolar ; it is not much produced at the
base, but is well rounded below. Both lips are arcuated,
especially the thin and simple outer one. The pillsr-lip
is narrow, but is raised and reflected ; behind it lies a
small but distinct umbilicus. The length of the shell sel-
dom exceeds the twentieth of an inch ; the breadth is
about one-third less.

A very rare and probably southern species, hitherto ob-
taiited only at the Channel Isles, where it was found by
Mr. Barlee.

' 4 iQ6 of Adama* wretched drawings ia the Lidiiaui TnmBaetioTii renuiida a>
a lliile of thU ipccie*, although wa do not think it at all likely that be wai
Bcquflintcil with the Quemie; >he11. It ii entitted.

Tran*. Linn. Soc. vol. riii. p. IBS; Tl'rt. Conch. Dicli
p. 230 ) Plbuino, Brit. Anim. p. 300.

mssoA. 131

U. SOLUTA.

Like pulckerrima, but less globose, not variegated, and with
excessively minute spiral striulse.

Plate LXXV. fig. 3, 4.

Ri$»oa soltda^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. yol. iL p. 130, pL 23, f. 18 ? ?— Jxpprkys,

Ann. Nat. Hist, vol zjl p. 16.

We cannot venture to follow Mr. Jefireys^ identification
of our native species with the Sicilian one, since not only
is the former very different from the shell presented to us
by Dr. Philippi, but the figure of the latter represents a
narrower and more produced shell, with a more pointed
apex, and a more produced spire. The last whorl is
stated, likewise, to be almost disconnected, and the surface
to be perfectly smooth. We retain provisionally the name,
since in the event of the original soluta not proving a valid
species (and we are in doubt about its claims) the present
shell may assume the vacated epithet.

The shell is excessively minute, extremely thin, semi-
transparent, highly lustrous, and of an uniform clear pale
fulvous yellow. The shape of the few larger specimens
we have seen (those with four volutions) is oval-conoid ; but
the individuals more usually to be met with in cabinets
(those with three and a half turns) are subglobular-conic ;
the surface is smooth to the eye, and even so to a common
lens, but under a glass of higher power is perceived to be
regularly and densely striated in a spiral direction, which
sculpture is more apparent upon the base than elsewhere.
The whorls, which rise rather abruptly from the simple
but profound sutural line, that divides them from each
other, are rounded, yet are slightly shouldered above;
their longitudinal increase is rather rapid. The spire is

1 32 LITTORINIDJE.

very short, and ends in a blunt apex ; its component volu-
tions are but little elevated. The body occupies a full half
of the total length of the shell, and is ventricose and
rather broad ; its basal declination is well rounded, but
rather sudden. The mouth, except in the young, is not
quite equal in length to the part above it, but usually
occupies about three-sevenths of the entire length ; it is
obovate, well rounded below, and a little contracted above.
The outer lip is acute, arcuated, and not expanded. The
pillar-lip is long, of moderate breadth, almost perpendicular,
very little arched, raised, reflected, and flanked by a dis-
tinct umbilical cavity ; the latter occasionally sharply de-
fined, and rather large. The total length scarcely exceeds
the twentieth of an inch, and the breadth is still less.

This shell bears much resemblance to pulcherrima, but
is distinguished by its spiral lines ; its less globular shape,
the slower attenuation of its spire, and the absence of any
coloured markings.

A very rare shell, but possibly more widely distributed
than we at present know. Exmouth (Clark) ; Burrow
Island (Rev. 6. M. Beevor) ; Lamlash Bay and Bute
(Bean); Cork Harbour (Jeffreys).

B. LiTTOREA, Delle Chiaje.

Globular-conoid, quite smooth, of an uniform pale fulvous tint;
body swollen ; whorls convex ; spire short ; mouth occupying
one-half of the entire length.

Plate LXXXI. fig. 6, 7.

//e/u- liUorina, DsLLX Chiajb, Mem. Anim. Benza Vert. Napoli, vol. iii. p. 215,

pi. 49, f. 36, 37, 38.— Philippi, Wiegm. Archiv. Natuig.
1841, p. 53, pi. 5,f. 7.

Rissoa 9 t/lobularis, Metcalfe, Brit. Marine Conch, p. zlii. f. 87.

TrunooUeila tiUorinay Philippi, Moll. Sicil. voL il p. 133, pi. 24, f. 2.

RI3S0A. 133

The shape of this shell, which is not particularly thin,
considering its minuteness, is globular-conoid ; its texture
is transparent ; its surface of an uniform clear pale fulvous
yellow, perfectly smooth, always shining, and at times
iridescent. There are four gently, or but moderately
shelving convex volutions, that rather quickly increase in
length, and are divided by a profoundly impressed, and
almost horizontal, suture, beneath which they appear
marginated, but are not so in reality, the apparent line
being merely the termination of the preceding volution,
which, through the pellucidity of the shell is rendered
visible to us. Fully one half of the entire length is
occupied by the body-whorl, which is swollen, peculiarly
broad, and well rounded but abrupt at its basal declina-
tion; the spire itself is short, and tapers quickly to a
very obtuse apex; the axis is sub-perforated. The mouth
is moderate as to size, is equal in length to the portion
above it, and is of a broadly ovate form, being contracted
above, and well rounded below. The outer lip, whose
chief projection is towards the base of the shell, is simple,
acute, and peculiarly and almost equally arcuated both
above and below. The peristome is continuous, the parietal
enamel of the left lip being very distinctly perceptible.
The general inclination of the inner lip is obliquely
subrectilinear ; hence the aperture, with the subumbilicus
behind the broadly reflected pillar-lip, reminds one of the
genus Natica. Three quarters of a line is about the
general length of the individuals we have examined ; their
breadth is a trifle less.

Discovered on the shore at Weymouth by Mr. Metcalfe.
If this be the Helix litoHna of Delia Ghiaje, Trim-
catella littorina of Philippi, taken at Palermo, its po-
sition in the genus Eissoa is extremely questionable.

134 LITTORINID^.

Philippi represents the animal as having a prominent
emarginated muzzle, flanked by two obtuse somewhat
triangular tentacles, with eyes on the external bases, and
not on bulgings at the sides of their bases ; the foot very
short and rounded at the ends ; the colour whitish. Such
an animal certainly is much more nearly allied to Trunca^
tella than to Bissoa. In the same volume of Wiegmann^s
Archiv. (vol. vii. pt. 1, 1841) Dr. Louis PfeifTer constitutes
his genus Paludinella. (T. minuta, ovata vel depressa ;
apertura ovata ; peristoma simplex, subcontinuum ; oper-
culum spiratum) for Philippi's shell, and not for the
Eissoa of the uha group, as the name has been cited
usually.

B. ANATiNA, Drapamaud.

Abbreviated ovate-conic, thin, smooth, of an uniform pale olive
colour. Body at least equal to the spire ; whorls ventricose,
shouldered above. Suture profound. Mouth very large : pillar-
lip narrow, reflected, flanked by an umbilicus.

Plate LXXXVII. fig. 3, 4.

CydoUoma anatimwn^ Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. France, p. 37, pi. 1, f. 24, 26

(probably).
Paludina anaiina^ Michaud, Compl. k Drap. Moll. France, p. 100 (from last).

— Alobr, Magas. Zool. and Bot. yol. ii. p. 116. —

PoTisz and Mich. Oalerie Dooai, Moll, vol i. p. 160.

— Dbbh. Lam. Anim. a. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii.

p. 521 ?— Oras, Moll. Fluv. et Terr. Isere, App. p. 20.
LUtorina „ Gray, Manoal Land and F. W. Shells, p. 87. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 258.

Neither the figure nor the description in Drapamaud^s
work positively demonstrates the identity of this British
shell with the anatinum of that writer ; the present shell,
however, is generally accepted as the anatinum of authors;
and the little discrepancies probably result from the rude-

HISSOA. 1 35

ness of all early figures of the smaller objects of natural
history, and the meagre descriptions which formerly suf-
ficed to distinguish the few known members of a genus
from their nearest congeners. The delineation of the
American P, Michaudii in the ^^ Galerie de Douai^^ (vol. i.
pi. 26, f. 3, 4), harmonizes very &irly with the general
look and peculiar aperture of our species, but the whorls
scarcely appear so rounded, and the spire is somewhat
shorter.

The shape is abbreviated ovate-conic, and the surface,
when freed from the extraneous coating of dirt, with
which it is generally found enveloped, is smooth and
shining; the substance is thin, semitransparent, and of a
greyish or tawny olive colour. The five volutions of which
it is composed, are more or less shouldered or subsealari-
form, being horizontally compressed, and often suban-
gulated above ; below, they swell out suddenly fi^m the
strcmgly pronounced suture, yet are not particularly tumid
in the middle. The whorls of the spire, which quickly
tapers to a small and moderately pointed apex, are short,
and of quick enlargement in breadth, but of rather slow
longitudinal increase ; the dorsal length of the penult turn
is, in general, much less than the half of its breadth. The
body is always at least as long as the spire, and often fills
three-fifths of the entire length ; it is quite as broad, or
even broader than it is long, and is moderately convex and
gradual in its basal declination. The extreme base is
narrow, for the outline of that side o( the final whorl which
is opposite to the lip at first sweeps very obliquely in-
wards, and then, by its comparative straightness, forms
an angle with the previous arch. The mouth, which
is somewhat obliquely ovate, and projects at the base,
occupies ftjUy two-fifths of the entire length ; it is much

136 LITTORINIDiE.

rounded anteriorly, and, owing to the lateral projection of
the outer lip above, is not acutely peaked posteriorly .
The peristome is continuous, but the parietal enamel is but
thinly spread ; the throat is quite smooth. The acute
and simple outer lip has no tendency to expand ; it is
arched below, but merely convex above. The pillar-lip,
which is not appressed, is long, narrow, and reflected ;
behind it exists a distinct umbilicus. Specimens in general
measure two lines in length, and from a line and a quarter,
to a line and a third in breadth.

The animal is of a grey colour marked with dark brown.
Its head is rather large, with a very prominent and rather
broad muzzle, which as well as the crown of the head and
neck is of a dark dusky brown colour. The tentacles are
long and setaceous, yellowish white, or pale grey, with a
fine brown line down their centres above. Their bases are
of an opaque pale yellow, and bear on the outsides of
their bulgings, large, prominent black eyes. The sides
are dusky grey, lineated more or less with brown.
The foot is very broad, square, and obtusely angled in
front, rounded behind, expanded and depressed, its caudal
extremity not bearing a filament, and extending con-
siderably beyond the ovate, short spired, simply corneous
operculum. The denticles of the tongue are arranged,
and resemble in form those of the typical Bissoa^ so as
to place the generic affinities of this species beyond ques-
tion, and to prove that it is not a Littorina^ as some
malacologists have considered it. Together with the two
succeeding species, like its inhabitants of brackish water,
it may be considered as constituting what Milne-Edwards
would aptly term, a '^ satellite " group to the genus
Rissoa. The names ffydrohia (Hartmann), Paludestrina
(Alcide d'Orbigny), Paludinella (Loven, but not Pfeiffer),

RISSOA. 137

and Litarinella (Braun), have been severally applied to
this group, more on surmise of its peculiarities than through
precise distinguishing of its characters.

We owe our opportunity of examining the animal
to Mr. Pickering, a gentleman well versed in the terres-
trial and fluviatile Mollusca of Britain. It is found, but
is rare, in the brackish waters of the marshes near Green-
wich. Drapamaud described it as a French species.

An obacnre species, whose described characters are not so very unlike those
of cNMi^Ma, is only known to us as the

Ttnho subunibUicaUu^yLoiiT. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 316. — Maton and Ra5k.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 165. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 50. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 204. — Dillw.
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 841.

Cingula nbmHbiUcata, Brit Marine Conch, p. 181.

Bistoa n Bkown, lUnst. Conch. Q. B. p. 12.

All the authors cited above have manifestly drawn their descriptions of this
very doubtful species firom the pages of Montagu. Rackett and Brown have, in
addition, both figured shells which they supposed to be identical with it. The
delineation in the. ^Dorset Catalogue** is so small and rudely executed (pi. 18,
f. 12, b), that we cannot determine what species was intended by it ; possibly
vlwBj var. ttoffttcUis. Brown^s figure (III. Conch. G. B. pi. 9, f. 44), though laiger,
is, like nearly all his other magnified representations, very inadequate ; it bears
some resemblance to an abbreviated form of ventroaa.

The Cingtda tvbwnbilkaia of Fleming is quite a different tiling, and evidently
not copied firom Montagu ; for he remarks that it is common about the roots of
Fnci, and declares it to be greenish grey, with from five to seven whorls, instead
of yellowish white, with but four or fi^e volutions. The /?. tubumbiUcafa of
Berkeley, again, is not represented in the engraving as having the few and tumid
whorls of Montagu*s shell, but as composed of several flattish or plano-convex
volutions.

" A smooth, subglossy, conic, yellowish- white shell ; volutions four or five, very
tumid, the first occupying above half the shell : apex rather obtuse : aperture
oval : outer lip even : inner lip a little reflexed, forming a sulcus or subumbilicus.
Length one-eighth of an inch ; breadth one-half its length.** Montagu further adds,
that it differs firom uiva in being smaller, more ventricose, and more umbilicated;
by its aperture, and the greater tumidity of its volutions ; from ventroaa^ by its
superior size, its greater breadth at the base, and its exactly ovate aperture,
which is not contracted into an acute angle posteriorly as in the above-mentioned
species. Mr. Bryer, who has caused the introduction of so many exotic shells
into our Fauna, is stated to have found it on the shore at Weymouth.

VOL. III. T

138 LITTORINlDiE.

B. VENTROSA, Montagu.

Elongated, smooth, lustrous, transparent, of an uniform oliya-
ceous tint, never pure white (when recent) : whorls yentricose, not
shouldered, nor abruptly enlarging : outer lip not patulous.

Plate LXXXVII. fig. 1, 5, 6, 7.

SchrOtbr, FlUnconcli. pi. 8, f. 7 ?
Turbo veniro8u$, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 317, pi. 12, f. 13. — Maton and

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. Tiii. p. 164. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 49, pi. 18, f. 12, a.
Cffdottoma aculum, Draparn. MolL France, p. 40, pi. 1, f. 23 (probaUj), from

which Pcdudina acutoj Mich. Comp. k Drap. p. 100 ;
PoTixz and Mich. GaL Dooai, Moll. yol. i p. 244 ; Dbsh.
Anim. s. Vert. toI. yiii. p. 521 ; Or as, Moll. Is6re, App.
p. 20.
TVr&o ventricotuB^ DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 840. — Wood, Index Testae.

pi. 31, f. 59.
Paludina oetona, Nilsson, MoU. Saeciae, p. 92 ?
Citiffula veniriooBa, Fliminq, Brit Animals, p. 307. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 180.
Paiudina ttagnorum, Turt. Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 136, f. 123.~

Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 95.
„ muriaiica^ Dbsh. Encyclop. M^th. Vers. toI. iii. p. 693 (probably).
Cinff^ minuta^ Gould, Invert. Maasach. p. 265, f. 171 ?
Ri9$oa verUricota^ Maco. Moll. Aberd. p. 148.— Brown, Illnst Conch. G. B.

p. 12, pi. 8, f. 27.

Our reference to continental synonyms for this species
is purposely limited. The P, muriatica of Lamarck, and
the Turbo thertnalis and Helix oetona of Linnaeus are often
regarded as the original names of the few foreign shells
above cited. They are too obscurely defined to insure
identification.

This shell is thin, smooth, shining, and of a pellucid
horn-colour, which has usually a tinge of olivaceous green
or fulvous yellow. The shape ranges from oblong-conic to
oblong-turreted, and is composed of six (more rarely five)
much rounded volutions, that are divided by a simple but

RISSOA. 139

profoundly impressed, rather oblique suture, and terminate
in a small moderately pointed apex. Their longitudinal
increase is gradual, and in the medium shaped specimens
they are of moderate length, that is to say the penult turn
is rather more than twice as broad as it is long ; the more
abbreviated is the general form, the shorter of course
become the whorls, and vice versa : in the more character-
istic examples, the swell of each volution is all but sym-
metrical, that is to say, equal in extent both above and
below. The body, which occupies from one-third to two-
fifths of the entire length, is well and more or less abruptly
rounded at its basal declination. The spire (viewed ven-
trally) is always half as long again as the mouth, and more
frequently about twice its length. The aperture, whose
well rounded anterior termination is rather below the basal
level of the body-whorl, has an ovate or rounded ovate
figure, and is not distinguished by any peculiar colouring ;
its posterior contraction is rather slight, and not acute.
The peristome is continuous or very nearly so, and is at
times almost detached. The outer lip is simple, acute, and
semicircular ; it does not expand, neither does it recede
nor advance in any perceptible degree towards the base,
near which the swell is most marked. The arcuation of the
inner lip is much inferior to that of the outer one ; the
pillar occupies a considerable portion of it. The columellar
lip is thin, narrow, raised at the edge, curved and re-
flected ; there is a more or less distinct hollow or umbilical
crevice. The throaty as is usual in this section, is quite
smooth. Our larger specimens are nearly a quarter of an
inch long.*

* It is possible that the Turbo disjuncttu^ described by Montagu, and figured
by Laskey, who picked it up on Belton sands, near Dunbar, was only a loosely
coiled specimen of this or some other well known species. The magnified

140 LITTOBINIDJE.

Tlie smaller variety (pi. LXXX VII. f. 7), naually temeJ
mtiriatica* by collectors, is shorter, is composed in general
of only fiye wborls and a half, is more intense in colouring,
and has its volations somewhat shouldered, their swell
being much more perpendicular below, and a little hori-
zontally flattened above. The continuity of the peristome
is scarcely perfect ; and the principal swell of the outer lip,
which is not so broadly rounded at the base, is near the
middle.

Not so common as ulvee and apparently of more ma-
rine habits, though found in not a few brackish water
localities.

Laughame (Lyons) ; near Swansea (Jeffreys) ; Cul-
lercoats from sand and sea-weeds, very rare (Alder).

It is found in many localities in the west of Europe.

We have figured Mr. Bean's unique example of his B.
pellueida (Brit. Marine Cooch. p. zliii. f. 39) and must
record the liberal spirit which induced bita, in his love of

drawing ^nci t»iriy enoogh with vetUrota; the ih»p«, howerar, in the minute
nslnnl'iiied delinaiUont, it Rpreieiit^d u decidedly raare cjlindricsl. In the
abHnce of the original eiimple (perhapt after all an exotic ahell), we aui merely
copy, like odi prcdeenion, the cfaaraclen mentioned in the " Te>lac«a Brilan-

Tario di^micKH, Mont. Teat. Brit. Snppl. p. 128. — LaBKbt, Mem. Werner.

Soc to). L pi. 8, f. 3.— TtiRT. Conch. Diction, p. 219.
Cii^pda digwKta, Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 307.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 178.
Jiinoa „ Brown, Illuit. Conch. O. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f 7.

Rather ilender, white, perfectly Bmoolh, with (ix remaiiably nranded rolu-
tioDi dirided hy a bnnd deep lature, the bottom of which ia flat or concate, not
angnkt si in moat other ibetla, ginng the whorla aomewhat the appeannce o[
being diaanited, aperture nearly orbicnlar ; pillar-lip reflected, behind it an ombi-
licui. Length acaicelj a quarter of nn inch.

• Not that of Macgillimy, Moll. Aberd. p. 1 48. copied at Gti^^ (Zittoriao)
nariatita, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 261, inii. which Mr. Jcffreya infonna ua,
after examining the typo, wai constituted from a worn ipwimen of what Mr.
Alder once propmed to call ItnuitctUpla (regarded by iia m a imooth abcmuit
(brm otparva).

RISSOA. 141

science, to risk again his fragile treasure, after it had
already been injured by a previous transmission. Upon
close comparison of it with an adequate suite of the present
very variable species, we believe it to be only an aberrant
colourless variety of ventrosa^ since we are unable to detect
any further characters, beyond the snowy whiteness of its
hue, by which we may distinguish the two shells.

B. VLYM^ Pennant i

Smooth, tawny, not variegated, more or less opaque and strong,
not much polished. Whorls flattened. Outer lip simple, not
patulous ; pillar-lip reflected and rather broad.

Plate LXXXI. fig. 4, 6, 8, 9 ; Plate LXXXVII. f. 2, 8 ; and (Animal)

Plate J. J. fig. 8.

Turbo ulvtB, Pbnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, yol. iy. p. 1 32 (probably), pi. 86,
f. 120 ?— Da Costa, Brit. Concb. p. 106. — Mont. Test. Brit.
Yol. ii. p. 318. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. yiii.
p. 164. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 49, pi. 18, f. 12. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 204. — Dillw. Recent Sheila, vol. ii. p. 840. —
Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 31, fl 58.
Helta „ PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49.

M Jeveranoy Mbobrlb Mi^HLP. Verb. Qesel. Nat Berlin, yol. i. pt. 4, p. 215,
pi. 8, £ 5 (probably).
Ciugula ulva^ Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 308. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 180.
Bitsoa tubwtUnlicaia, Berkeley, Zoolog. Joum. yoL y. p. 430, pi. 1 9, f. 5 (pro-
bably).— Macqil. MolL Aberd. p. 342, (probably).
Paludina ulva^ Forbes, Malac. Monensis, p. 18.
IMiorina „ Johnston, Berwick. Club, yol. i. p. 269 (with animal). — Brit.

Marine Conch, p. zxzix. f. 88.
Ritwa BarUeiy Jeffr. Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. xiz. p. 310.

This species, in its ordinary condition, ranges m shape
from ohlong-conic to turreted-conic ; it is, however, liable
to a kind of distortion, by which the body- whorl is occa-
sionally relaxed from its symmetrical embrace of the pre-
ceding turn, the suture bends down, the mouth projects,
and the spire is narrow and produced. It is strong, and

142 LITXORINID^.

more or less opaque, dall-surfaced, smooth, and of an uni-
form tint of dirty fulvous or pale yellowish olive colour.
The spire tapers rather quickly to a somewhat pointed
apex, and is composed of six whorls, which are so flat in
the more characteristic examples, that the lateral outlines
are almost rectilinear. The volutions are moderate both
as to length and celerity of longitudinal increase, and are
sometimes bordered by a paler line beneath the narrow
simple and not much slanting sutural line that divides
them from each other. The body occupies from about
two-fifths to nearly half the dorsal length ; its basal slope
is often subangulated at the commencement, and is not
rounded, but more or less flattened. The mouth, which is
smooth internally, and has a shortened ovate contour, is
little more than half the length of the spire above it ; its
posterior contraction is not particularly acute. The peri-
stome is white, and distinctly continuous. The outer lip,
which does not advance at the base, is simple, acute, and
not disposed to expand ; it is arched in front, and straight-
ish or merely convex posteriorly. The upper or posterior
portion of the inner lip is straightish, and much slanting.
The pillar-lip is rather broad, and owing to the projection
of the extreme base of the body is tolerably long ; although
flattened, it is not appressed, but is usually raised a little
at the edge. It is reflected, but is not succeeded by any
real umbilicus, although a subumbilical crevice is generally
present. The common dimensions are the ninth of an inch
for the breadth, and a quarter of an inch for the length ;
but individuals of certain localities much exceed these
proportions.

The variety stctgnaUs (Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. pi.
9, f. 9), which is usually termed suiumbilicaia by collectors,
but does not agree with Montagii'*s description of that

RISSOA. 143

species (pi. LXXXVII. f. 8), is smaller and shorter than
the typical form, is of a clearer fulvous hue, and displays
rather more convexity in the whorls, basal declination, and
general outline. The mouth is longer and narrower ; its
posterior contraction is consequently more acute and gra-
dual. The outer lip is but little prominent, and the reflec-
tion of the inner one is narrower than usual. Professor
Bronn, of Heidelberg, sent us similar shells as the Paludina
8tagndli$ of Menke (Zeitsch. Malakozool. 1845, p. 37),
stating that they had been forwarded to him from Nor-
demey through that author.

We have regarded the R. Barleei (pi. LXXXI. f. 8, 9)
as only a deep-water form of this most variable species,
since the peculiar characteristics which distinguish the
more strongly marked examples are not present in all the
individuals taken on the same spot, but merge perceptibly,
in certain of them, into the ordinary features of ulvte proper.
The more singular specimens are decidedly more cylindra-
ceous than in the typical or shore variety, have the apex
usually eroded, and display a remarkable contraction in
the size of the aperture, not so much as to the relative
proportions of height between it and the spire (the latter,
however, is occasionally thrice as long as the former)
as in the very small proportion of the entire area of the
shell that is occupied by it. We received a similar shell
from Professor Loven, of Stockholm, as the Paludina
Balihica of Nilsson (Moll. Suecise, p. 91). A small variety
is taken in Torbay, which is narrower than usual, and has
for the most part only a third of the ventral length occa-
pied by the mouth ; the apex is occasionally rufous. We
have likewise taken in the Channel Islands (S. H.) a
few specimens that were almost cylindrical in the middle,
the penult and antepenult turns being of nearly the same

144 LITTORINID^.

breadth; in these (perhaps distorted) individuals, the
mouth was remarkably projecting.

The animal varies in colour from a dull translucent
white through every shade of dusky to nearly black. The
muzzle is large, rather quadrate, subbilobated in front ; it
is often marked with three dark longitudinal lines and is
margined with defined black* The tentacles are long and
setaceous, of a dull white or yellowish hue, with a black
spot or bar at a short distance from their extremities ; the
eyes are large, black, and prominent on bulgings at the
exterior bases of the tentaoula. The foot is squarish,
angled obtusely in form, rounded posteriorly (and, accord-
ing to Mr. Olark, sometimes emarginated) ; the caudal
part extends considerably behind the operculum. The
caudal filament is aborted. The above description, which
will be found to agree in all essential points with those
published by Mr. Berkeley and Mr. Clark, was drawn up
from specimens gathered at Glengariff in the south of
Ireland.

" These animals,^^ observes Mr. Clark, " cre^ with
great rapidity, and float with the foot uppermost by means
of a hydrostatic apparatus, as air-bubbles are seen con-
tinually to proceed from the aperture ; they are strictly
littoral, and inhabit in myriads the green oozes of
estuaries.^^ *

This common MoUusk is found in all brackish water,
and estuary localities between tide marks round the British
Isles, where it is a favourite food of water-birds.

The Itissoa Barleei appears to be undistinguishable
though found in so different a locality, having been
dredged by Mr. Barlee and Mr. Jeffreys in twenty to
forty fathoms. Loch Carron and Skye.

* Annals of Natural History for May, 1850, p. 358.

RISSOA. 145

It occurs fossil in the coralline crag of Gedgrave

(Searles Wood), and is found all round the European
coasts.

Note, — To this genoB beTong, apparently, a number of ahella, which, firom the
mdencM of their delineation, and the extreme brevity of their descriptions, have
ba£fled the efforts of natoralists to recognize them. Such are the following : —

Tmrho nbrnfus^ Aoama, Trans. Linn. Soc. toL t. p. 3, pi. 1, f. 18, 19, from

which Mont. Test. Brit. voL il p. 334 ; Maton and Rack.
Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. viiL p. 185 ; Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 230 ; Flkming, Brit. Anima1^ p. 300 ; Rittoa iubru/a.
Brown, III. Conch. O. B. p. 12, pi. 9, f. 13.

Supposed by Mr. Jeffireys to be possibly a form of parva yar. interrupta ; it
seems to us, however, much more like R. rtdnu,

7\irbo tMgainSj AdaIcb, Microsc pi. 14, f. 16.— Mont. Test. Brit vol. ii. p. 331.

^- Maton and Rack. Tzans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 186. —
Turt. Conch. Diction* p. 229. — Fleming, Brit. Animals,
p. 300. — Rinoa gtrigata. Brown, IlL Conch. Q. B. p. 12,
pi. 9, £ 8.

Wholly derived from Walker^s "* Testacea Minuta,*" fig. 38. Supposed by
some to be the fry of i2. striatuia.

Turbo reiiformisj Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 330. — Maton and Rack. Trans.

Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 186. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 229. —
Risaoa retiformis. Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 12, pi. 8,
f. 3, 23.

Solely derived frtnn Walker's ** Testacea Mlnuta,^ fig. 37. Supposed by some
to be the fry of R, punctura.

ffeUa varu^cUa, Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc vol. iii. p. 67, frt>m which Mont.

Test. Brit. voL ii. p. 446 ; Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. viii. p. 204; Twrlo variegaiut^ Fleming, Brit.
Anim. p. 301 ; Spira 9 varidgata^ Brown, 111. Conch. G. B.
p. 20.

Agrees fiiirly with the lineated variety of /a6cosa, but has only four whorls ; is
usually considered a variety of mcon^iioua^ but might also be the fry of almost
any of the pama section of this genus.

Tmho degoMt Aoams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iii. pL 13, £ 81, 32 ; from which
Mont. Test Brit. p. 333 ; 7Vir6o AdanuUf Maton and Rack.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol viii. p. 185 ; Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 230 ; R, Adamrih Brown, lUust Conch. G. B. p. 11, pi. 9,
£ 20, and R» eUgami^ p. 13.

The figure reminds one slightly of R, eottata^ and the scanty description is not
adverse to the conjecture.

VOL. III. U

146 LITTORINID^.

Turbo carinatufus, Adams, Microsc. pi. 14, f. 18. — Mokt. Test. Brit. vol. ii.

p. 331. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc toI. viii.
p. 186.— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 229. — TurrUeUa cari-
natulay Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 304. — Bitsoa carinatula^
Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 11, pi. 9, f. 67.

All derived from figure 44 of Walker^s * Testacea Minuta.*^ Mr. Jeffreys
thinks this may probably be a form of R, labioaa.

The following Rissoa are figured in Brown^s ** lUustrations of the Recent
Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland \*^ bnt, from the imperfection of the
magnified representations of the more minute species in that work, we have not
been able to recognize them.

R, Binghamij p. 10, pL 9, f. 29. — Has the general aspect of R, Mtrntaguiy of
Payraudeau. Of the known British Shells, R, ineotupicuOj perhaps, comes
nearest to its description.

/?. obtuta, p. 10, pi. 9, f. 27, 28.— Has the general aspect of A. Zetlcmdica,

R. lactea, p. l^, pL 9, f. 77.— Allied to R, Bryerea, Exotic ?

R, miccUay p. 10, pi. 9, f. 69.

R, Candida^ p. 1 1, pi. 9, f. 75. — Somewhat allied to R, Bryerea. Exotic ?

R, turrietda^ p. 10, pi. 9, f. 18. — Not like any of our known shells. Exotic ?

R, viUcUa, p. 15, pi. 8, f. 2,9, — Slightly resembles the rai./tuckUa of R, parva.

SPURIOUS.

B. BRUoiERi, Payraudeau.

Strombus reHetUaius^ Mbokrlk von M\yuL, Verhand. Berlin. Oesel. Nat.

(1824) vol i. p. 27, pL 8, £ I.
Risioa Brugieri^ Payraud. Moll. Corse, p. 113, pi. 5, f. 17, 18. — Potibz and

Mich. Oalerie Douai, Moll. vol. L p. 266. — Dbsh. Lam.
Anim. s. Vert. voL viii. p. 483. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii.
p. 130.
„ decustatoy Mknks, Sjrnops. Mollusc, (no description.)
Cingtda Brugieri^ Brit. Marine Conch, p. xli. fig. 38.

A MedUerranean shell; introduced, in the British Marine Con-
chology, as probably taken at Scarborough, The specimen was
forwarded as British by Mr, Bean, who, it appears, had received it
as from the Channel Islaiids, and sent it as the traditional Turbo
couiferus of Montagu, Its identity with that shell is likewise
asserted by Professor Forbes, in his account of the Egean Inver-
tebrata.

RISSOA. 147

Tmrbo com/enu^ Mont. Test. Brit. yoL ii. p. 314, pi. 15, f. 2. — Maton and

Rack. TraoB. Linn. Soc. yoI. viii. p. 173. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 50, pi. 19, fl 6. — Turt. Couch. Diction, p. 213. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 858. — Wood, Index
Testae. pL 31, i, 103.

dnfftda conifera^ Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 306.

TurriieUa „ British Marine Conch, p. 1 76.

Atnoa „ Brown, lUost Conch. O. B. p. 10, pi. 9, f. 68.

The descriptions of this shell are all derived from the same
source, the '' Testacea Britannica,** unless, perhaps, that in the
'' Dorset Catalogue ;'* the figures, too, are all copied from the same
work, except that of Brown, which seems original, and more like
Brugieri, hut does not represent the hasal canal of its aperture.
Montagu's figure, if intended for the Mediterranean species, is a
yerj had representation of it ; his description fairlj enough
agrees, except that '' cavities *' would he an exaggerated expres-
sion for the slight sutural indentations that result from the pos-
terior projection of the longitudinal costsB.

*^ A strong, taper, white shell, with six volutions terminating
in rather an ohtuse point, and furnished with ahout twelve un-
dulated ribs, interrupted only bj a fine separating line; the
interstices between them, at the top of each volution, are formed
into small cavities, giving that part a scalloped or denticulated
appearance ; these singular indentations continue throughout the
spiral divisional line; the ribs are crossed by extremely fine,
close-set striae, not discernible without the assistance of a lens :
aperture oval, oblique, strongly marginated : pillar-lip not re-
flected. Length a quarter of an inch j breadth one-third its
length. This very elegant shell we were favoured with by Mr.
Bryer, who found it at Wejonouth."

B. DEGussATA, Montagu.

Helia decustcUa, Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 399 ; Suppl. pi. 15, f. 7. — Rack,

Dorset Catalog, p. 55, pi. 19, f. 17.
Turlo arenariuij Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 209.— Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 210.
„ decu99(Uui^ DiLLw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 882.
PiatianeUa decutsata^ Flxmino, Brit. Animals, p. 302.
Rissoa alataj Mxnkh, Synopsis Mollusc, (ed. 2} p. 138 (from description).
„ deformi$t Sowbrby, Genera Shells, Ris. f. 2 ; from which Rbbvb Conch.
Systemat. vol. ii. pi. 208, f. 2 ?

148 LITTOEINIDA

EtUima deeuttaia, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 187.— Macoil. Moll. Aberd. p. 848 ?
HimM ppramuiiUa^ Brown, lUuit. Conch. G. B. p. 13, pi. 9, f. 63.

A common W. Indian shell ; introduced hy Montagu as taken
on the Dorset coast by Mr. Bryer, Its solid and porcelain white
structure, its flattened surface^ the sublobated basal advance of the
outer lip, and the effuse or subcancUiculated anterior extremity of
the aperture below the pillar, render it very unlike our native
RissoaB. We have never seen any examples in which the apex v>as
not truncated.

B. AURISCALPIUM^ LiDDffiUS.

Twrbo aurimxdpium, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240.
TurriteUa „ Bosc, Hist Nat. Coquilles, yol. iy. p. 82.

Twho marginatuiy MoNT. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 128. — Laskby, Mem. Werner.

Soc. Tol. i. pi. 8, f. 13. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 218.—
Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 31, f. 105.
„ arcuaiuty DiLLW. Recent Sheila, yol ii. p. 859.
Riuoa aciatla, Risso, Hist. Nat. rEorope M^rid. yol. iy. p. 121, f. 60 ? —

8owKRB7, Geneia Shells, Riss. f. 4 ; from which, Rbbvb,

Conch. System. pL 208, t 4 ?

„ acuta, Dbsmar. Nony. BnUet. Soc. Philomat. Paris, 1814, p. 8, pi. 1,

f. 4. — Blainv. Man. Malac pi. 35, f. 6 (badly). — Db8H. Encyd.

M6th. yol. iii. p. 889 ; Lam. Anim. s. Vert. yol. yiii. p. 470.

— Philippi, Moll. SiciL yol i. p. 151. — Payraudkau, Cat.

MoU. Corse, p. 110. — Potibz and Mich. Gal. Donai, Moll.

yol. i. p. 266.

Cinffula marginaia, Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 306. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 176.

Ristoa auriscalpium, Mbnkb, Synopsis Mollusc, (ed. 2), p. 44 (identification

only). — Philippi, Moll Sicil. yol. ii. p. 125.
„ margincUa, Brown, lUost. Conch. G. B. p. 1 1, 13, pi 9, f. 23, 24, 83.

A Mediterranean shell; introduced by Montagu as taken by
Laskey near Dunbar,

B. GALATHISCUS, MODtagU.

Turbo eimex, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1233, from types.
„ calaihi»cu», Mont. Test. Brit. Snppl p. 1 32 (not yar.), pi 30, f. 5.— Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 211. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii.
p. 821 .—Wood, Index Test, pi 30, f. 1 6.
Alvama Europaa and mamilUUa, Rnso, Hist. Nat. Europe, M^r. yol iy. f. 116,

128.

BI8S0A. 149

Alvama Fnminvillaa^ Rnso, H. N. Europe M6r. yoL ir. p. 141, t 118 ?
Jimoa eaneeOata^ Disk. Bullet. Soc Philomat. Parii, 1814, pi. 1, f. 5 ?~Pay-

RAUD. Cat MolL Cone, p. 111. — PoTixzand Mich. Galerie
de Doumiy yol. i. p. 267. — Dbsh. Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed.
Desh.) yoL yiiL p. 464.
drngtUa oalaikiicuij Flkming9 Brit Animala, p. 305. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 174.
Histoa ffrcunltUa, Puilippi, MoH Sicil. yol. i. p. 153.

^ eaiathitca^ Brown, IlluBt Conch. O. B. p. 10, pi. 9, f. 4.

A Mediterranean shell; figured hy Montagu, at taken by
hotkey at Jura.

Although we know it to be the cimex of Linnasus, we hesitate to
adopt his name, as neither his description, nor the figures he cited,
adequately indicate what species he intended.

B. Brterea, Montagu.

Turbo Bryereus, Mont. Test Brit p. 313, pi 15, f. 8 ; Suppl. p. 124.— Maton

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc yol. yiii. p. 172. — Rack.

Dorset Catalog, p. 50, pi. 19, f. 7. — Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 214. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, yol. iL p. 858. — Wood,

Index Testaceolog. pi. 31, f. 102.
„ eoiiaiui, DoNov. Brit. Shells, yol. y. pL 178, f. 3.
dngtUa Bryerea^ Flbminq, Brit Animals, p. 307.— Brit Marine Conch, p. 178.
JHnoa Ckesndii, Michauu, Nouy. Esp. de Riss. p. 17, f. 23, 24 ; Desh. Anim.

B. Vert. yol. yiii. p. 483, probably.
„ Bryerea, Macgilliv. Moll. Aberdeenshire, p. 341. — Brown, Xllust

Conch. O. B. p. 1 1, pi. 9, f. 78.
Na$M Bryerii, Brown, Illost Conch. G. B. p. 5 (not figured).

A^weUrhnown West Indian species, introduced by Montagu as
taken by Laskey at Weymouth, Deshayes* description of R. pusiUa
(Anim. s. Vert, vol, viii. p, 479) agrees with it in most particulars.
Hie variety unth ten or twelve, instead of seventeen or eighteen, ribs,
cUluded to by Montagu, and referred to by succeeding copyists, is
not improbably a distinct species.

B. DENTicuLATA, Montagu.

Turbo denticuiatua^ Mont. Test. Brit p. 315. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.

Soc. vol. yiii. p. 173. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 213. —
DiLLw. Recent Shells, voL ii. p. 859. — Wood, Index
Testaceolog. pi. 31, f. 104.

1 50 LITTORINIDA.

Cingtda denUculaia^ Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 306. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 771.
/Tufoa „ Brown, lUoBt. Conch. G. B. p. 1 1 (pi. 9, t 80 ?).

A conic, subpellucid^ white shell, with six volutions terminat-
ing in an obtuse point, furnished with nine or ten coarse ribs,
that project at the top of each spire, forming strong indentations
like the preceding species (conifera); aperture suborbicular,
outer lip thickened bj a rib ; pillar-lip smooth, indented with
one or two small tubercles at the base adjoining the ribs.
Length not quite a quarter of an inch ; breadth one-half its
length.

Supposed to be exotic, but is not knoum to us. Stated to have
been received by Montagu from Weymouth {thai once prolific
source of spuriously native species), along ufith conifera, and to
bear much general likeness to that shell, yet to differ from it by its
more conic shape, its fewer and stronger ribs, which form deeper
sutural denticulations, are not undulated but simply obliqiu, and
are separated by smooth intervals; and by its more orbicular, and
not truly marginated but simply thickened aperture. The various
descriptions of this shell appear to be derived from the original one
in the " Testacea Britannica,^^ but both Wood and Brown have
delineated a shell under this appellation. The minuteness of the
scale on which the former has exhibited the species is an effectual
bar to the recognition of the object intended ; the other engraving
referred to displays a shell that seems allied most closely to
Brjerea, but is shorter and less closely ribbed, and agrees very
fairly with a Jamaica species called subangulata by our friend,
Professor Adams, in his correspondence, Tlie tubercles upon the
pillar referred to by Montagu are neither present in that shell, nor
delineated in Broum's engraving : hence we dare not assert the
identity of the figured specimen unth Montagu* s lost type.

JEFFRETSIA. 151

JEFFREYSIA. Aldbr.

*^ Shell spiral, conical or subglobose, thin, transparent ;
aperture ovate, rounded below, with the peristome thin
and entire. Operculum horny, thin, imperfectly ovate,
nearly straight on one side ; not spiral, but showing faint
concentric lines of growth from a lateral nucleus. It is
strengthened internally, on the side next the columella
of the shell, by a rib with a branch towards the centre of
the operculum: from this rib rises a strong projecting
plate, set at right angles to the opercular disc.

^* Animal with four flattish tentacles ; the upper pair
moderately long, the lower pair rather shorter, and
spreading out broad at the base so as to unite with the
outline of the head. Eyes placed on the back of the
animal, a considerable distance behind the tentacles.
They are large and prominent. Operculigerous lobe small
and rounded, without filaments or prolonged appendages.
Foot oblong, notched and bilobed in front, with a groove
down the centre, and slightly rounded behind. The
armature of the tongue consists of a broad crenulated
central tooth, flanked by two lateral ones on each side : —
the first broad and crenulated, the exterior one small and
hooked.

^^ There is no character in the shell of this curious genus
by which it can be distinguished from Bissoa. In the
only two species yet known, both minute, the shell is
transparent, and from the remarkable position of the eyes
of the animal, so far behind the usual place, and constantly
within the shell, its transparency is probably a constant
character of the genus, being necessary for the exercise of

152 LITTOKINID^.

vision. Tlie lower tentacles may be considered to repre-
sent tlie lobes of the muzzle in Rissoa^ here elongated into
tentacles, and covered with vibratile cilia in the same
manner with the upper pair : these latter are more flat-
tened and broader than in Bissoa.

" The operculum is very peculiar. The projecting in-
ternal plate I do not recollect to have observed in any
other genus, though the spine in Nerita approaches to it.
It appears from the ridges on its inner sur&ce to afford
attachment to a muscle.

'' Jejreysia is a littoral genus, found in company with
Bi89oa on small sea-weeds in pools between tide-marks.
Its alliance is evidently with that genus, which in the
shell, it so strongly resembles ; and the lingual armature
bears out the affinity, differing but little from that of
Bi89oa inHerrupia and some of the commoner species.
Some others of the small transparent shells usually in-
cluded under Bissoa, may probably, when they are obtained
alive or with the operculum, be found to belong to this
genus.**" * Alder, in Litt.

J. DiAPHANA, Alder.
Oblong conic ; whorls at least four ; body less than the spire.

Plate LXXVI. fig. 1.

Riuoa gUAra^ Bbown, must. ConclL O. B. p. 13, pi. 9, f. 37 ?
Riatoa 9 glabra, Aldbr, Aim. Nat. Hist, vol xiii. p. 825, pi. 8, f. 1, 2, 8, 4.
„ diaphama, Aldbr, Cat. MoU. Northamb. and Durh. p. 55.

The name glabra was applied to this species by Mr.
Alder, under the impressioB, that what he had previously

* This account of a moit interesting and distinct new genus has been entirely
oommunicated by our valued friend Mr. Alder.

JEFFREYSIA. 153

noticed as B. alhella at the Cork Meeting of the British
Association, — by which designation it is enumerated in Mr.
Thompson'^s valuable list of Irish Invertebrata (Report Brit.
Assoc. 1843) — was identical with the glabra of Brown's
" Illustrations.*"

The shell is extremely thin, diaphanous, quite smooth,
of an uniform lustrous snowy white, and of an oblong-conic
shape. There are only four to four and a half volutions,
the posterior one of which is dome-shaped. The body,
whose basal declination is much rounded and rather quick,
only occupies from two-fifths to three-sevenths of the dorsal
length, but viewed from below is equal to the spire ; the
latter is moderately attenuated, yet rather broadly rounded
at its apex. The suture is fine and a little oblique, but
the whorls being decidedly ventricose, are well defined;
they are moderately high, that is to say are half as long
as broad. From three to four are visible above the mouth ;
their longitudinal increase is moderate, the penult not
being disproportionately larger than the preceding turn.
The aperture occupies two-fifths, or rather more, of the
total length : it is of a somewhat ovate figure, slightly
contracted above, and well rounded below, where it is
produced a little beyond the basal level; the throat is
quite smooth. The peristome is continuous, but owing
to the thinness of the shelly matter, is not distinctly so.
The outer lip is acute, simply arcuated, and moderately
projecting ; it has no tendency to expand. The inner lip
is very narrow, erect, slightly reflected and sinuated, being
more oblique above and somewhat perpendicularly sub-
arcuated below ; behind it exists a slight subumbilical
chink, which is much more apparent in the immature
examples. The operculum is very thin and pale ; its
nucleus is lateral, and near the pillar. The length of

VOL. III. X

154 LITTORINID^.

the shell is about twice its breadth, yet is rarely three-
fourths of a single line.

" The animal is pale yellow with three longitudinal
bands of rich brown on the body, and blotches of the
same colour on the cloak, which^ seen through the trans-
parent shell in a fresh state, may readily be mistaken for
markings on the latter. The other characters of the
animal are those of the genus of which it constitutes the
type.'"* — Alder.

It was discovered by Mr. Alder and communicated by
him to the British Association at Cork in 1843. He
found it on small sea^weeds in pools at Dalkey Island,
near Dublin, and at Gullercoats, Northumberland. It has
been taken, also, in the Channel Isles by Mr. Barlee, who
has also found it at Arran Isles, County Gal way, at Staila,
and at Lerwick. Mr. Jeffreys has taken it at Langland
Bay, near Swansea.

J. oPALiNA, Jeffreys.

Subglobose, of three whorls only ; body greatly longer than
the spire.

Plate LXXVI. fig. 8, 4.
liis9oa9 opalina^ Jbfprkys, Ann. Nat. Hist (new series) vol. ii. p. 351.

Although BO minute, and composed of so few volutions,
this little shell presents the aspect of maturity.

It is of a globosely oval form, is extremely thin, diapha-
nous, perfectly smooth, and of a peculiarly shining, and
sometimes iridescent, uniform brownish white. There are
but three whorls, of which the first is moderately large and
bluntly mamillary ; the second very convex or even ventri-
cose, but much shelving, and more than twice as broad as

SKENEA. 155

it is long. The body or final whorl is nearly twice as long
as the spire ; it is ventricose, and swells out at once from
under the fine but well marked suture ; its basal declination
is more or less abruptly rounded. The moderately project-
ing mouth is elongated, and occupies four-sevenths of the
total length ; it is of a somewhat narrow and rather obliquely
Sttbovate form, gradually contracted posteriorly, and broadly
rounded anteriorly, where it is a little produced and dis-
posed to expand. The peristome is continuous, but ill-
defined. The outer lip is sharp-edged, and continuously
and broadly arcuated. The pillar-lip is long, straightish,
and thickened ; it is not detached from the pillar ; the
surface is a little concave or flattened towards the base,
which is rendered more apparent by its contrast to the
subsequent tumidity of the body-whorl. The axis is dis-
tinctly perforated by a narrow umbilicus. The operculum
is yellow ; its nucleus is lateral, and adjacent to the pil-
lar ; its increase is concentric. The length of the shell,
which exceeds its breadth, is merely the twentieth of an
inch.

^^ The animal has not been observed in a living state,
but the singular operculum, similar to that of /. diaphana^
shows that it belongs to this genus.^^ — Alder.

Channel Isles (Barlee).

SKENEA, Flbmino.

Shell orbicular, spiral, depressed, or discoid, with few
volutions, deeply umbilicated below. Peritreme entire,
continuous, circular, slightly disconnected from the body
whorl. Operculum corneous, of few whorls.

Animal with a muzzle-shaped head flanked by two sub-

156 LITTORINIDJE.

ulate tentacles bearing the eyes on bulgings at their
external bases. Foot rather short, oblong, rounded at
both ends; operculigerous lobe with rudimentary lateral
wingS) and furnished posteriorly with an obscure rudimen-
tary cirrhus.

This genus was established by Dr. Fleming for the
Helix depressa of Montagu, and some apparently allied
shells, and was dedicated by him to the memory of Dr.
Skene, of Aberdeen, a Scottish naturalist of eminence in
the time of Linnaeus. It is synonymous with the Delphi-
noidea of Brown. The Skenea may be said to be discoid
Bissoa. The only one of the following shells which un-
questionably should retain this generic appellation is the
S. planorhia, type of the genus. All the remainder are
doubtfully, and in the absence of information respecting
their animals, placed here. Indeed, there is good reason
to surmise that they do not even belong to this family, but
are rather likely to prove Trochida^ and some of them, at
least, are, in all probability either belonging or nearly allied
to Adeorbis. At present, however, we prefer describing
them under the genus the shell of which they most re-
semble. Philippi has placed some allied forms in Del-
phinula with a query. That genus is very nearly allied
by both animal and shell to Trochm.

S. PLANORBis, O. Fabricius.

Pale olivaceous or brown, devoid of sculpture, not lustrous,
suture subcanaliculated ; umbilicus not ribbed ; aperture almost
circular.

Plate LXXIV. fig. 1, 2, 3 ; and (Animal) Plate G. O. fig. 1.

Turbo planorhis^ 0. Fabr. Fauna Greenland, p. 394, from which Gmkl. Syst.

Nat. p. 3602.

SKENEA. 157

Helix depressa^ Mont. Test Brit p. 439, pi. 13, f. 5.

Turbo depretausy Maton and Rack. Trana. Linn. Soc vol. viii. p. 170. — Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 228. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.

p. 883.-- Wood, Index Testaceol. pi. 32, f. 164.
Shtnea dupreata^ Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 313. — Forbk.% Malac. Monens.

p. 19, animal. — Johnston, Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 273.

— Macg. Moll. Aberd. p. 134. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 158.
Ddphinoidea depretsoj Brown, Illnst. Conch. O. B. p. 20, pi. 8, f. 35, 36.

Of a depressed orbicular shape, the spire of this species
is still a little raised, and terminates in an obtuse and
rather large apex. The shell is thin (yet not so for its
genus), has but little, lustre, and is of a scarcely semitrans-
parent pale olivaceous or reddish brown hue ; its surface is
nearly smooth, but is marked with rather coarse wrinkles
of increase. The whorls, which are four in number, and
though depressed yet decidedly convex, are divided by a
profoundly impressed or subcanaliculated suture ; they are
of slow longitudinal increase, but the last volution enlarges
most perceptibly towards the mouth, where it occupies at
least one-third of the total diameter. The circumference
of the final turn is not angulated but well rounded ; so
likewise is the base, whose large umbilicoid cavity exposes
the whole of the volutions, whose arrangement is such,
that the last one does not fiiUy clasp the preceding turn at
the aperture, but is merely attached to it, and not on the
same level. Hence the mouth of the shell, which occupies
about two-thirds of the entire length, and nearly two-fifths
of the basal diameter, projects below the general basal
level ; it is almost circular, and is neither marginated nor
expanded, but thin and simple. Both throat and um-
bilicus are alike devoid of sculpture. The outer lip slants
rather more above than below, where it is peculiarly ar-
cuated, and forms one continuous curve with the pillar-
lip, which last is rather long, very thin, and curls slightly

158 LITTORINIDJE.

backwards. The diameter, for the most part, is not even
a single line.

The animal is of a hyaline white. Its head is pro-
longed into a rather broad muzzle. The tentacles are
rather long, cylindric, or subulate, white, with conspicuous
black eyes or bulgings at their external bases. The foot is
short. Beneath the transparent operculum is seen the
slight process or rudimentary filament terminating the oper-
culigerous lobe. As it walks it usually drags its shell
sideways, so that often the hinder part of the foot only is
applied to the ground. The tentacula, whilst the creature
is moving, are often turned back or directed laterally.
The operculum is thin, homy, and of very few turns.

This little MoUusk lives in great numbers under stones
at low water, and among the stems and roots of C<h
rcUlina officinalis. It is found, usually in great abun-
dance, all round the shores of the British Islands, but from
the smallness of its size often escapes notice. It ranges
throughout the boreal and arctic seas.

S. NIT1DIS6IMA, Adams.

Extremelj minute, polished, neither ribbed nor spiiully
striated^ pellucid : suture simple ; aperture not circular.

Plate LXXIII. fig. 7, 8.

//clue nitidisrima, Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. y. pi. 1, f. 22, 23, 24, from

which Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 447 ; Maton and Rack.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 205 ; Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 58.
Turim niHdimmus^ Flbmiitg, Brit. Animals, p. 300 (from Adams).
TruncaUUa 9 atomus, Phil. Wiegm. Archiv. Nat 1841, p. 64, pi. 5, f. 4 ; MoU.

Sicil. voL ii. p. 134, pi. 24, f. 5 (most probably).
Spira nitidittima, Baown, Illast- Conch. G. B. p. 20, pi. 8, f. 42, 44 (from

Adams).

SKENEA. 159

This and the succeeding species are two of the most mi-
nute of our British shells, and bear a considerable resem-
blance to the genus Planorlia, For there is no projecting
spire, but the shell is discoid, involute, and sunken a little
in the middle, both above and below. It is very thin,
highly polished, and of a clear semitransparent wax or ful-
vous horn-colour. Many individuals exhibit, likewise, some
radiating wavy streaks of white, and a few white lines
(like those of 8egfnent%na) but these are possibly produced
by the unequal drying of the shelly matter. To the un-
aided eye, or even under a lens of low power, the surface
appears smooth, but under the microscope, numerous and
densely disposed longitudinal wrinkles, that seem to become
obsolete around the middle of the body whorl, and are more
or less indistinct in the middle of the smaller turns, are
clearly perceptible. There are only two and a half volu-
tions, that are separated by a simple but strongly im-
pressed suture, and rather gradually enlarge from a
tolerably large apex. The body is rounded at the cir-
cumference, but shelves rather more above than below ; its
height manifestly increases as it recedes from the lip.
The aperture, which is of about equal length and breadth,
and occupies more than one-third of the basal diameter,
resembles in shape the moon towards its full, the pro-
jection of the penult whorl, preventing its being quite
circular. The outer lip is simple, but a little thickened
below, and generally appears of a rather darker tint than
the rest of the shell ; it is not expanded, projects above
the whorls posteriorly, and advances a little in front.
A sixteenth of an inch is the usual size.

If this be the TrwMoidla atomus of Philippi, the
animal is white, has lanceolate tentacula, vnth eyes on
(not beside) their bases, and an oblong short foot, rounded

160 LITTORINIDA

at both ends — characters which assuredly remove it from
the family to which Bkenea belongs, and place it where
Ptiilippi indicates. But until the animal of our British
shell be examined, we hesitate to assign it such a po-
sition.

It appears to have a wide range. Guernsey, Arran
(Barlee) ; Donegal in Ireland (Warren) ; and Zetland.

S.! ROTA, Forbes and Hanley.
Extremely minute, with ribs radiating from the sutures.

Plata LXXIII. fig. 10; Plate LXXXVIII. f. 1,2.

A miniature Ammonite conveys the best idea of this
beautiful but most minute shell. It is discoid, flattened
on both sides, but scarcely sunken in the middle, and
of a somewhat pearly semi-transparent white, or very
pale wax- colour. Both the upper and lower disks are
adorned by numerous abruptly projecting rounded ribs,
that dilate as they radiate from the well-marked su-
tund line, but do not quite extend to the edge of the
volutions, and are separated by intervals of nearly equal
sixc, that are cither smooth or else present a single
elevated radiating line ; just before the termination of the
ribs an oWure spiral groove occasionally runs between
them, but docs not traverse the ribs themselves. There
are only two whorls and a half, that are convex, well-
dofinod, and slowly enlarge from a smooth and tolerably
laijfe apex. The body is not regularly rounded, but
9c>oms> i>ossibly from the lessor convexity of the periphery,
a little subangiilated both above and below. The aperture,
which is raised above the lovol of the upper disk, is small,
and nearly circular^ as the penult whorl projects but

SKENEA. 161

slightly into it. The size is less than half a line. The
animal when dried (for it was not examined in a living
state) is of a wax-colour.

This rare species has been taken in Donegal by Mr.
Warren and by Mr. Barlee.

S. I DiviSA, Fleming.

Pare white ; lower disk spirally striated or costellated ; aper-
ture large and circular ; umbilicus capacious.

Plate LXXIV. fig. 4, S, 6.

Tufiio difriguij Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. iiL p. 254 ? ? from which Mont.
Test. Brit. p. 334.— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 230; Ritaoa
divisOf Brown, III. Conch. G. B. p. 13.
Ileiit SerptJoides, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 147, pi 21, £ 3 (probably) ; from

which Turbo Serpuloidesy Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.
p. 884, and Wood, Index Testae, pi. 32, f. 165, Delphi'
noidea Serpuloides, Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pi. 8,
t 40, 41.
Sienea dtvisa, Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 314. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 159.
Valvcdaf strkUOf Philippx, MoU. SiciL vol. i. p. 147, pi. 9, f. 8 ; Tol. ii.

p. 122?
Seenea Serpuloidet, Brit Marine Conch, f. 44, worn (from type).
AdeorUs ttriatuB^ Skarlss Wood, Crag Mollusca, p. 137, pi. 15, f. 7?

(fossil).

We do not consider that the little shell we are about
to describe agrees with the four-whorled oval-mouthed T.
divims of Adams, the paucity of whose detailed character-
istics must for ever prevent the adoption of it as a species;
and which was probably the mere fry of some well known
species. Montagu'*s figure of H. Serpfdoides^ on whose
base are delineated the spiral stri® denied it in the text
(where it is termed smooth, but the absence of sculpture
was probably enough the result of abrasion, and the de-
scription is correct in all other respects), agrees very well
with our shell ; but as the identity is not positive, we have

VOL. III. Y

162 LITTORINIDJE.

preferred to adopt the name of the universally recognised
and clearly defined species of Dr. Fleming.

This shell is of an uniform pure white, and of a some-
what oblique depressed-orbicular shape. It is, perhaps,
less thin, glossy, and transparent than most of the species
we have provisionally grouped it with. It is composed of
barely three whorls, which most rapidly enlarge in size,
are simply convex, and are divided by a profoundly im-
pressed, but not canaliculated suture. The spire is scarcely
elevated, the penult turn being depressed, and the apex
short though rather prominent. The body is cylindrical,
but rather more rounded below than above ; its periphery
is not at all angulated, but rather broadly rounded. Gos-
tellar striae encircle the base, and enter the capacious
mouth of the umbilical cavity ; upon the middle of the
whorl they are replaced by closely disposed and simply
impressed striae, and wholly or partially disappear upon
the upper disk. Owing to the somewhat loose nature of

* The S, Serptdoides of that writer (Brit Anixn. p. 814, copied in Brit. Marine
Conch, p. 158) presents a peculiar feature which we have not seen, unaccompanied
by spiral lines, in any widely-umbilicated British Skenea.

** Whorls three, white, smooth, glossy, subopaque, round, nearly on a level
above, with a deep separating line ; beneath, with a central cavity, round which
there are traces^ wider a high magnifier^ of diverging linet of growth ; aperture
circular, with the margin little reflected. Breadth about a tenth of an inch. Not
uncommon from deep water.**

Turton, in his "• Manual of Land and Freshwater Species,** has erroneously
cited for his Valvata minuta (p. 132, £ 117) the H, Serpuloides of Montagu and
of his own ** Dictionary.** In this he is not consistent, for in the first-mentioned
work of his he limits the number of the whorls to two, or two and a half at the
utmost, though in his earlier publication he had thus described it : —

^ Shell flat, white, glossy, smooth ; spires three or four, nearly flat and level
on both sides, the upper surface being very slightly raised ; the under side with
a large and deep perforation, exposing the interior volutions ; aperture orbicular,
slightly adhering to but not clasping the body volution, the margin not very thin ;
diameter the tenth of an inch. Western coasts ; and in Dublin Bay we have
found them double the size.** We found no specimens in Turton 's cabinet which
agreed correctly with this description.

SKENEA. 163

the gyration, the interior volutions are exposed at the um-
bilicus. The mouth, which occupies nearly the entire
length of the shell, and fully two-fifths of the total breadth,
projects or overhangs, as it were, above, and sensibly re-
cedes at the base ; it is almost circular, the peritreme
being continuous, and not tightly clasping, but merely
touching, the lower end of the preceding turn. The outer
lip is simple, acute, and not patulous ; it projects at a
right, or even an obtuse, angle from the body above, and
descends below the general level of the base anteriorly.
The pillar-lip is long, free, acute, and scarcely at all re-
flected. The diameter is about the twelfth of an inch.

The operculum is circular, flat, and multispiral.

It is greatly to be regretted that we are still unac-
quainted with the animal of this shell, which is rarely
procured alive. It inhabits the lower part of the lamina-
rian, and the upper part of the coralline zones, and,
according to Mr. Jeffreys, ranges usually from ten to
twenty-five fathoms in depth. It is rare ; among its
localities we may notice Exmouth (Clark) ; Scarborough
(Bean) ; Weymouth, Langland and Oxwich Bays, near
Swansea (Jeffreys) ; Isle of Man in twenty fathoms (E. F.) ;
Loch Alsh, Oban, and Zetland (Barlee) ; in seven fathoms
among corallines, Sanda Sound, Orkney (Thomas) ; Cork
(Jeffreys); Birterbuy Bay and Arran Isles in Gal way
(Barlee).

If it prove identical with the shells above cited, de-
scribed by Philippi and Searles Wood, it was present in
the British seas during the Coralline crag epoch, and in
the Sicilian seas in newer Pliocene times.

The genus Separatista of Adams has relations with this
curious shell, as also has the Planaria of Brown.

1 64 LITTORINID^.

S. ! cuTLERiANA, Clark.

Orbicular, spirally striated throughoat, pure white ; umbilicus
not ribbed.

Plate LXXXVIII. % 3, 4.
Slema CvtUriatia, Cljirk, Aimali NaL Hist. New aeriea, toI. It. p. 424.

i}f ibis rare shell we have only seen two specimens,
trb^rh wif^Der kindly forwarded to us by Mr. Clark, but
mAntmiHiAy reached us so late, that we have been
uui$\A^ Uf mauch tut thoroughly as we ought into the
worku iX. (ffr*;iign writers. We do not consider them iden-
lied with thi^ Ddphinvla f elegatUula of Philippi.

The ftha[ie is orbicular, with the spire decidedly raised,
so as to occupy nearly one-third of the total height. The
shell is Tery thin, semi-transparent, and of a somewhat
glossy subnacreous or pinkish white ; it is encircled
throughout with regular and moderately close striae, which
upon the middle of the body are apparently more remote
and slightly broader. There are scarcely three whorls;
they rapidly enlarge both in width and height, tei^
minate in an obtuse apex, and are divided by a fine
sutural line, which, however, is very distinct, owing to
the great convexity of the volutions ; these are not sym-
metrical in their roundness, since, whilst the lower shelve
is more or less abrupt, the upper portion of the turns is
horizontally depressed (but not angularly shouldered).
The body is ventricose, its circumference rather broadly
rounded, and its base decidedly convex. The rather ab-
rupt umbilicus is not ribbed, and does not display any
of the internal coils. The large and laterally projecting
mouth is almost circular, and occupies four-sevenths of

SKENEA. 165

the entire length of the shell. The peristome is con-
tinnous, and does not tightly clasp the preceding turn;
from the somewhat slanting position of the final whorl
in respect to the others, the anterior end of the aperture
projects beyond the general basal leyel. The throat is
smooth, and is not apparently nacreous. The pillar-lip
is erect, narrow, elongated, and not reflected ; it is much
arcuated, and forms one continuous sweeping curve with
the lower extremity of the acute and simple outer lip.
The larger of the individuals was not a line in diameter.
We doubt if these were quite mature; some lamellar
wrinkles seemed to diverge in one of them from the um-
bilicus, and the lines of increase to become stronger and
more numerous towards the mouth.

The species was discovered by Mr. Clark in the coralline
zone at Exmouth, and was named by him in honour of a
a lady distinguished for scientific attainments.

S. ! LiBvis, PhiHppi (?).

Pure white, smooth, but with the mouth of the large umbilicus
spirally costellated.

Plate LXXXVIII. fig. 6, 6.
Delpkinula Utvii^ Philippi, MoIL Sicil. vol. ii. p. 146, pi. 25, f. 2 ?

This rare shell, of which we have only seen three ex-
amples, is intermediate in character between Margarita
pusiUa and Skenea divisa. It closely resembles the figure
of the D. lavis of Philippi, but the spiral lines, in our own
examples, do not extend beyond the mouth of the umbi-
licus; the colour is not brown, and there are not four
volutions. It is of a rather depressed orbicular shape,
with the anterior end of the aperture considerably below

166 LITTORINIDf.

tbe basal level, tbe upper disk merely convex, the lower
&rea much ronndeJ, hut not produced. It t8 rather thin,
semitransparent, pure white, highly polished, and perfectly
smooth, excepting at the moath of the umbilicuB, which is
furnished with bluntly rounded spiral costellse that are
divided from each other by well-marked tmlci. There are
three eabcylindraceons whorls that are much less convex
above, bat neither flattened nor snnken at the sutnre. The
spire is scarcely raised ; the two first volutions, of which
the apical one is blunt and almost level, are short, and of
slow increase ; the body is ample ; its suture is rendered
very distinct by tbe somewhat abropt rise of the succeed-
ing whorl. The nmbilical opening is large, and its cavity
deep. The aperture is almost orbicular, about as high as
broad, and occupies two-thirds of the entire length, and
about one half the bas^ diameter of the shell. The peri-
stome is continuous, but is only attached to the body by a
narrow strip. Both h'ps are acute, and greatly arched ;
the outer one is not expanded, except, perhaps, at the
base ; the pillar-lip is elevated, a little rejected, and longi-
tudinally wrinkled on its internal surface.

Two very minute specimens were forwarded to us along
with Mary, piuilla by Mr. Jefireys, and a larger one,
which measured rather more than a line in breadth, and
about three-sevenths of a line in length, was transmitted to
ns, as deserving our attention, by Mr. Alder of Newcastle-
on-Tyne, after whom, in the event of their not proving to
be the foreign species, we have doubtfully referred them
to, we would suggest they should be named. They were
dredged by Mr. Barlee, tut he had not preserved their
locality.

SKENEA. 167

-? 008TULATA.

Plate XC.f.l.
Margarita $ oothdaiOy Mollbr, Index Moll. Gnsnland. p. 8 ?

Almost at the moment of going to press, there has been
transmitted to us a single dead (and consequently colour-
less) specimen of this strongly-featured shell. Unwilling
to omit any indigenous species, and averse to constituting
a genus from a single individual (and we know not into
what marine genus it would naturally fall), we have provi-
sionally appended its description to the assemblage of forms
which our present ignorance of the mollusks that inhabit
them have compelled us to link together as Skenea.

It agrees fairly enough with the too succinct description
of MoUer'^s Marg. f costulata^ but we will not venture to
assert its identity, nor even that it belongs to the same
genus. The brevity of definition, affected by many natu-
ralists for whose talents we entertain the profoundest
respect, although it may suffice to distinguish the species
of any one particular district or country from each other,
deals not sufficiently with details, to enable the describer
of a different Fauna to positively identify the objects they
intended to define. Negative characters must occasionally
be indicated as well as the more salient positive features.

The specimen alluded to is very small^ very thin and
fragile, and of a globosely orbicular shape, with the spire
short (though scarcely so for b, Margarita) y and the front of
the aperture considerably below the basal level. Very
numerous and rather wavy flattened folds, that are some-
times forked on the penult whorl, and are peculiarly well

168 LITTORINIDiE.

defined by their sides being abrupt instead of shelving,
traverse the whorls in a longitudinal direction, and are
separated from each other by narrow intervals of about
similar width. There are no spiral strise whatsoever, but
a few very obscure spiral indentations are barely percepti-
ble just within the mouth of the umbilicus. The penult
whorl is moderately high, and as well as the body, which is
rather ample in proportion, and rounded, yet somewhat
narrowed, at the circumference, is ventricose, the turns not
being flattened or sunken at the well marked suture, but
abruptly swollen. The base is much rounded, and the
umbilicus profound, but is neither particularly large, nor
preceded by any peculiar channel-like concavity. Only
two whorls and a half remain unbroken in the specimen,
but judging from analogy, the volutions are few (4 ?) and
of quick increase, the spire short, and the apex obtuse.
The mouth of the example is a little worn at the edge,
but is apparently simple ; it is rather ample, occupying
nearly one-half the basal diameter, and more than a half of
the total length of the shell : it is very nearly circular, but
if anything, it is rather longer than broad. The pillar-
lip is rather narrow, and turns only in a slight degree
towards the umbilicus. The breadth of the example is
scarcely the tenth of an inch, and its length still less. It
was dredged by Mr. Barlee, off Tarbert in Loch Fyne.

The figures of both the Margarita minutis^ima of
Mighels (Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 349, pi. 16,
f 6.) and of the M. elegantissima of Searles Wood (Orag
Moll. vol. i. p. 184, pi. 15, f. 1) remind one of its aspect,
yet do not coincide in many particulars. Moller observes,
in reference to his own costulata^ ^^ Animal nondum mihi
satis cognitum est ut novum genus hie constituere non
audeam ; Margaritia quidem affinis, ab illis propter peri-

SKENEA. 169

stoma oontinuam apertune et pedem animalis antice fila-
mentis obsitam diyersa est.'^

Since the preceding account of the Littorinida was
written, we have received information respecting the ani-
mals of two species, of which the shells only are noticed
in the text.

1. Bisioa eostulata. The animal of this species has been
observed by Mr. Alder. It has a very broad muzzle, and
the posterior filament is the longest of any observed by that
gentleman among the British species of Bistoa. In other
respects it resembles JC. ruJUabrum.

2. Bissaa fulffida. This curious and beautiful little spe-
cies has been taken alive at Exmouth by Mrs. Gulson, a
lady to whom our science is much indebted for her zealous
and successful pursuit of Malacology. Mr. Olark has
forwarded to us a description of the creature drawn up
from living specimens communicated by her, and has since
sent to us alive and active individuals, which have
travelled post to London in a small bottle of sea-water,
without any apparent injury to their vitality. We can,
from an examination of them, bear testimony to the accu-
racy of the following description : — '^ Mantle of the animal
of the palest yellow, even with the shell ; head flat,
grooved above and below ; mouth a vertical fissure ; head
and neck throughout of a pale sulphur yellow hue. Ten-
tacula shorty divergent, setose, blunt, stout, hyaline white
suffused with intenser minute snowy opake flakes ; eyes large
and conspicuous, placed on eminences, but not on adnate
offsets at the external bases. Foot mixed hyaline flake-
white, not very slender, slightly auricled, with a medial

VOL. III. z

170 LITTORINID^.

longitudinal line, rounded behind, without a caudal fila-
ment, upper lobe of foot very little, perhaps not at all,
extended laterally beyond the pedal disk. Near its ex-
tremity it bears a yellow, horn-coloured, subcircular oper-
culum, the nucleus is a slight depression, the plate is not
spiral, being composed of very fine elliptic striae of in-
crement. The animal is not at all shy, shows its organ
freely, marches with quickness and vivacity, carrying its
shell sometimes at an elevation of near 80^ and often
swimming with the foot uppermost.'^

Mr. Clark remarks that this animal can hardly be placed
in the genus Bissoa. It seems to us to belong to the sub-
group Hydrolia^ and to be an extreme form of marine
Bissoie, analogous to B. anatina^ among the brackish
water species.

Under the name of Planaria, two ahells, udd to hare been found on the
coaat near Dunbar, the first of which reminds us by its figure (pi. 8, f. 53, 54,
55) of S, mtidmimOf the > other (pL 8, f. 48, 49) of Planoiiiu aUnUy are thus de-
scribed (p. 21) in Brown's " Illustrations/'

** P. peiludda. Shell depressed, yery thin, pellucid, white, and extremely
glossy, consisting of rounded yolutions, slightly wrinkled across, visible on both
sides of the disk ; the one next the body aboye nearly parallel with it, the inner
ones descending into a deep umbilicus , the centre volutions encompassed by the
body ; aperture semilunar, transverse, and oblique ; outer lip thin, pillar-lip
adhering to, and slightly reflected on, ihe columella; base rounded. Diameter
a quarter of an inch ; thickness not an eighth."

^ P, attta. Shell depressed, with four milk-white rounded volutions visible on
both sides, encompassed by the body; the second ones very slightly elevated
above the sides of the body, the central ones sinking into a deep umbilicus ;
base rounded, the volutions retiring towards the middle, and winding to a small
central umbilicus ; the whole crossed by very minute lines of growth or obsolete
striae ; aperture oblique, laige, suborbicular, and white within ; outer lip thin
and plain ; pillar-lip adhering to the columella. Diameter three-eighths of an
inch, and about half that thickness."

171

TURRITELLIDiE.

The British genera which we include in this family,
are Turritella and Ccecum^ very dissimilar in general
aspect, the former being regularly spiral, the latter, in
the state usually presented, uncoiled and tubular. Never-
theless, there are several points of affinity between the
shells, especially the separation of the apex from the rest of
the whorls as the creature advances in age, by a shelly
partition ; in Turritella^ the apex is persistent, and the
partition remains internal ; in Goecum^ the apex is decidu-
ous, and the partition terminates the adult shell. The multi-
spiral structure of the operculum in each is an important
point of resemblance and characteristic of the tribe.

The animals are, in several respects, nearly allied.
Their heads are similarly formed ; their eyes immersed at
the outer bases of the tentacula ; their sides not adorned
with filaments or fringes ; the operculigerous lobe simple ;
the foot very short in proportion to the body ; the
branchial plume single ; the sexes probably united.

In many respects they have relations with Vermeiua
and Siliquaria^ which seem to belong to an intermediate
family conducting towards Scalaria and its allies.

TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

Shell spiral, turriculated, tapering, apex persistent,
whorls numerous, spirally grooved. Mouth with an entire

172 TURRITELLIDiE.

suborbicular, or slightly angulated peritreme, outer lip
thin. Operculum corneous, multispiral, fimbriated at its
edges.

Animal with a muzzle-shaped head, bearing two long
subulate tentacles, having eyes on their external bases,
slightly prominent. Foot very short in proportion to
the shell, truncate in front, rounded behind, grooved
beneath. Opercular lobe occupying the caudal disk, not
cirrhated nor winged. Mantle with a fringed margin,
obscurely siphonated at the right side. Branchial plume
single, very long. Tongue very short; each series of
denticles consisting of a subquadrate median, with an
incurved denticulated apex, and of three similar ligulate
uncini on each side, all with hamate serrulated summits.

This genus appears to be distributed, though sparingly,
all over the world. More than fifty species have been
described and figured. The majority are inhabitants of
the Laminarian zone, from whence they are often cast on
shore by the waves, but several range to great depths.
Fossil species date with certainty far back into the
secondary period. The genus appears to have had its
maximum of development during Older Tertiary times.

The animal of Turritella^ when full grown, does not
fill up the entire length of the shell, but partitions off, as it
were, part of its spire.

T. COMMUNIS, Bisso.

Plate LXXXIX. fig. 1, 2, 3 ; and (animal) Plate 1. 1, fig. 4.

LiSTXR, Anim. Angl. pi. 3, f. 8.
Turbo terebra, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1239 (only a small part); Fauna
Snccica, p. 525. — Pxnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 130, pi. 81,

f. 113 Mont. Test Brit vol. ii. p. 293. — Maton and Rack.

Trans. Linn. Soc vol. viii.p. 176.— Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 51,

TURBITELLA. 173

pi. 15, f. 5, 6 (badly). —Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 216, f. 83.
— DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 871. — ^Wood, Index Testa-
ceolog.pl. 32, £. 137.
Slrominformis ierebra^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 1 12, pi. 7, f. 5, 6.
Turito ungulitnu (not Linn.), MOll. ZooL Danic. Prodr. p. 242. — Pultknby,

Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 45.
TurriteUa oormea^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) toL ix. p. 255 (6de LoTen,

Kiener, Reere). — Kunsr, Coqoil. Vivantes, Turrit, pi. 13,
f. 3. — RxBVK, Conch. Icon. toI. t. Tnrrit. pL 7, f. 35.
M commmmiij Riaso, H. N. Europe M^d. toI. iy. p. 106, f. 37.—

PuiLiPPi, MolL SiciL toI. ii. p. 160.
„ iertbra (not Lam.), Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 302. — Johnston,
Berwick Club, toI. i p. 267. — Macoilliv. MolL Aberdeen,
p. 141. — BriL Afarine Conch, p. 188. — Brown, lUust.
Conch. O. B. p. 9, pL 8, f. 56. — Aldbr, Cat. Moll. Northumb.
and Dnrh. p. 60. — Blainv. Faune Fnnqaise, Moll. p. 305.
— Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 190.
„ Ltmum, Dbsh. Exped. Scient. Moree, Moll. p. 146.
„ unffvUna (not Turbo utig, of Linn.), LoviSn, Index Moll. Scand. p. 21.

This abundant sheU is usually of an elongated tur-
reted shape, but is sometimes so abbreviated in form as
only to be pyramidal turreted, at other times (yet rarely
so in Britain) so produced as to be acuminated-turreted.
It is usually rather thin (for the genus) than otherwise, is
not very glossy, slightly diaphanous, and either stained
with different intensities of uniform ferruginous brown, or
else variegated with flezuous longitudinal stains of that
colour on a livid ground : a snow-white variety is likewise
met with in Scotland. The volutions, of which we have
counted nineteen on a fiill-grown individual, taper to an
extremely fine point, which terminates in a kind of de-
pressed mammillation (as in the genus Ccscum). Each of
the first ten (or characteristic) whorls is girt with three
principal spiral ridges, which are narrow, rather distant,
more or less acute, simple (not broken into regular tuber-
cles), and neither traversed themselves nor interstitially
by longitudinal striae ; the middle of the three ridges is
the most prominent, yet is scarcely perceptibly broader

174 TURRITELLID^

than the other two. As is customary in the genus, the
strength and regularity of these carinae cease upon the
larger coils, which are additionally iumished with costellar
striffi. The suture is well marked, and the turns are
subangulately convex ; the upper shelve is decidedly the
longer and more slanting of the two. There is neither
imbrication, margination, nor channel-like excavation, as in
certain species of TurrUella. The longitudinal increase of
the whorls is gradual but sensible ; they are almost as broad
above as below. The abrupt basal declination is rounded
towards the mouth, and the extreme base is often tinted
with vinous or dirty pink. The month is squarish, and
the more or less arcuated outer lip is subsinuated in the
middle. Our largest specimen measured nearly two inches
and three quarters in length, and three quarters of an
inch at the extreme breadth ; such dimensions, however,
are not usual, an average-sized individual (of seventeen
turns) being two inches in length, and half an inch in
breadth. Examples of the white variety are, for the most
part, smaller, more fragile, and with the spiral costel-
lar lines more minute in proportion to the carinse.

The animal of this shell has a flattened emar^nated or
cloven muzzle, with fimbriated edges ; its tentacula are
rather long, and at the external bases, on very slight
bulgings, are the immersed eyes. The foot is short and
strong, grooved below, angulated in front, and rounded
behind, where it bears on a simple caudal lobe the round
multispiral fringed operculum. The general hue of the
head, foot, and sides, is white, sometimes tinged with
tawny, and always more or less dotted and speckled with
fiilvous and black. The tentacula are often tawny at their
bases, and yellowish above the eyes. The margin of the
mantle is fringed with minute tripinnated lobes, which are

TURRITELLA. 175

reflected on the margin of the shell. The stomach in this
creature is very long.

This is one of the commonest British shells, being distri-
buted all round our coasts, and frequently, especially in
muddy and weedy localities, in great abundance. It has a
wide range in depth, extending from four to one hundred
fathoms. Its chief habitat is in the shallower seabeds,
occurring in immense numbers in many places in from seven
to ten fathoms, but we have notes of its capture alive on
various parts of our coast, both north and south, and often
very far from land, in fifty, sixty, eighty, ninety and one
hundred fathoms, — ^the latter instance having been off the
Zetland Isles, where Mr. M'Andrew took a beautiful
colourless variety from that great depth. It ranges through-
out the European seas, but is most characteristic of the
Celtic and Boreal provinces. As a fossil it is believed to
have originated during the Miocene epoch, and was cer-
tainly present in our area in the older Pliocene sea.

SPURIOUS.

T. DUPLiGATA, Linnseus.

LiSTKR, Anlm. Angl. pi. 3, f. 7; Hist. Conch, pi. 591. —
BoNANNi, Mua. Kirch, pi. 114. — Sbba, Thesaar. vol. iii.
pi. 56, f. 7.
Turho duplkattu^ Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1239. — Donov. Brit. Shells, yol. iv.

pi. 1 12. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii.
p. 175. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 216. — Martini, Conch.
Cab. vol. iy. pi. 151, f. 414. — Born, Testacea Mas. Caes.
Vind. p. 357. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii. p. 869. —
Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 32, f. 132.
Stromhiformii btcarinaiut, Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 110, pi. 6, f. 3
Turritella dvpUcata^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) yol. ix. p. 251. — Flxmino,

Brit. Animals, p. 303. — Sowkrby, Genera ShellsjTurritella,
f. 1. — KiKNBR, Coquilles Viyantes, Turr. pi. 1.~Rbsvr«
Conch. Iconica, yol. y. Tntrit. pi. 1, f. 2.
Encyclop. Method. Vers, pi. 449, diy. 2, f. 1.

176 TURRITELLIDA.

From the Indian Ocean ; introduced by Litter a$ procured from
the Scarborough JUkermen.

T. iMBRicATA, LinnsBus.

Sbba, Theiaur. toL iii. pi 56, f. 18.
7\ir&o imbrieatui^ Linn. Syat. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1239. — Schb5tsr, Einleit. Condi.

vol. i. pi. 3, £ 21.— DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 868.
,» varugatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. — Dillw. Recent Sheila,

Tol. ii. p. 872.
„ tenbrof Donov. (not Linn.) Brit. Shells, tdI. i. pi. 22, f. 2.
T^rrUella imMeaUh Lam. Anim. a. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toL ix. p. 253. — Kmnu,

Coqnilles Vivantes, Turrit. pL 9, f. 2.
„ oarispolo, Rkkvx, Conch. Iconic. toI. t. Turrit, pi. 5, f. 19.

A West Indian fiheUjigured hy Donovan for T. communis.

T. GiNCTA, Da Costa!

LrsTSR, Hist. Conch. pL 592, f. 60.
Stnndiifonm cmctut^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, pi. 7, f. 8 ?
7V«r6o einohu^ Donovan, Brit. Sheila, vol. i pi. 22, f. 1.— Mont. Teat. Brit,
p. 295.
„ emoUtuif Maton and Rack. Tnma. Linn. Soa yvL Tiii. p. 1 76. — Titrt.
Conch. Diction, p. 216.— Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 870.
— Wood, Index. Teatac. pL 32, £. 136.
TurrUella biemffukUa^ Lam. (not Crouch) Anim. a. Vert. (ed. Deah.) toI. ix.

p. 256. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 189. — Kunbr, Co-
quillea Vivant. Turrit pi. 8, 1 2. — Rbbvb, Conch.
Iconica, toL t. Turrit, pi. 5, f. 20.
M ewoletei^ Flbmino (not Lam.), Brit. Aninu p. 302.

From Africa, d:c.; said to have been taken at Sandwich,
Lincolnthire, and Lanoaehire.

CCECUM, Fliking.

Shell, when young, discoid ; when adult, tubular, cylin-
drical, arcuated, terminating anteriorly in a round mouth
with entire margin, posteriorly by an obtuse rounded or
mammillated septum, marking the point at which the
original spire has been cast off. Operculum corneous, mul-
tispiral, edges simple.

C(EOUM. 177

Animal when adult cylindrical : head muzzle-shaped,
flanked by cylindrical subulate tentacula bearing minute
eyes on (not on bulgings of) their external bases. No
lateral cirrhi nor lobes. Foot short, narrow, truncate in
front, obtuse behind. No posterior cirrhus. Mantle thick,
not fringed. A single branchial plume. Tongue short ;
central denticles apparently undeveloped; two uncini on
each side, the inner one broad and serrulated.

There are few among our British testacea more curious
or more puzzling than the singular little shells we have
now to describe. Their external aspect seemed so ana-
logous to the tooth-shells from which they appeared to
differ chiefly in their hinder ends being closed instead
of open, that the older conchologists considered them as
members of the genus Dentalium. Dr. Fleming first sepa-
rated them generically, but with uncertainty respecting
their true value or position, since afterwards in his '' British
Animals ^^ he referred them, unfortunately, to Orthocera,
Captain Brown constituted his genus Brochus for them,
and Philippi his Odontidium^ but Fleming^s name of
Coscum has undoubted priority. Mr. Berkeley speculated
on their being annelides allied to Ditrupa^ the shell of
which^ until he discovered its true construction, had been
also confounded with Dentalium. Philippi suggested that
they might be Pteropoda^ a conjecture which need not
have been hazarded had our valued correspondent, Mr.
Clark, been less indifferent to fame, and made known his
numerous original researches in good time, since as long ago
as 1 834 he had examined and fully ascertained the animal
of Coecum trachea^ proving it to be a true moUusk, far
removed, however, from Dentalium^ though not until 1849
were his researches communicated to the public.^ From

* Annals of Natural History, 2nd Ser. yol. U, p. 1 80.
VOL. III. A A

178 TURBITELLID^.

his excellent memoir our account of this curious creature
is chiefly derived.

The genus appears to have begun, so far as we yet
know, during the Eocene period, since, according to Mr.
Searles Wood, a species of it has been found at Hordwell
by Mr. Edwards. In later tertiaries several species occur.

G. TRACHBA, Montagu.
Tolerably strong, with numerous close-set annular sulcL

Plate LXIX. fig. 4, and (Animal) Plate K K, fig. 1.

Dentalium imperfimOum^ Adams, Microicope, pi. 14, f. 8. — Mont. Test. Brit.

vol. iL p. 496. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. ToL Tiji. p. 238. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 39.
— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 4.— Dillw. Recent Shells,
▼ol. ii. p. 1067. — Wood, Index Teat. pL 38, Dent
f. 12.
„ trachea, Moyr. Test. Brit, yol ii. p. 497, pi. 14, £, 10.— Maton and

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toL yiii. p. 239. — Brit. Marine
Conch, p. 5, fig. 61. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii.
p. 1068.— Wood, Index Test pi. 38, Dent 1 13.
OrihooBra imperfiyrata^ Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 237*
OdonUdium rtigulotum, Philippz, MolL SiciL yol. i. p. 102, pL 6, f. 20, and

yol. 11. p. 73.
Brochu iraehifoTtniSy Brown, Illnst. Conch. G. B. p. 124 (pi. 56, f. 10, bad).
M tiriatus. Brown, lUast. Conch. O. B. p. 124, pi. 56, £ 13.

Although larger than the next species, this too is a very
small shell, scarcely exceeding the eighth of an inch in
length, which for the most part is to the breadth as five to
one. It is subcylindrical, moderately curved, tolerably
strong, not transparent, and of a whitish hue, that in the
more recent specimens is generally stained with ferruginous
or rust colour, in lighter and darker circles. It tapers
slightly towards the imperforated end, where the sculpture
abruptly terminates in a short projection, which is either
simply obtuse, or a little recurved and bluntly attenu-

C(ECUM. 179

ated. The sarface is densely annulated with coarse and
regular sulci, that vary as to approximation in different
specimens, but for the most part become more crowded
towards the aperture. Both these and the intervening
ridge-like spaces, which latter often present a somewhat
imbricating appearance, for the most part, exhibit under
the microscope extremely close and equal-sized longitu-
dinal striulse, that appear in some to be almost imper-
ceptible, in others to be strongly impressed. The dorsal
or arcuated side of the shell is clearly, though not greatly,
the longer. The mouth is suborbicular, and a little
contracted.

Brown's figure of striatus is an excellent representation
of the adult form of this species, and corrects his statement
that it is destitute of a posterior knob.

" I have as yet,'' observes Mr. Clark, " met with only
two phases of this shell, the taper produced arcuated
form, and the shorter less curved final condition."

Animal pure white, mantle very thick and fleshy,
fitting the shell closely, and not extending beyond its
anterior margin; body elongated and slender, head long
and flat, cloven at the extremity and closely ridged sub-
transversely, on all occasions in advance of the foot: fissure
of the mouth vertical ; tentacula short, rather thick, sub-
cylindrical, setose, and slightly clavate at the extremities ;
eyes very minute, black, not raised on any eminence,
placed nearly in a line with the tentacula, at a short dis-
tance from their bases. The neck is furnished with lon-
gitudinal ridges, and on each side of its centre there are
two frosted, yellowish white, contiguous round lines form-
ing a very decided canal or groove, the points of which
terminate anteriorly at the immediate base of the eyes,
and posteriorly at the ftirthest end of the neck, on the

180 TURRITELLIDJE.

left side of which at the dorsal point, may be seen a
minute pale red branchial leaflet. The neck did not
exhibit the slightest traces of external reproductive organs.
Foot short, narrow, and truncate anteriorly. Operculum
circular, corneous, black-brown, smooth and conical on the
surface, attached to the foot, concave without, and from
its centre seven or eight fine close-set spiral lines fill up
the area. The animal is not at all shy, it shows itself in
all directions, marches with great vivacity, carrying its
shell sometimes with the convexity upwards, resting on the
posterior point or on one of the sides, %equently changing
one for the other, by suddenly withdrawing the head and
body by which action it is thrown on the operculum at
an elevation of fifty or sixty degrees ; it then turns on
the side it wishes. (Clark.) Specimens forwarded alive
by their discoverer to London lived for several days in a
vial of sea- water, and exhibited all their features ; from
them we have taken our figures.

Widely distributed, yet rare. Exmouth, in the coral-
line zone (Clark) ; Torbay (S. H.) ; Falmouth, Whitesand
Bay, Weymouth, Swansea Bay, Tenby, Loch Carron, in
Scotland, Bantry Bay, and Cork Harbour (Jeffreys). It
ranges to the Mediterranean.

We have not cited the Orthocera trachea of Fleming,
(Brit. Anim. p. 287) which is described as a white shell,
having the rings regular and sharp in the young,* but

* This agrees with two individuals thus named in Mr. Alder^s collection
which, with his usual candour, he acknowledges to have received from a doubtful
quarter. They are transparent and snowy white, with moderately distant, keel-
like rings, some of which are sharp at the edge and others rounded. They do
not appear to be traversed by any regular longitudinal striulse either on the
annuli or their intervals. We have received this species, likewise, from Aden in
Arabia.

C(ECUM. 181

'^ rounded in a larger one, in which those near the mouth
are largest, and the whole are crossed by obsolete longi-
tudinal ridges/^

This last appears to agree with the Brochus annulatus
and reticulatvSy Brown, lUust. Conch. G. B. pp. 124, 125,
pi. 56, f. 12 (adult) II (young).

The genus Gcecum has not been studied with that due
attention to its foreign members which alone entitles us to
pronounce upon what are the permanent characters by
which its species are determinable. Hence we feel some
hesitation in regarding the present shell as distinct from
trachea^ especially as we have seen but a single specimen.
(PI. LXXXVIII. fig. 7.)

The individual alluded to was forwarded to us by Mr.
Alder as from the south coast of England, and bears a
marked general resemblance to the preceding shell. It is
evidently a dead example, hence its opacity and squalid
white hue are of no value as distinctions. The great pecu-
liarity consists in the annular ridges, being regularly and
distinctly, though very finely, costellated in a longitudinal
direction, the raised lines being partially, also, continued in
the interstitial fiirrows where the microscopic striulse that
are so generally present in trachea are likewise here and
there perceptible. The first three annulations are strong
and projecting, but after them the ridges are so depressed
that their edges alone are elevated, so that they resemble
lamellae. The clausum or posterior termination is almost
entirely concealed within the tube, and is very acute and
narrow, with its point adjacent to the arched side of the
shell.

C. GLABRUM, Montagu.
Very thin, pure white, smooth or nearly so.

PlateLXIX.,fig. 5.

DentaUttm uuHutum, Linn., ed. 12, p. 1264 (probably). — Dillw. Recent Shells,

vol. ii. p. 1068.

182 TURRITELLID^.

Deakdimm glabnm^ Mont. Test. Brit vol iL p. 497.— Maton and Rack. Trana.

Linn. Soc. toL Tiii. p. 239. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 40.
— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 4, fig. 5.
CcBCum ffiabrum^ Flbmino, Edinb. Encyclop. pi. 204, f. 7, and pL 205, fl 8, 9.
Orthocera glabra^ Flimino, Brit. Animals, p. 287.
OdonHdmm heviMrimum^ Cantrainb, Bull. Bmx. toI. iz. pt. 2 (1842),

p. 340. 9
Brochm glabrus^ Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 125, pi. 56, f. 3.

„ Unitf Brown, Illast Conch. O. B. p. 125, pi. 56^ f. 6 (probably).

This minute shell, which only measures a line in length,
is very thin, semitransparent, glossy, snow white, and
almost smooth. When aged it is nearly straight, but when
simply adult, it is moderately arcuated, cylindraceous,
and of nearly equal diameter throughout, merely tapering
slightly at its imperforated or posterior termination, which
is furnished with a moderately projecting rounded knob.
The length in general is about five times the breadth. The
aperture is neither contracted nor dilated, but simple and
suborbicular. The dorsal or arcuated side of the shell is
clearly the longer.

According to Mr. Clark, the fry is coiled into a spiral at
the narrower extremity, in which state it is figured by
Walker in his "Testacea minuta^^ (f. 11, from which
Serpula incurvata^ Adams, Micros, pi. 14, f. 7 ; Maton
and Back. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 246 ; Turt.
Conch. Diet. p. 156; Dillw. Becent Shells, vol ii. p.
1071 ; Vermiculum incurvatum^ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 518 ;
Cornuoides major^ Brown, lUust. Conch. G. B. p. 125, pi.
56, f. 49).

The figure of the Brochm arcuatus of Brown (111. Conch.
G. B., p. 125, pi. 56, f. 9) reminds one of a curved and
elongated form of this species. It is stated to have
measured the eighth of an inch, and to have been taken
from the sand of Bantry Bay. What, however, we had

C(ECUM. 183

regarded as the representative of that shell, is considered
by Mr. Clark (whose studious examination of a multitude
of individuals of this genus gives much weight to his
opinion) as a worn individual o( trachea in its produced and
arcuated immature condition.

This species in most respects resembles the O, trachea.
The tentacula, as in the latter, are frosted white and setose,
but they appear to be proportionably longer, slenderer and
more elevate at the tips ; these variations, however, are
scarcely appreciable. The foot is very short, truncate in
front, rounded behind, and carried much more laterally in
this species than in trachea; and on its posterior upper
part is the most differential point in the animals, the
curious operculum, which is circular, and has six or seven
spiral gyrations of a pale yellow, but instead of being con-
cave or flat without and conical within, as in trachea^ it is
in both respects the reverse. It is more active in its
movements. (Clark.) Through the kindness of Mr.
Clark we have examined the living animal, and can bear
testimony to the accuracy of his notes.

The CoBcwm ghhrum is rare, yet widely distributed.
Exmouth, off Budleigh Salterton, six miles from shore, in
ten fathoms water (Clark) ; Burrow Island and Onemsey
(S. H.) ; Falmouth, Sandwich, Weymouth, Swansea, and
adjacent bays, Tenby (Jeffreys). Lerwick in Zetland
(Jeffreys). Cork Harbour and Bantry Bay (Jeffreys).

184

CERITHIADiE.

In this family we include Cerithium and Aporrhaisy ge-
nera remarkable among canaliculated shells for the muzzle-
shaped heads and corresponding features of organization of
the animals which construct them. They seem to consti-
tute a group in many respects intermediate between the
holostomatous andsiphonostomatousP^c^iTitiranc^Aiato, par-
taking of and mingling many of the characters of both.
They are closely allied on the one hand to the Turriiellida
with which family Cerithium has intimate relations, and
on the other to the Scalariada, the latter relationship
being better seen and traced through Aporrhais in fossil
than in living examples of the tribe, some fossils of the
last-named genus approaching very closely to Scalaria,
The Cerithiada serve to warn us how we trust to the shell
alone as a clue to natural relations, for in them we have
an assemblage of creatures which the collector apparently
not unreasonably would rather place beside the Muricidtt
than where they really should be, since in them the form
of the shell (pneuma-skeleton) is of but slight importance
compared with the modifications of the organs of their
respiratory and nutritive systems. The canal of the orifice
of the shelly indeed, depends on the presence of a rudi-
mentary siphonal fold, such as we see in the Litiorinida^
and not of a prolonged siphonal process, such as the Afuri-
dda possess.

APORRHAIS. 185

APORRHAIS, Da Costa.

Shell turreted, strong, variously ornamented with ribs,
nodules, or striae, many-whorled. Aperture when adult
angulated, canaliculated, with the outer margin expanded
and lobed or digitated ; when young, simple, and sinuously
angulated with a moderate canal. Operculum corneous,
lenticular, concentric.

Animal with a long muzzle ; tentacles cylindric, bearing
eyes on prominences near their external bases; mantle
digitated, loose, with a rudimentary siphon ; foot rather
short, angular in front, obtuse behind, not centrally
grooved ; operculigerous lobe simple ; branchial plume,
single, long ; male organ under the right tentacle, flattened,
curved, slender ; tongue linear ^' with a single median
denticle, and three uncini on each side, the second and third
elongated and simple.**^ *

The name now adopted by general consent for the genus,
of which our common Pelican^s foot shell is the type, was
first used and applied to it by Aldrovandus. Da Gosta
adopted it as a generic appellation, strictly so called, but
extended it apparently to Strcmbm and Fteroeera. Phi-
lippi was the first rightly to define the genus as now under-
stood, and himself to understand its characters ; he pro-
posed to call it ChenopuB. The general adoption in the
majority of conchological works of the former name in-
duces us to prefer it, deeming that a sufficient reason for
the preference in this instance. The animal of Aporrhais
was made known by O. F. MuUer, and afterwards by
Delle Ohiaje. It differs essentially from Bostellaria^ Strom-

• LoT^n.
VOL. III. B B

186 CERITHIADiE.

btis^ and Pteroceras, which belong to a distinct family.
The affinities of Aporrhais with Cerithium have been
observed by Swainson and others, and are very evident
when we look at the young shells of the former, or com-
pare the animals of both. There are not a few fossil
species of this genus, ranging far back in time.

A. p£d-cARBONis, Brongniart.

Spire shorter than body ; digitations usually five> narrow and
produced ; the caudal one very long and narrow, its point either
straight or inclined upwards.

Plate LXXXIX. 6g. 5, 6.

pe$ carboniSf Bronq. Terr, du Vicent p. 75, pL 4, f. 2.
Roitdlaria Serresiana^ Michaud, Bull Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, vol. ii. pi. 1, f. 3, 4

(fossil) ; copied, F^rus. Bull. Scienc. Nator.
vol. xvii. p. 308. — Potibz and Mich. Galerie
Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 449.
„ pes-peUeani, var. Kibnsr, Coq. Vivant. Rost pi. 4, f. 1, c.
Jporrhais pea-carbonisj Sowbrby, Thesaar. Conch. voL L p. 21, pL 5, f. 1.
Chenopua „ Dbsh. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 657.

„ Serrenanut, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol ii. p. 185, pi. 27, f. 6.

We owe to the researches of that enterprizing naturalist
B. M'Andrew of Liverpool, among the less accessible por-
tions of the British Islands, the addition of one of the very
few recent species of this genus, to the Fauna of Great
Britain.

Exclusive of the extremely dilated outer lip the shape is
fusiform, and greatly attenuated at both extremities. The
shell, although moderately strong, is less so than are the
other two known recent species of JporrhaiSy is more or
less opaque, not much polished, and of an uniform paler or
darker tawny hue ; the ivory-like enamel which lines the outer
lip, and is spread over a considerable portion of the ventral

APORRHAIS. 187

surface is decidedly lustrous, and the throat has irequeutly
a livid tinge. In addition to the fine spiral slightly raised
lines which closely traverse the entire exterior, the whorls
of the spire are adorned with longitudinal prominences,
which on the earlier rounded coils take the shape of close-
set obliquely arcuated narrow folds, and gradually as the
turns become angulated in the middle become converted
into a spiral row of rather small and moderately distant
laterally compressed subcentral nodules. Besides this
series, which is continued upon the body-whorl, two more
rows encircle the latter in the shape of more or less nodu-
lous carinse, which being divergently produced to the extre-
mity of the outer lip, form the angulated medial crests of the
labial digitations. The third of these keels, which also is the
less strong and less nodulous, is approximate to the other ;
the second is rather more remote from the first, than that
is from the suture, and lies nearly half way between the
latter and the extreme end of the tail. The spire, which
is composed of eight or nine turns, which are divided from
each other by a fine sutural line, and are of moderate longi-
tudinal increase, is rather shorter than the body, and
apparently ends in a rather obtuse point (but we have never
met with a specimen where it was quite perfect). Of the
acutely lanceolate processes or digitations into which the
greatly expanded outer lip is divided, all of which are sim-
ple (not geniculated) and gradually are acuminated to very
fine points, the first, whose base is attached to the three
lower turns of the spire, runs up (in the adult) almost per-
pendicularly to nearly the height of the apex, and at times
beyond it; the second, whose lateral projection is by far
the greatest, bends a little upwards ; the third and fourth
(which latter is often rudimentary or almost entirely want-
ing) lean slightly downwards ; the fifth or caudal process

188 GERITHIADJE.

is very narrow, greatly produced, and terminates in a par-
ticnlarly acute point that slopes dorsally (or upwards) ; it
runs perpendicularly downwards, and indeed is a mere
prolongation of the anterior extremity of the body. Upon
the thickened inner side of the lip (which is otherwise per-
fectly smooth) profound grooves mark the diverging course
of the external keels ; the throat and pillar are devoid of
any sculpture, save a laterally compressed longitudinal pad
upon the latter opposite to the two inferior belts of nodules.
There is a slight but rather diffused inflection of the mar-
gin of the outer lip at the commencement of the caudal
process.

Our native examples, which were thin, yet apparently
fully formed, at most measured an inch and a quarter in
length, and a fifth less for the extreme breadth between the
point of the second digitation, and the edge of the whorl
immediately opposite to it. A foreign individual vied with
pes-pelecani in length and surpassed it in breadth.

This fine species was dredged in seventy, ninety, and one
hundred fathoms off the east coast of Zetland (M'Andrew).
It has since been taken in the same district by Mr. Barlee.

A. PES'PBLRCANi, Liuuseus.

Spire, if anything, longer than the bodj : digitations usually
four, short and broad; the caudal one stunted, and a little
dilated, its point leaning vent rally or downwards.

Plate LXXXIX. fig. 4, and (Animal) Plate II. fig. 3.

List. Hist Conch, pi. 865, f. 20. — Oinanni, Oper.
Postum. vol. ii. pi. 7, f. 58, 59, 60. — Knorr. Delioea
dea Yeux, pt. 3, pi. 7, f. 4.
^trombtu pe»-pelecani^ Liss. Syst. Nat. cd. 12, p. 1207. — Pknn. Brit. Zool.

ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 122, pi. 75, f. 94. — Pult. Hutchins,
Hwt Dorset, p. 42. — Donov. Brit. Shells, toL i. pi. 4. —

APORRHAIS. 189

— Mont. Test. Brit. toI. i. p. 258. — Maton and Rack.
Trans. Lidq. Soc. vol. riii. p. 141. — Rack. Dorset
CataL p. 46, pi. 16, £ 7.— Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 165,
f. 50, 51. — Born, Test. Mas. Caes. p. 270, and vign. at
p. 269.^0livi, Zool. Adriat. p. 148.— Dill w. Recent

Shells, voL i. p. 656.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 24, f. 4.

— Costa, Test. Sicil. p. 82 (animal).
Pes'pelecani, Martini, Conch. Cab. vol. iii. p. 142, pi. 75, i 848, 849.
Aporrhaia quadri/Uiut, Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 1 36, pL 7, fl 7.
Tritonium pe^-pelecawi^ Mt^LLSR, Zool. Danic. pi. 87, f. 1,2.
lioftellaria „ Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol ix. p. 656. —

Flbm ING, Brit. Anim. p. 359.^Macgill. MolL Aberd.

p. 173. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 211. — Brown, lUiist.

Conch. O. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 21, 39. — Crouch, Introd.

Lam. Conch, pi. 18, f. 3. — Sowbrby, Genera Sh. Rost.

f. 3. — Blainv. Faune Fran^. MolL p. 202, pi. 8, £ 1. —

De8H. Encycl. Meth. vol. iii. p. 909. — Joannis, Mag.

de Zool. ser. 1, MolL pi. 41, animal. — So wbrbt.

Manual Conch, f. 404. — Kibnbr, Coq. Viv. Rost. pi. 4,

f. 1, I a. — Rbbvb, Conch. System, pi. 246, f. 5. —

CuviBR, Regne Anim. (ed. Croch.) pi. 61, bis, f. 3.
Chenopua „ PniLippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 215; voL ii. p. 185. —

Johnston, Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 232.
Aporrhaia „ Swainson, Malacology, p. 309, f. 76, a; and p. 142, f. 15,

a (young). — Sowbrby, Theeaur. Conch, vol. i. p. 21,

pi. 5, f. 3, 4.
DiLLL^ Chiajb, Poli, Test Sicil. vol iii. pt 2, pi. 48, f. 7 to 10 (animal).

There is so much general similarity between this and the
preceding spedesy that, to economize space, we shall merely
indicate the more striking points of difference, and add
only a few ftirther remarks on the species.

It is a much more solid shell, and in our native exam-
ples a much larger one, measuring commonly two inches
in length, and an inch and a third in breadth. The digi-
tations are short and broad (the fourth seems, at most,
rudimentary) and are occasionally disposed to become pal-
mated ; the apex of the upper one does not nearly approach
the level of that of the spire, and its base more frequently
covers two than three of the volutions of the latter. The
broad and stunted tail leans ventrally or downwards. The

190 CERITHIADiE.

inner side of the right lip displays more or less evident
traces of incipient raised crense at the commencement of
the throat. The nodules are larger in proportion than in
the last species, and consequently the interval on the body
between the rows of them is less wide; moreover, they
are disposed to become confluent.

In both species of Aporrhais^ the suture is surmounted
by an obscure row of very short and scarcely raised small
nodulous folds; these are rather more prominent in the
present shell, whose colouring has usually a stronger tinge
of rufous or chestnut, a central band of which colour often
runs between the nodules of the spiral belt.

The digitations are only completely formed in the mature
examples ; hence, as Swainson justly observes, the young
bear a marked resemblance to Cerithia.

The animal has been often figured and described. One
of the fullest descriptions is that given by Dr. Johnston.
We offer a fresh figure from a beautiful drawing by Mr.
Alder. It is of a general yellowish-white hue, the tenta-
cula mingled yellow and scarlet ; the snout and head
thickly speckled with scarlet, markings of which colour are
more sparingly distributed on the paler body and sides of
the foot ; sometimes they are not present. The muzzle is
long and cylindrical, emarginated at its extremity; the head
is rather broad, and bears on each side a long cylindrical
tentacle, swollen at its base, where the eye is placed on a
prominent bulging. The mantle is loose, ample, and digi-
tated ; it forms a rudimentary siphon in the region of the
canal of the shell, but is not extended beyond it ; the foot
is oblong, obtusely angulated in front, and scarcely pointed
behind ; on its caudal surface it bears a small elliptical
homy operculum of three or four concentric layers. Dr.
Johnston remarks that the creature '^ creeps very slowly,

CERITHIUM. 191

the tentacula being widely extended, and used as feelers."'*
We have always found it very sluggish and unwilling to
display itself when captured.

This curious mollusk is generally distributed around
the British shores, so much so, that to enumerate loca-
lities would be superfluous. It ranges from a depth of
four to as much as one hundred fathoms, and has been
dredged alive in many intermediate depths. It affects
gravelly bottoms.

It inhabits all the coasts of Europe, and is found
fossil in both red and coralline crags, and in pleistocene
strata.

CERITHIUM, Adanson.

Shell spiral, turriculated, with an elongated many-whorled
spire, usually solid, surface variously ornamented with
ribs, grooves, and tubercles, rarely smooth ; aperture sub-
quadrate, terminating below in a more or less deve-
loped, short, usually recurved canal. Operculum corneous,
spiral.

Animal with a thick muzzle-shaped head bearing two
subulate tentacles with eyes on prominent bulgings near
their external bases; no neck-lobes or lateral filaments;
mantle with a short siphonal fold ; foot sub-triangular,
rather short.

This is a large genus, including between one and two
hundred species, some of which have been set apart under
other generic appellations, on account of slight modifica-
tions of the canal of the shell, and a supposed corre-
spondence between these peculiarities and the habits of
the animal. All our British examples are truly marine,
and are small and inconspicuous. In tropical seas, and

192 CERITHIADJB.

in the ancient sea-beds of the earlier tertiary epochs,
there are Chrithia of great size. The absence of a re-
tractile proboscis, the muzzle-shaped head, the spiral
operculum, and elongated shell, with a canaliculated re-
curved aperture, are the characters which combined mark
the entire assemblage of species. The so-^led Ceriihium
tuberculare, a British shell which has all the aspect of
Oerithiufn^ but which differs most essentially, since its oper^
culum is not spiral and it has a retractile proboscis, must be
excluded from the usual list of species, and will be found
described in its proper place hereafter.

G. BsncuLATUM, Da Costa.

Brown, with four spiral rows of granules on the lower whorls
of the spire.

Plate XCI. fig. 1, 2, and (Animal) Plate II. fig. .

9 7Vr6o fMmetotef, Linn. Syst Nat. ed. 12, p. 1231.

Mum MoAtr, Olivi, Zool. Adriat. p. 153 (merely from Gualt. pL 58, £ 1). —

Costa, Testae. Sidl p. 89.
Stnmbi/ormis reticulaiut^ Da Costa (1778), Brit. 0>nch. p. 117, pi. 8, f. 13.
Mmrex retiemlaiut, Pultvnxv, HntcliinB, Hist. Dorset, p. 43. — Mont. Test-
Brit. voL L p. 272. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
SocToI. Tiii. p. 150. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 47, pi. 14,
t 13. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 96. — Dillw. Recent

Shells, vol. ii. p. 758 Wood, Index Testae, pi. 28,

£165.
CerMium linUj Bruo. Encyd. M6th. Vers, toL i. p. 495. — Lam. Anim. s.

Vert. (ed. Desh.) toL ix. p. 304. — Philippi, MoU. SidL
Tol. i. p. 195 ; Tol. ii. p. 162.
„ LatreHUi, Patkaudbau, MoU. Corse, p. 143, pL 7, f. 9, 10.
„ toabmm^ Blainyilli, Faune Fian^aise, MoU. p. 155, pi. 6, a. f. 8. —

Dbsh. Exped. Mor6e, Moll. p. 181. — Kibnxr, Coqnilles
Vivant Cerith. p. 73 (not vara.), pi. 24, f. 2.
Terebra reUeulata, Flkhino, Brit. Animals, p. 346.

Ceriikium reUetdaium^ Hanlbt, Conch. Book of Spec p. 77. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 193. — Lov&n, Ind. Moll. Gnenl. p. 23,
animal.

CERITHIUM. 193

The Bpecific name scabrum^ was undoabtedly prior to
that of retieulatum^ but as Olivi has so wretchedly defined
his shell, that it is only the assigned locality which enables
ns to recognize what he meant, we have preferred the
epithet which was first attached to the species described and
delineated in such a manner as to secure its recognition.

Of this shell we have two principal varieties in
England, the one subulate and strengthened with lon-
gitudinal varices, the other without them, and of a more
abbreviated shape. The former has sometimes fourteen
whorls, the latter more often only ten. In native ex-
amples, the varicose individuals are usually of an uniform
chocolate or dark brown colour (pale tawny when dead) ;
the other variety more frequently is yellowish-brown, with
its raised spiral lines (the nodules excepted) of a rich
dark brown hue ; this colouring, however, is frequent in
Mediterranean specimens of the former variety.

The shell is thin, not very strong, tapers from the base
to the summit, and is adorned with four spiral rows of
granular nodules on each of the principal or lower turns of
its spire, which asperities are produced by the intersection
of numerous almost perpendicular narrow rib-like folds,
which run lengthwise from the summit to the base of
each of these volutions, and revolving and equidistant
costellar lines. Of these last, there are about five ad-
ditional almost simple ones on the base of the body, where
the folds are no longer present. Sometimes the folds,
sometimes the costellae, are the more prominent, but the
latter are always more closely disposed than the former,
which, indeed, on the earlier turns, where there are but
three or even two revolving lines, are few and distant.
The varices, when present, are at times rare and scat-
tered, at times form an almost continuous series opposite

VOL. III. c c

194 GERITHIAD^..

the lip. The whorls are of slow increase, rather short
than otherwise, and are simply and but moderately convex,
not being partially swollen or excavated as in certain of
the genus. The suture, though not very broad, is well
marked : the apex is very acute. The mouth, which does
not occupy a fourth of the entire length, is small, but
little expanded, of an oval shape, scarcely angulated above,
and rounded below, where it terminates in a slight canal,
that is neither produced nor reflected, but leans away
from the outer lip. This last is convex, simple, acute,
and entire ; not being either lobed or sinuated. The
throat is plain, and of the external colouring. The pillar-
lip has neither pad nor fold, is shining, moderately in-
curved, and usually tinged with livid purple. Five lines
and a half in length, and nearly one and a half in breadth,
were the dimensions of a fair-sized example.

The animal, of which, besides our own notes, we have
been favoured with a drawing by Mr. Alder, and fresh
observations by Mr. Clark, is rather short as compared
with the shell ; it is of a yellowish- white hue, with dusky
markings. Its muzzle is long, rather broad, and vertically
cloven at the end, as well as the head and neck dusky and
marked with black and brown transverse lines. The
tentacles are cylindrical, not remarkably long, or pointed,
always exceeding in length the snout, though not greatly,
yellowish, speckled with dusky and opaque yellow, in some
instances marked with two fine dark-brown lateral lines; the
eyes are borne on rather prominent pale bulgings at their
external bases. The foot is obtusely triangular, and is
gently auricled in front. According to Lov^n, the oper-
culigerous lobe has rudimentary expansions on each side,
and is furnished with a roundish lanceolate cirrhus. We
have not seen this in the adult. Mr. Glark has, however,

GERITHIUM. 195

noted a fine almost transparent triangular membrane laid
on the pedal disk, which accords with Lov^n^s account.
The sides of the foot are speckled, striped or clouded with
dusky brown. The stri© of the brown homy operculum
are spirally subcircular with four volutions.

This species is found very abundantly in many localities,
chiefly on the west and south. It ranges all along the
British Channel on both sides, around the Irish coast, and
the western coast of England and Scotland, abounding in
many places in the Hebrides. Bare in the central part of
the Irish Sea (E. F.) It occurs at low-water-mark ;
very abundant, living among Zostera in the Laminarian
zone, and we have dredged dead specimens as deep as
twenty fathoms on the coast of Cornwall. The recorded
east coast localities seem to be due to its transportation in
ballast. It ranges all along the shores of Europe, from
Norway to the Mediterranean, though apparently of com-
paratively recent origin within our area.

C. ADVERsuM, Montagu.
Sinistral : whorls with two or three rows of granules on each.

Plate XCI. £g. 5,6.

Murex advenutj Mont. Test. Brit p. 271 ; SnppL p. 115. — Maton and Rack.

TraoB. Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 151.— •Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 97. — DiLLW. Recent Sheila, vol. ii. p. 758. — Wood,

Index Testae. pL 28, f. ,167.
Turbo reiieulatus, DoNOV. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pL 159.
Terebra pervertciy Flbuino, Brit. Anim. p. 347 •

Tr^phorit advenus^ Thompson, Report Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 257 (no descrip-
tion).
CtrUknim advemim, Brit Marine Conch, p. 194. — Sbarlxs Wood, Cxag

Mollnsc. p. 72, pi. 8, f. 8 (fossil).

This interesting sinistral species appears to have been
confounded by foreigners with the perversum of the Medi-

196 GERITHIADJS.

terranean, than which it is a fisur scarcer and less diffused
mollusk. The shell is modeirately strong, glossy, of an
uniform rufous colour when dead, but in living examples
rich brown, with the raised sculpture paler, or of a yel-
lowish cast. As the last turn is a little contracted, and
the penult rather broad, the shape is almost cylindrical
below ; above, the spire tapers rather quickly to a very
pointed apex (the upper coils, however, are generally lost
in such specimens as are usually found upon the shore).
The whorls are almost flat, never varicose, peculiarly short,
(so that the length of the penult is to its breadth as two to
five) and very numerous (we counted fifteen on rather a
small individual). They are covered with spiral rows of
very prominent rather large suborbicular concatenated
granules (or small tubercles rather) of which there are two
series of equal sized ones on each of the smaller volutions,
and a third intermediate set of less (but gradually en-
larging) ones on the lower coils. Three more spiral ribs
that are equally prominent with the preceding, but which
can scarcely be termed granular, are usually present on the
body-whorl : the space between the two extreme ones (the
last encircles the base of the canal) is somewhat broader
than the previous intervals, and is smooth and slightly
concave. In our most perfect example, the grains upon
the body-whorl become narrow and elongated near the
mouth of the shell. The basal attenuation is gradual, and
but little rounded.

The mouth is very small and short, only occupying,
exclusive of the recurved abbreviated yet decided canal in
which it terminates anteriorly, about a sixth or a fifth of
the entire length ; it is squarish above, and broadly convex
below. The outer lip^ whose acute edge is more or less
pallid or white, and is undulated by the external sculpture,

CEBITHIUM. 197

is deeply and abruptly sinnated at the suture ; its course is
at first straightish, but abruptly roundiug at the base it
advances so as to overlap and close up the sides of the
canal. The pillar is very solid, dark coloured, short,
rounded, and famished with a padlike reflection of the
inner lip. The throat is quite smooth. The length of
a large example was scarcely four lines and a half;
the breadth was not quite one-third of this measure-
ment.

A figure of Delle Chiaje, apparently representing this
species, shows rather a short snout and thick tentacnla, a
rather long triangular foot, bearing a multispiral operculum.
Lov^n gives an account of the animal of the genus Tri/aris
drawn up apparently from this shell. He describes it as
having a broad short head ; long, cylindrical slender ten-
tacula with subclavate tips, their bases remote but con-
nected by a sinuated veil ; eyes very shortly pedunculated
(placed on bulgings) at their bases; operculigerous lobe
single ; mentum (fold in firont of the foot) distinct ; siphon
short ; operculum paucispiral, with a nearly central nucleus.
In the present state of our knowledge we are unwilling to
separate it from Cerithium.

More common in the south than in the north, but
difiused with a westerly distribution from the Ghannel
Isles to Zetland. It ranges from the Laminarian zone
to as deep as fifteen and twenty fathoms ; sometimes
deeper. The localities for it are so generally those of other
British Cerithia that the same enumeration will suffice : in
the main it is scarcer. Very seldom taken alive : so rarely
that we have never but once succeeded in obtaining it in a
living state, and then on a rock at low water, in the
Channel Islands, although dead and broken shells were
abundant in neighbouring localities (S. H.)

198 GERITHIADJE.

It ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean, and was
present in oar area daring the coralline crag epoch (Searles
Wood)*

G. MBTULA, Loyen.

Pure white ; whorls with three spiral granulated ridges, whose
intervals are more or less distinctly clathrated.

Plate XCI. fig. d, 4.

CtrUkmm metnUi^ LoviN, Index MoU. Scandinav. (1846), p. 23.

n niiidum, Forbbs, Ann. NaU Hist. yoI. xiz. (1847), p. 97, pi. 9, f. 2.

This interesting and rare shell was discovered about the
same time in England and Norway. It is sabalate, thin,
and of a pare and uniform subvitreous white. There are
from twelve to sixteen short volutions (more frequently
thirteen), of which the apical coil and a half are smooth
and bulbous. The next few turns are moderately rounded,
and the rest quite flat ; their lateral enlargement is mode-
rate, their longitudinal increase is slow. The apex is fine,
but is twisted to one side, so as to appear distorted and
laterally subspiral. Three spiral ridges, which are rendered

* A thell is fignred in Brown^s ^ lUostrations ** (pi. 5, f. 64) wMch in shape
and look exactly resembles a worn aged shell of the present species, hat is thus
described (p. 9).

C, catuellatum^ Bbown, ** With eleyen reversed, slightly defined volutions, ta-
pering firom the base to an obtuse apex ; each volution provided with four rows
of spiral, depressed tubercles, producing a fine cancellated appearance. These tu*
bercles do not extend lower down than the upper margin of the aperture in front,
and in a spirally parallel direction behind; aperture triangular, pointed beneath,
ending in a compressed, closed, short canal ; colour raw umber brown. Found on
the Northumberland coast at Holy Island.** If not an advermm, this is probably
an exotic shell ; neither Mr. Alder (whose list of Northumbrian MoUusks is a
valuable contribution to Conchology, and not a mere local catalogue of species) nor
any of our many correspondents are acquainted with it The C, minutimmum of
Brown (IlL Con. p. 9) is solely derived from the Mure^ mimUittimtu of Adams
(Trans. Linn. Soc vol. iii. p. 65; from which, Mont. T. B. p. 273 ; Maton and
Rack. Trans. Luu Soc vol viii. p. 149 ; Turt. Conch. Diet p. 97, &c.) A shell
so meagrely defined that even the genus it belongs to must be purely conjectural.

CERITHIUM. 19^

granular hj numerous slanting longitudinal costellar lines,
which form a rather depressed clathration in their intervals,
traverse the whorls ; one lying rather above the middle,
one towards the top, and the third half-way between the
subcentral one and the lower suture. The two lower ones
are both larger and more projecting than the less distinct
upper one, and this, coupled with a slight filiform sub-
margination of the base (eventually appearing upon the
body as a fourth subgranose or imdulated ridge, below
which the shell is horizontally compressed, and either
smooth or merely marked with faint continuations of the
longitudinal sculpture) gives a kind of subimbricating look
to that portion of the volution, and causes the posterior
end of the succeeding whorl to seem slightly concave.
The mouth, exclusive of the rather short but decided and
prominent canal in which it terminates anteriorly, and
which bends abruptly to the left, is somewhat squarish in
shape, rather longer than broad, and very small, occupying
merely a fifth of the entire length, and about one^ half only
of the basal diameter. The outer lip is simple, acute,
and nearly straight, forming an angle with the scarcely
convex basal margin. The pillar is short, and devoid
of sculpture, but is slightly raised at its anterior edge.
The throat is apparently smooth, except from indentations
caused by the external ridges. A third of an inch in
length, and a tenth of an inch in breadth are the dimen-
sions of our largest perfect example, but fragments in-
dicate the attainment of the species to a somewhat larger
size.

It was first dredged in fifty fathoms water between
Fair Island and the mainland of Zetland (E. F. and
B. M^Andrew). It has also been taken in eighty-two
fiftthoms on the east coast of Zetland.

200 CERITHIADJL

SPURIOUS.

C. 008TATUM, Da Costa. f

Siromhts eo$latui^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 118, pL 8, £ 14. — Pcltknst,

HoteluDs, Hirt. Donet, p. 42. — Dokov. Brit Shdk,
ToL iii. pL 94. — Mont. Test. Brit. toI. L p. 255 ; Soppl.
p. 169. — Maton and Rack. Tnmi. Linn. Soc yoL Tiii.
p. 142. — Rack. Donet Catalog, p. 46, pL 14, f. 14.—
Tubt. Conch. Diction, p. 165. — Diixw. Recent SheOa,
ToL ii. p. 678. — Wood, Index Tettaceolog. pL 25, f. 43.
„ turbo/onmt^ Mont. Test Brit SappL p. 110, pi. SO; t 7.
CtrUkmm oaiaiMm, Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 857. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 192.

— Hanlbt, Young Conch, p. 79.
M tur^formef Flbmino, Brit Anim. p. 857. — Brit Marine Caich. p. 198.
„ La/imdu, Kxbnkr, Coquillea Vivantes, Cerith. p. 97, pi. 24, f. 8 (aa of
MiCHAUD, Bull Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 1829, pL 5, £ 7, 8,
which we cannot now refer to).
„ ambiffuum^ Adams, Synopsis Conch. Januuc. p. 4, (firom types).

Turreted, simply tapering, rather thin, not polished, of an
uniform chestnut brown when dead, but when aliye of an iron
grej, with the raised sculpture, especially in the middle of the
whorls, of a paler cast, adorned with fine and somewhat curved
longitudinal ribs that yary greatly as to strength and number
(we counted seventeen on the penult turn of a characteristic ex-
ample) but are always narrower than their intervals, and more
densely disposed upon the lower volutions. These ribs sometimes
extend the whole length of each whorl, but more frequently
abruptly cease just before the profound or even excavated suture,
that, for the most part, is surmounted by a single slightly raised
generally interrupted spiral costella, which winds from the upper
comer of the aperture to nearly the anterior base of the outer lip,
and serves as a limit upon the body to the longitudinal ribs ; the
surface below it, when not traversed, as it often is, by an adjacent
similar but less prominent threadlike line, is smooth or nearly sor
Occasionally the continuity of the ribs is disturbed by two or
three obscure spiral sulci which give them a slightly granular
appearance. There are about eleven simply and moderately
ventricose whorls, which are usually a little angulated above ;
they are not furnished with varices except a single broad white

CERITHIUM. 201

one that margins the outer lip of fully matured individuals.
The mouth occupies about a fourth of the entire shell, has a
roundish subquadrate shape, and is very nearly as broad as it is
long. The edge of the much arcuated outer lip is at first in-
curved and then convexly projects towards the base of the shell.
The throat is smooth. The pillar is nearly straight, and oflen
pallid : there is no canal at its extremity but merely a sinus.
Length fully five lines ; extreme breadth a line and three
quarters.

A common W. Indian shell; introduced by Da Cotta as
Cornish, The variety turboforme was constUvJted from Rpecimens
in which the revolving basal thread was obscure, or not present,
and the ribs coarser than usual ; the advisability of suppressing it
as a species was suggested by Montagu himself.

G. suBULATUM, Montagu.

Murex subtdatus^ Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 115, pi. 30, f. 6. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 96. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 7A9. —
Wood, Index Testae, pi. 28, f. 168.
Terebra ntbulata (not Lamarck), Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 347.
Cerithium mbuiatum (not Lamarck), Brit. Marine Conch, p. 194.

elegans, Blainv. Faune Franq. Moll. p. 159, pi. 6, a. f. 9. — Dksh.
Anim. s. Vert. vol. ix. p. 323 (probably).

Subulate, tapering regularly from base to apex, not very
strong, not varicose, pale squalid yellow, with a single very dark
brown narrow band winding along the top of each turn, and
passing slightly over the narrow suture ; bas^ of the body of a
similar dark colour. Whorls very numerous (we counted four-
teen on our largest example), extremely short, very slowly in-
creasing in length, so fiat that the lateral outlines of the shell
are nearly rectilinear, adorned above and below with a row of
horizontally compressed concatenated blunt granules, that are
equally numerous, but slightly larger, on the base. The inter-
vening central area, which to the eye seems smooth, is traversed
by scarcely raised rounded longitudinal costellse (one for each
granule, and in continuous lines with them), and is at least half
as long again as the larger grains : a very fine revolving line suc-
ceeds the upper series of granules upon two or three of the lower

VOL. III. D D

202 CEKITHIAD^.

whorls in the burger individuals, and becomes slightlj granular
upon the body whorl. This last, which is furnished with an
additional revolving belt, is angulated at the commencement of
its basal declination ; its base is so compressed that it is flattened
or even concave. The mouth is very small, about a fifth of the
entire length, and somewhat square ; it terminates anteriorly in
a rather short but decided canal ; the pillar is dusky, very
strong, twisted, and, at its extremity, is rather obscurely and
very minutely plicated across in a spiral £&8hion. The length is
quite four lines, the breadth merely one.

A raUier scarce W. Indian shell; introduced hy Monloffu as
taken hy Laskey in the Sound of Mull.

0. FuscATUM, Linnaeus.

List. Hist. Conch, p. 122, t 20.
Murea /u9oaiu9^ Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,p. 1225 (from type). — Pult. Hutchins,

Hist. Dorset, App. p. 43. — Mont. Test Brit. p. 269. —
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 47. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 96.
Cerithium radvla^ Bruguij^rs, Encycl. Method. Vet's, yoI. i. p. 491. — Lam.

Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 293.
Murew „ Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. u. p. 754.
M fframdatiu^ Wood, Index Testae, pi 28, f. 160.
Terebrafiuoaia^ Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 346 ?

A common African species ; introduced hy FuUeney as found
after a violent storm on the shore near Weymouth, The Turbo
tuberculatus of Pennant {ed. 4, vol, iv. p. 129, pi. 82, /. Ill*
copied. Brown, 111. Conch, pi. 5, f. 67) from t/ie Northumbrian
coast, is generally t and with prohabUity, regarded as a worn and
imperfect individual of the same species,

Mblania Matoni, Gray.

Lister, Hist Ckinch. pi. 120, f. 15.
Murea/uacuaf Omelin, Syst. Naturae, p. 3561 (in port).

„ /iucatiu^ Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. voL viii. pi. 4, f. 6 (no
description).
Melania Maiotti, Gray, Miscel. Zoolog. p. 10.

M fi^9ca, Philippi, Neue Conch, vol. i. p. 59, Melan. pL 2, f. 1.

An African theU^ figured hy Maton and Rackett as from
WeymouHi.

203

SCALARIADiE.

Thb wentle-trap, once famous for the enormous value set
upon it hy collectors, and always remarkable for its beauty,
constitutes with its allies a small group, of which the genus
Scalaria is the type. In this family a spiral shell with
an entire aperture is combined with an animal whose head
is not produced into a muzzle, but furnished with a re-
tractile trunk. The sexes are distinctly separated. The
eyes are immersed at the external bases of subulate ten-
tacula. The dentition of the lingual riband is very pe-
culiar; there is no central denticle, but transverse rows
of teeth formed of unguicular, simple uncini. The animals
of this family are probably predacious.

SCALARIA, Lamarck.

Shell spiral, pyramidal or turreted, firm, often strong
in texture, ornamented with rib8, ridges, or varices, which
cross the whorls in the direction of the length of the
shell, smooth, or spirally striated between them. Mouth
rounded, often subangulated below, lip thickened and
entire. Operculum corneous, paucispiral.

Animal having an angularly lunated head, with two-
approximated long pointed tentacula; eyes immersed at
their external bases ; mouth inferior, with a retractile
trunk ; mantle a rudimentary siphonal fold, simlpe-edged ;

204 SGALARIADiE.

foot obtusely triangular, not cirrhated posteriorly, grooved
below, furnished in front with a fold or mentum.

Nearly one hundred species of this genus have been
described. The majority inhabit tropical regions; the
researches of Mr. Cuming among the Philippine Islands
have made us acquainted with a great part of them.

S. TuRTONis, Turton.

Variegated ; ribs depressed, mostly very narrow, but with a
few broader ones intermingled ; interstices with very fine spiral
striulse.

Plate LXX. fig. 1, 2.

Turbo TarionU^ Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 208, f. 97.

Sealaria Twrloni^ Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 311. — Couch, CorniBh Fauna,

pt. 2, p. 56. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 157. — Brown, lUnst.
Conch. O. B. p. 21, pi. 57, f. 7- — Blainvills, Fanne Fraa-
qaise, Moll. p. 317.
„ communii^ var, Eisner, Coqoilles Yivan. Scalar, p. 1 8, pi. 4, f. 10, b.
„ iermicostaia, Michaud, Bull. Lin. Soc. Bordeaux, 1829, p. 260, f. 1. —

Blainv. Faune Franqaise, Moll. p. 318. — Potikz and
Mich. Oalerie Douai, Moll. p. 345. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil.
vol. ii. p. 145.
„ 'furUmia^ Sowbrby, Thesaur. Conch, vol. i. p. 100, pi. 34, f. 106, 107,

108. — Alder, Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 48.
„ planicosUi, BivoN. Nuov. Qen. e Spec. Conch, pi. 2, f. 13 fide

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 168, pi. 10, f. 4. — Dbsh.
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. ix. p. 77.

Notwithstanding that the present shell approaches the
succeeding in general aspect, its essential diiferences are
of easy recognition. It is of a rather produced turreted
form, strong, rather opaque, imperforate, moderately glossy,
and indistinctly encircled, on a livid ground, with inter-
rupted bands of chocolate-colour ; of these, there are two
on each whorl, and a third additional one near the base
of the body, which exceeds the rest in breadth and in-

SOALARIA. 205

tensity. The raised sculpture has, for the most part,
a more fulvous cast. Exotic specimens are more fre-
quently of an uniform chocolate-brown. About twelve
depressed ribs, that instead of uniting in one continuous
row with those of the previous or following volutions,
spread out laterally above, run almost perpendicularly
across the whorls, and reach the extreme base, which
is not girt by any spiral belts or sulci. These cross-
bars, as they are often termed, are simple, round-topped,
and principally narrow and quite smooth, but mingled
with them are also present some broader varices, that,
from the longitudinal wrinkles upon them, look as though
they were composed of two or more united oostellse. The
broad interstices, although apparently smooth to the un-
assisted eye, exhibit most delicate and closely disposed
spiral striulse, when examined by a lens of the most
moderate power. The number of turns ranges from twelve
to sixteen, the former is the more frequent; they are
rather short (their breadth being nearly twice their
height), but little oblique, enlarge gradually but per-
ceptibly, are moderately rounded but not swollen, and
are closely connected to each other, their sutures not
being excavated as in commimisy &c. The aperture is
rounded, oval, longer than broad, occupies about two-
ninths of the total length, and rather more than half
the basal diameter; it is neither oblique nor much pro-
jecting, and its peristome is considerably and nearly equally
thickened throughout. The average length of British
specimens does not exceed an inch and a half, and the
breadth half an inch. Turton, however, mentions one
which measured two inches and a half, by three-quarters
of an inch. Mediterranean examples are much smaller
and have usually only nine or ten cross-bars.

206 SGALAKIADJE.

We have no note of the animal of this species. Its
tongue is described by Loven, who states that there are
no axile teeth, but unguicular, somewhat broad, anteriorly
produced, simple uncini.

It is a rare species, chiefly southern and western,
though occurring o£F Whitburn (Alder) ; and Scarborough
(Bean). It has been taken at Exmouth (Clark) ; Tenby
(Jeffreys) ; Burrow Island and Laugheme (Barlee). Clyde
province (E.F.). In Ireland it has occurred in a few loca-
lities, from Youghal (B. Ball) to the County Down north-
wards, on the eastern line of coast ( W. Thompson) ; Cork
and Bantry (Humphreys) ; Arran in Ireland (Barlee).

It ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean.

S. COMMUNIS, Lamarck.

Variegated ; ribs prominent, oblique^ of uniform size, their in-
tervals quite smooth ; sutures excavated.

Plate LXX. fig. 9, 10. -»

Pl ANGUS, Conch. Minus Notis, pL 5, f. 7. — Oinanni, Opere
Posth. pi. 6, f. 64.
Turbo dathrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (not 12), p. 765 (partly).— Psnn. Brit.
Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 129, pi. 81, f. 111. — Pultbney, Hut-
ehins. Hist. Dorset, p. 45. — Mont. Test. Brit. yol. ii. p. 296 ;
Suppl. p. 120, animaL — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc
vol. viii. p. 170, var. «. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 50. pi. 15,
f. 11. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 207. — Born, Testacea Mas.
Caes. Vind. p. 354. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 854. —
Wood, Index Testae, pi. 31, £ 90.
Stromffiformis clathratus^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 115, pi 7, £ 11.
Turbo datftraius, DoNOV. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pi. 28, £ 1, 2, 3.
Scalaria communis. Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) vol. ix. p. 75.— Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 156. — Blainv. Faune FnuKj. Moll. p. 314. —
Desh. Encycl. Method. Vers, vol. iii. p. 931, var. a. —
Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 167, pi. 10, f. 3 ; vol. ii.
p. 144. — KiBNRR, Coquilles Vivant. Seal. p. 12 (partly),
pi. i. f. 2, and pi. 4, f. 10. — Sowbrby, Thesaor. Conch,
vol l p. 85, pi. 32, f. 18, 19, 20.

SCALARIA. 207

Soalanii deUhnu^ Sowbaby (not Dekay), Oenem Shells, Seal, £ 2. — Flbmino,

Brit. Animala, p. 311. — Rbbvk, Conch. Systemat pl.210, f.2.
Encyclop. Method. Yen, pi. 451, 1 8.

The name elathrm^ although prior, cannot be retained,
since LinnsBos, after having most inadequately defined a
species, so named in the tenth edition of his '' Systema/'*
bestowed the appellation, in his final edition of the same
work, upon a yery different exotic Scalaria.

To economize space we shall merely mention the chief
particulars in which this well known species differs from
the preceding. The shape is, for the most part, less
produced, and whorls, which are usually but ten in num->
ber, are more oblique, and so profoundly separated from
each other, as almost to appear disconnected. The cross-
bars, of which there are generally from eight to ten,
of uniform size on each volution, project beyond the
suture, and attach themselves to those of the previous
turn, so as to form several continuous series from the
apex to the base. They are rather laige and prominent,
obliquely disposed, laminar, and not erect, but laterally
reflected ; their intervals are quite smooth. The colour-
ing is whitish or pale fawn, variegated in the intervals
of the costae with purplish liver-colour, and spotted,
band-fashion, upon the cross-bars, but these bands are
not continued in the intervening spaces. There exists
a small solid variety, * on which the coloured markings are
almost entirely obsolete, and the cross-bars are peculiarly
thickened. In some of the Neapolitan examples, on the
contrary, the colouring matter is so profusely disseminated,
that the shell appears speckled with white on a ground
of rich chocolate colour.

The dimensions are generally inferior to those of the
preceding species.

208 SGALARIADiE.

The operculum is rather concave, ovate, with three
volutions terminating in a nearly central nucleus.

The animal (which was long ago examined by Mr.
Clark) has a short and broad head, with a vertically
cleft centre, from which it protrudes frequently a long
thick white retractile proboscis. The tentacles are long
and slender, with eyes at their external angles on very
slight bulgings, or nearly immersed. The foot is narrow,
subtriangular, grooved beneath throughout its length, and
bears on its caudal extremity a subispiral dark homy
operculum, on a thin membranous lobe. The colour of
the head, tentacles, and upper part of the foot, is blackish
grey, mingled at the margins of the foot (which is white
beneath) with a few white or pale yellow specks. Mr.
Alder describes a specimen taken alive by him at Torbay,
as having black tentacles, with the eyes on white spaces
at their external bases, the head streaked above with black,
as also the foot, which is slightly grooved down the centre.
The operculigerous lobe is large and produced at the sides.

This, though widely distributed, is a scarce species.
In the main it is southern ; Margate (S. H.) ; and a
single specimen from the fishing-boats at GuUercoats (Fryer,
fide Alder), are instances of its occurrence on the east
coast. Torquay (S. H.) in seven fathoms ; Dartmouth
(M'Andrew and E. F.) ; Exmouth (Clark) ; Plymouth,
Shellness, North Devon, Tenby, Swansea (Jeffreys) ;
Torbay (Alder) ; on both east and west of Ireland
(Thompson) ; Cork (J. D. Humphreys) ; Bantry Bay
(Jeffreys) ; Birterbuy and Arran in Galway (Barlee).
A coloured variety with sharper ridges has been found
near Swansea (Jeffreys) ; and at Exmouth (Clark).

It ranges to the Mediterranean, and is enumerated
among Scandinavian species by Loven.

SCALARIA. 209

S. GLATHRATULA, MoiltagU.

Uniform snow white ; ribs extremely thin and very numerous,
their interstices quite smooth.

Plate LXX. fig. 3, 4.

Turho dathratulus, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 297; Snppl. p. 124. — Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 208. — Dlllw. Recent Sheik, vol. ii.
p. 854.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 31, f. 92.
„ dathrtu, Ttii. fi, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 171,

pi. 5, f. 1 .
Sealaria daihratuta^ Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 311. — Clark, Zoolog. Journ.

vol. iii. p. 343 (animal). — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 157. —
Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 21, pL 8, f. 13. — Blain-
viLLs, Faune Fran^aise, Moll. p. 317. — Sowrrby,
Thesaur. Conch, vol. i. pi. 33, f. 47. — Sbarlbs Wood,
Crag MoUusca, p. 94, pi. 8, f. 19 (fossil).
„ minuta, J. Sowrrbt, Min. Conch, pi. 390. f, 3, 4 (fossil).
„ pule&dla, Phzlippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 168, pi. 10, f. 1 ; vol. il p. 145 ;

KiBNBR, Coq. Vivant. Sealaria, pi. 6, f. 19 ?

This small and delicately fragile shell is of a produced
turreted shape, of an uniform pure and glossy semitrans-
parent white, and adorned with extremely numerous (we
have counted twenty-two on the body- whorl) and remark-
ably thin, but not much elevated, simple longitudinal
costellas. Although laminar throughout, they exhibit, if
possible, still greater tenuity at the top of each volution,
where they are neither angular nor peculiarly prominent ;
they are scarcely at all oblique, and are divided by a pro-
found and but little slanting sutural line. Their intervals
are much broader, and quite smooth. The whorls, which
commence in a fine but not much pointed apex, and gra-
dually increase in length, are nine in number, of moderate
roundness, and rather short, the width of them being more
than twice their breadth. The body, for the most part,
only occupies one-fourth of the dorsal length ; the base

VOL. III. E E

210 SCALARIADA.

is imperforate, well rounded, and devoid of any spiral
carina. The aperture, which onlj constitutes one-fourth
to one-fiflh of the total length of the shell, has a rounded
oval contour; no external angulation is effected by the
junction of the outer with the pillar-lip. The peristome is
not otherwise thickened than by the lamina at the back of
the outer lip ; the shelly substance is thinly spread upon
the pillar-lip posteriorly, but in front it is more solid, and
the pillar becomes dilated and reflected at the base of the
shell. Our largest example is not half an inch in length,
and the majority of individuals do not much exceed four
lines and a half.

The animal of clathrattdus has been observed by Mr.
Clark and by' Mr. Alder. In most of its features it re-
sembles that of Scalaria eammtmis^ but has a more slender
foot and shorter, more obtuse tentacula. It is entirely
transparent white, speckled with opaque flakes of the
same hue. The anterior margin of the foot is deeply
grooved, the posterior extremity tapers to a slightly
rounded termination, and carries, on a simple lobe, a white
operculum of two very small and one very large whorls.
The hinder half of the sole of the foot is grooved longitu-
dinally and medially by a deep central depression.

This is a southern species and rare. It occurs at Herm
(S. H.) ; Devon (Clark); Torbay, Fowey and Falmouth
(Alder) ; Penzance (E. F.) ; off Lundy Island (M'An-
drew) ; South Wales (Jeffreys and Barlee). In Ireland
it occurs on east and west coasts in a few places (Thomp-
son) ; Cork harbour and Bantry Bay (Jeffreys) ; Kilkee
in Clare (Humphreys) ; Arran in Galway (Barlee).

lu the coralline crag of Sutton (Searles Wood).

SOALARIA. 2 1 1

S. ORCENLANDIGA.

Ribs separated by spiral ridges.

Plate LXX. fig. 5, 6.

Durto datkrut Grcmlaudunu^ Chkmn. Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 155, pi. 195,

f. 1878, 1879.
Scalaria planiooatat Kisnbb, CoquiL Viyant. Scalaria, p. 18, pi. 7, f. 21.

y, tMbuUUoy CouTHOUY, Boston Jl Nat H. vol. ii. p. 93, pi. 3, f. 4. —

Dbkay, New York Fauna, Moll. p. 125, pi. 6, € 125.
„ GrtaUandioa, Oould, Inyert. Massach. p. 249, f. 170\ — Skarlks

Wood, Crag. Molluaca, p. 90, pi. 8, f. 11 (fossil).
„ Oreenlandictk, SowsRBY, Thesaur. Conch, p. 101, pi. 34, f. 105, 110.
„ nmilU, J. SowBRBY, M. Conch, pi. 16 (fossil).

As onlj a fragment or two of this strongly featured
Scalaria has been taken in Great Britain, we have been
compelled to have recourse to foreign specimens, for our
drawing and description of this boreal species. The shell
is of a somewhat produced turreted form, strong, almost
opaque, or only a little translucent, of an uniform chalky
white, livid brown or bluish white tint, and never either
zoned or variegated by coloured markings; the ribs, however,
are often of a paler hue in the more lurid examples. From
eight to fifteen broad, simple, stout, flattened, and not much
slanting ribs, of which one or two on the last few whorls
are somewhat bigger than the rest, traverse the surface in
a longitudinal direction; on the upper turns, however,
they are mere lamellae. Their intervals, which, considering
the breadth of the ribs, are rather narrow than otherwise
(yet always much wider than the cross-bars themselves)
are occupied by from six to eight spiral ridges, that
are rounded, rather depressed, and closely packed. The
terminal one upon the body is bigger than the rest, and
running from the posterior end of the aperture, leaves
somewhat larger intercostal intervals, than those allowed

212 SCALARIADJS.

by the closeness of the preceding ridges. These small
areas are either smooth, or merely roughened by longi-
tudinal wrinkles, which latter are frequently present at the
base of the cross-bars likewise. There are nine or ten
whorls, which although somewhat flattened in surface, are
nevertheless profoundly and rather abruptly impressed at
the sutures, hence they are apt, at times, to assume a
slightly scalar appearance ; they are in close contact (the
superior ones are rather more loosely coiled), rather short,
the height being about half the breadth, and neither
quickly enlarging, nor peculiarly oblique. The body, or
final volution, occupies, when examined dorsally, about
one-third, when inspected ventrally, about three-sevenths,
of the total length : its base is rather short, imperforated,
and somewhat flattened. The aperture, which is of a
rounded oval figure, is equal to one-fourth of the total
length, and about four-sevenths of the basal diameter.
The external edge of the pillar-lip, which is convex, very
broad, and remarkably appressed, forms a tolerably dis-
tinct angle with that of the outer lip. Specimens are said
to attain to two inches and a half in length, a size far
beyond than of any individuals that have attracted our
notice.

Although hitherto merely fragments of this shell have
been discovered in our waters, the very peculiar character
of the sculpture at once indicated the species of which they
formed a portion.

Mr. M ^Andrew has added this species to the British
Fauna, having dredged the fragments above alluded to in
thirty-eight fathoms water off Duncanby Head, on the
north coast of Scotland. They have all the appearance of
being recent. It is a boreal and arctic form, and is well
known as a pleistocene fossil.

SGALABIA. 213

S. Treveltana, Leach.

Of an uniform orange pink or pale fawn colour, never pure
white ; no spiral sculpture ; ribs not quite laminar, though
narrow, usuallj about twelye, never exceeding seventeen.

Plate LXX. fig. 7, 8 ; and (Animal) Plate F F, figs. 1 to 3.

Socdaria TVeveiyctna^ Lkach, in Rainess Durham (no description). — Winch,

Annals Philosoph. toI. zx. (1822, New Series, yol. iv.) p.
434. — Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yoL t. p. 245. —
Johnston, Berwick. CInb, yoL i. p. 263.— Maclaurin,
Berwick Club, yol. ii. p. 40, — Brit. Marine Conch, p.
254, t 27.— Aldxr, Cat. MoIL Northumb. and Dnrh.
p. 48. — SowsRBY, Thesaur. Conch. yoL i. p. 100, pi. 35,
f. 129. — Lov^N, Index Moll. Scan. p. 16. — Skarlbs
Wood, Ciag Mollusca, p. 94, pi. 8, f. 20 (fossil).

The name Trevelyana appears to have first been pub-
lished in " Rainess Account of Durham/' and although the
Scalaria to which it was applied, was neither defined by
figure nor language, its specific individuality was recognised,
and the traditional epithet preserved in the cabinets of our
northern coUectors. The merit then of having constituted
this very distinct species, is conceded to Dr. Leach by the
courtesy of those who have described it, but had any
writer in the interim between its simple indication and
comparatively recent description, adequately defined it
under a different appellation, the name of the later author
must have been preferred.*

The shell is simply turreted, not very strong or trans-
parent, and of an uniform glossy pink cream or fawn
colour. From twelve to seventeen smooth, simple, not

* In justice to the memory of Dr. Leach, we must remark, that his manuscript
names were not bestowed on that haphazard appropriatiye principle that seems to
actuate certain curators of the minor continental museums, but were those ac-
tually applied by him to the several objects in his intended large work upon the
Mollusca of Great Britain, of which we have seen the unpublished proofs of
about one hundred pages, and about nine or ten engravings.

214 SCALARIADiE.

much elevated, ribs, that are mostly narrow, with here and
there a somewhat broader one intermingled, traverse each
whorl in a longitudinal direction, but neither form con-
tinuous series extending from the apex to the base of the
shell, nor surmount the cross-bars of the preceding volu-
tion. They are rather more solid below, and more ele-
vated, reflected, and laminar above, where they are not at
all appressed, but terminate somewhat abruptly and sub-
rectangularly. Their intervals, which are nearly smooth
(yet extremely fine distant spiral impressed lines, and
obsolete longitudinal close-set wrinkles, are here and
there apparent), are, upon the larger turns, twice, or
even thrice the breadth of the ribs themselves. The
whorls, which range from nine to twelve, are rounded,
rather short, the height not being above half the breadth,
and of slow enlargement. They are but little oblique,
and are well defined by a very deep suture, which is not
filled up (as in certain Scalaria) by any appression of
the cross-bars. The body, in middle-sized individuals,
occupies one-third of the dorsal length of the shell ; its
base is imperforated, devoid of any spiral ridge, and is
somewhat flattened; hence the front of the aperture
appears rather projecting. The mouth is rounded-ovate,
and occupies one-fourth of the entire length, and full four-
sevenths of the basal diameter ; the peristome is unequally
thickened, the lower or anterior end of the pillar- lip, which
is not appressed, but reflected, being rather the broadest
portion. The arcuated outer lip is a little flattened ante«
riorly, and forms a slight angle with the columella. The
examples we have described from do not exceed three
quarters of an inch in length, and do not exhibit the
highest number we have mentioned of either whorls or
ribs. A pale rose-coloured specimen of nearly twice this

SCALARIA. 215

size is mentioned by Mr. Maclaurin in his Appendix to
Dr. Johnston'*s interesting account of the Mollusca of
Berwickshire.

The animal, which we have examined in the Zetland
Seas, has long and pointed tentacnla with conspicuous
eyes immersed in bulgings or rather swellings at their
external bases. The mantle forms a distinct fold opposite
the lower angle of the mouth. The foot is rather narrow,
obtusely triangular, and, as in the other species of this
genus, is often carried considerably in advance of the head.
The body, head, and foot are white ; the tentacula are of
lilac purple, except their bases, which are white ; the oper-
culum is very dark brown, or nearly black. Mr. Alder
describes a Northumbrian example of this animal as being
flesh-coloured, spotted with opake white ; the tongue has
the denticles more slender and more curved than those of
8. Turtanis represented by Loven.

This is a northern species, and when found southwards,
as off the south-east coast of Ireland, occurs only on the
boreal outliers. It was first observed on the Northumberland
coast, where, according to Mr. Alder, it is rather rare in
the deepest water of the coralline zone. Shields (G. B.
Sowerby) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Berwick (Johnston) ;
in twenty-five fathoms off the Coquet ; in fifteen fathoms,
Eda Sound, in forty fathoms, shelly bottom on the east
coast, and fine specimens in from eighty to one hundred
&thoms, on an oozy bottom, west coast of Orkney
(Thomas) ; in eighty and eighty-two fathoms, sand, alive,
and in ninety and one hundred fathoms, dead, Zetland
(M^Andrew and E. F.) Magilligan on the north coast of
Ireland, and in the south at Cork (found by Mr. J. D.
Humphreys), (Thompson). Off Mizen Head in fifty-six
fathoms, dead; on the Nymph Bank, alive in fifty and

216 SCALARIAD^.

fifty-five fethomg, sixty miles from shore, and in sixty
fiEithoms off Gape Clear (M^Andrew).

Oat of Britain it is recorded as a Scandinavian species
by Lov^n. As a fossil, Mr. Searles Wood describes a
single specimen from the red crag of Sutton, and Lieut.
Thomas informs us that he dredged up two crag specimens
in the Wold on the coast of Norfolk.

SPURIOUS.

VERMETID^.

Of this fitmily, the true position of which is not exactly in this
place in the system, we have no British examples. The European
species are Mediterranean and Lusitanian. It is mentioned
here on account of having, once, by mistake, found, through a
spurious representative, a place in the British Fauna.

The Vermeiuf introduced as TWi&o pentangularis by Brown in the ** Memoirs
of the Wemeiian Society ** (roL ii. pt. 2, p. 622, pi. 24, f. 7, 8), has been sub-
sequently withdrawn, as exotic, by the author himself

217

PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

This family consists of a group of Gasteropoda^ which,
so far as shell is concerned, closely resembles Riasoa and its
allies, consisting chiefly of turreted species, sometimes
smooth, often polished and shining, not a few beautifully
ornamented with spiral and transverse sculpturing ; their
apertures are entire and not produced into a canal below ;
many of them have plications on the pillar-lip. The
animal which constructs these shells is, however, very
distinct, being furnished with a retractile proboscis like
Scalaria^ and having tentacles variously formed, bearing
eyes immersed at their bases. The tongue is remarkable
for being unarmed, a character which in all probability
holds good throughout the tribe. The Pyramidellida
present subjects of much interest to the student of ex-
tinct MoUusca, numerous forms bearing all the aspect of
being members of this family, occurring among the fossils
of even the oldest stratified rocks. Many of them are
gigantic compared with existing species, and the group, as
a whole, may be regarded rather as appertaining to past
ages than to the present epoch.

ACLIS. Lov^N.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, smooth or spirally stri-
ated, rarely with longitudinal striae; mouth oval or

VOL. III. p F

218 PYBAMIDELLIDiB.

rounded, pillar-Iip without folds, base often perforated.
An operculum.

Animal (according to Lov^n) with slender cylindrical
tentacula^ which are slightly swollen at their tips, and
have approximated bases, near the outer sides of which
the eyes are immersed ; the mouth is ftirnished with a
long retractile proboscis ; the tongue is probably unarmed ;
the foot is linguiform, truncate in front, where it is sur-
mounted and preceded by produced mentum ; the opercu-
ligerous lobe is ample, developed more on the right side,
where it is three or four plicated, than on the left, where it
forms a single rounded lobe.

This genus was founded by Loven for a shell which
appears to be congeneric, if not identical, with the Turbo
OBcaris of British authors. As yet the animal has been
met with by the Swedish naturalist only, and his account
of it places the type without doubt in the immediate
neighbourhood of Eulima. With it we have associated a
small group of shells which have been variously placed in
other genera, usually in Chemnitzia^ but which have the
ovate or rounded mouth and tumid volutions characteristic
of the shell of Aclis, Mr. Searles Wood has used the
name Alvania^ proposed by Leach, for this genus; but
judging from Mr. Gray's " List of Genera," the synonomy
o{ Alvania is doubtful, and certainly, as used by Bisso, it
became but another term for Rissoa. We prefer accord-
ingly adopting the clearly defined and well-founded genus
proposed by Loven.

The genus Memlia^ of Gray, has close relations with
Aclis^ but its true position and value can hardly be made
out at present.

ACLIS. 219

A. ASGARis, Turton.

Rather slenderly turreted^ spirally ridged throughout : suture
oblique ; mouth oval : axis imperforate.

Plate LXXXVIII. fig. 8.

Turbo ascaris^ Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 21 7.

Alwxnia aupraniHdOt Sharlbs Wood, Catal. Crag Moll, (teste S. W.)

Turritella tucarisj Hanl. Brit. Marine Conch, p. xlv. f. 21 (magnified, worn).

Pyramii aeuHssimut^ Brown, lUast. Conch. O. B. p. 15, pi. 9, f. 86 ?

AcUm iupranitida, Lov^N, Index Moll. Scand. p. 17 (probably; no deacription).

So rare is this minute but elegant species that we have
never seen more than three or four specimens of it. It is
of a tapering and rather slender turreted shape, thin, and
of a pure uniform white ; its lustre and transparency we
cannot speak of, not having examined the shells of living
examples. It is spirally ridged, with rather square-topped
narrow regular and equidistant ribs, whose intervals are
smooth, and sometimes twice as broad as the raised sculp-
ture. These ridges, which seem to continue, though less
prominently so, to the base of the body, are five in number
upon the penult and antepenult turns. The uppermost
one is occasionally rather less distinct than the rest ; the
lowest one is very near the oblique sutural line, which,
owing to the roundness of the volutions (about eight in
number) and the profundity of their slant both above and
below, is very strongly pronounced, though not canali-
culated. The longitudinal increase of the volutions is
rather quick ; the body is attenuated below, its basal
declination is gradual and rounded. The mouth is of an
obliquely oval shape, and occupies about a fourth of the
entire length : it is about half as long again as it is broad ;
is somewhat rounded, and not wide at the anterior base,
and is chiefly prominent at the posterior extremity. The

220 ptrjqudellidjE.

outer lip is simple, bat not thin, jnts oat nlhcr abruptly
abore, does not expand, and is not sinaated in outline.
The pillar-lip is moderately broad, reflected, hot not dosdy
appressed, is long, smooth (as is likewise the throat) and not
much curyed. The peristome is scarcely continuous, but
no angle is formed by the pillar (as in Turriidla) with the
base of the penult turn. There is no distinct umbilicus, but
at most a chink. The specimen we have chiefly described
from does not exceed the seventh of an inch in length.

All we know of the animal is contained in the generic
character, cited by Loven.

Turton first took it at Seafield in Ireland ; it has
since been taken in that country by Mr. Warren and
Mr. Alder on the east coast, and by Mrs. Hancock at
Bnndoran on the west ( W. Thompson) ; Burrow Island
(Eer, J. M. Beevor) ; Tenby (Jefireys). In eighty-two
fathoms, on sand, east of Zetland (M^Andrew). Some of
these localities may belong to the sacceeding shell, whose
identity with the present will probably hereafter be deter-
mined by the discovery of intermediate examples*

A. SUPBANITIDA, S. Wood.

Turreted-Bubconical^ smaller whorls, spirally ridged; lower
turns oithor wholly smooth, or smooth upon the upper third of
•aoh ; mouth rounded oval ; axis widely nmbilicated in the
adult.

PUte XC. f. 2, 3.

Alvanh iupmnitida^ Ssarlis Wood, Catal. Cng Moll.

M (ttourUt Skarlis Wood, Cng Moll. p. 99, pi. 12, f. 11.

We are indebted to the late Mr. Lyons of Tenby, for
the gift of some examples of this remarkable species, which

AGLIS. 221

Montagu had proposed to call Turbo per/orattM, In
general, the surface as it is found in cabinets is worn to a
state of smoothness, in these the sculpture is most distinct.
The shape is turreted-subconical, the spire rapidly taper-
ing to a very fine point, which, however, is not simple,
but distorted, as in the Chemnitzue. The shell is thin,
glossy, slightly translucent, and of an uniform white ; its
earlier volutions (the apical ones excepted) are adorned
with three narrow spiral ridges, which in one of our
examples continue throughout ten of the coils, but more
frequently are visible upon three or four alone; indeed,
from the abrasion of the majority of specimens it is difficult
at times to perceive more than the traces of their former
presence. The upper third at least of the ridged volutions
is quite smooth, as are likewise the narrow intervals of the
costellsB ; there seem, however, vestiges, in certain exam-
ples, of some obscure longitudinal pliciform wrinkles upon
the posterior portion of some of the last formed turns. In
our largest specimen, which measured three-tenths of an
inch in length, and about one-tenth in breadth at the base,
we counted twelve whorls : they are moderately rounded,
short, of rather quick lateral, but slow longitudinal en-
largement, slightly more tumid below than above, and
divided by a profoundly impressed but not canaliculated
suture, which is, perhaps, rather less oblique than in the
majority of shells. The basal declination of the body is
rounded, but rather abrupt ; the body itself is swollen, but
so far horizontally compressed (not flattened), on the
ventral side, as to show a kind of excavated space behind
the pillar leading to the very large and open umbilicus,
which perforation is, however, disproportionately small in
the immature examples. The mouth, which occupies
about two-sevenths of the total length, has a rounded oval

222 PTRAMIDELLIDiB.

contour, is not dilated, but projects anteriorly without
forming any peaked extremity. The peristome is con-
tinuous, or very nearly so. The outer lip is simple, acute,
and much arcuated ; its edge advances towards the base.
The pillar-lip is thin, narrow, rather elongated, curved, and
erect ; it curls slightly back, but is neither appressed, nor
decidedly reflected.

The animal has not been met with.

We regard the species as very rare, a specimen or two
only having been obtained in each locality daring each
research. Our best was dredged between Gruemsey and
the adjacent islet of Herm ; the coral sand of Bantry Bay
supplied us also with a few individuals (S. H.); Devon,
Tenby, Swansea, and Dublin fiay (Jeffireys).

A. UNioA, Montagu.

Aciculate ; with longitudinal costellsa, and spiral stri®.

PUte XC. fig. 4, 6.

Turbo umcut, Mont. Test Brit. yol. ii. p. 299, pi. 12, f. 2. — Maton and Rack.

TranB. Linn. Soc. vol. yiii. p. 174. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 209.

— DiLLW. Recent Shells, roL ii. p. 860. — Wood, Index Tetta-

ceolog. pL 31, f. 108.
7\irriteUa umeoy Flsmino, Brit. Animali, p. 303. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 190,

£35.
PpxtmiM unieus. Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 14.
Chemnitzia mimoo, Aldsr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Dnrh. p. 49.

This extremely fragile shell is aciculate in shape, taper-
ing, very thin, and of an uniform more or less shining
semipellucid snow-white hue. There are nine peculiarly
rounded whorls, that enlarge with moderate quickness,
are rather high, the height being usually to the width as
two to three, are strongly defined, but only separated by
a delicate and very oblique suture; the body viewed

ACLis. 223

dorsally occupies about three-fourths of the length ; if
examined ventrally, scarcely one-third ; the apex is mo-
derately pointed. The sculpture consists of extremely
numerous but not crowded, fine, and somewhat curved,
longitudinal costellse, whose broader intervals are crossed
by still finer close-set spiral striae, which latter likewise,
under the microscope, appear to be elevated. The base,
which is not compressed, but gradual in its slope, is
rounded, and in fresh individuals is not smooth, but ex-
hibits a continuation of the preceding sculpture, of which
the spiral lines are the more manifest : there is no perfora-
tion of the axis. The aperture, were it not for the interrup-
tion of the body, would be oval ; it occupies about one-fifth
of the entire length of the shell, and fully one half of the
basal diameter. The outer lip is simple, acute, and well
rounded in front ; the pillar is simple, gently curved, and
not distinctly reflected. The ordinary length is at most
the seventh of an inch.

The animal is unknown.

S. Devon (S. H.) ; Falmouth, Sandwich, Tenby, Swan-
sea, and adjacent bays (Jeffreys); Scarborough (Bean);
Northumberland (Alder) ; Cork harbour, and elsewhere, in
Ireland (Thompson).

A. NiTiDissiMA, Montagu.

Aciculate, smooth or with microscopic spiral striulsD : no longi-
tudinal sculpture.

Plate XC. fig. 6, 7.

Turbo niiidisnmw^ Mont. Test. Brit. toI. ii. p. 299, pi. 12, f. 1. — Maton and

Rack. TranB. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 175. — ^Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 217.

TurrUella nitidignma, Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 304. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 190, £17 (badly).

224 PTRAMID£LLID^.

Pyramis mtidunmm^ Brown, lUoBt. ConcL O. B. p. 15.

Chemmixia miidiaaima^ Aldsr, Cat MolL Northumb. and Darii. p. 49.

Although smooth to the naked eye, and represented as
such by the earlier writers, the surface of this shell, when
not abraded, displays beneath the microscope an exquisitely
delicate spiral lineation.

This graceful little species is very slenderly subulate,
almost indeed aciculate, extremely thin, and of an uniform
glossy and transparent snow white. Besides the hetero-
strophe apical coil, which is narrow and prominent, there
are eight volutions, which are most minutely and densely
striated throughout in a spiral direction, are of slow
longitudinal increase, and more or less high, the propor-
tion of length to breadth in the penult turn being some-
times as three to four, sometimes as five to eight. They
are moderately, but decidedly, ventricose, and almost
equally rounded above and below : the suture that
divides them is profound and slanting, or at least
moderately oblique. The body, whose axis is imper-
forated, is rounded at the base, but its declination is
rather quick. The mouth, which occupies a fifth of the
entire length, is simply oval, and is not distinguished
by any sculpture. The outer lip is acute, simple, and
not expanded ; the receding pillar-lip is curved, narrow,
and not distinctly reflected. Two lines is the AiU length
of individuals whose basal breadth is but the fifth of that
measurement.

The animal has not yet been observed, nearly all the
examples of this rare species having been procured from
shelly sand. Dr. Johnston has taken it at Gheswick
(Alder), which is almost the only recorded northern loca-
lity. Padstow (Rev. W. Molesworth from Dr. Good-
all) ; Falmouth, and Cork Harbour (Jefireys) ; Exmouth

STYLIFER. 225

(Clark) ; and Barrow Island (S. H.), have likewise fur-
nished it to collectors.

STYLIFER. Brodbrip.

Shell subglobose or conical, smooth and polished, manj-
whorled, the apex produced and styliform. Mouth sub-
ovate, acuminated above, rounded below; pillar-lip curved,
smooth. No operculum.

Animal with slender, cylindrical tentacula, the eyes
small and immersed at their external bases. Mantle (ac-
cording to Broderip) thick, fleshy, reflected on the last
whorls of the shell ; foot ample, long, linguiform, produced
and provided with a conspicuous mentum in front ; tongue
unarmed. A single branchial plume.

We are indebted for the first account of this most curious
animal to a highly accomplished British naturalist, who
has done much good service to malacology. The anoma-
lous shell termed Pharianella styli/era by Turton, was the
first species discovered ; it was placed in Velutina by Dr.
Fleming, who, however, predicted its probable generic im-
portance, and suggested the name Stylina, Among the
discoveries of the indefatigable Hugh Cuming, were several
species congeneric with the British shell, and like it para-
sitic on Echinoderms. The animal of one of these was
fortunately preserved. Since then the creature has been
observed and delineated when alive by Mr. Arthur Adams,
a gentleman whose researches during the later voyages
of Sir Edward Belcher have given him a worthy place
among British naturalists, and on our own shores by Mr.
Alder.

M. Alcide d'Orbigny in his " Pal^ontologie Fran9aise,^^
has suggested the union of Styli/er with Eulima^ and has

VOL. III. G G

226 PTKAMIDELLIDJfi.

speculated on the possible parasitic nature of the latter
genus. The habits and structure of Eutima are, however,
sufficiently distinct.

S. Tdhtoni, Broderip.

Plate XC. fig. 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate O O. fig. 5.

PkoiianeRa ttj/U/era, Turton in ZooL Joum. vol. ii. p. 367, pL 13, £ 11.—

Brit. Marine Conch, p. 1 86. — Brown, 111. Conch. O. B.
p. 10.
VdtOina „ Flbming, Brit. Anim. p. 326.

Styli/er 7'mrtoni, Brodxrip, ZooI. Proc. 1832, pt. 2, p. 61 ; Penny Cyclop.

ToL zziiL p. 179. — Alosr, MolL Northumb. and Durh. p. 45,
aDimaL
„ glcbomu^ Johnston, Ptoc Berw. Club, vol L p. 275.
ttyUfera, Brit. Marine Conch, p. XLIV.
agterieola^ Brown, IlL Conch. O. B. p. 133, pi. 10, £ 40, 41.

This, the only species of its genus, that has yet been
found in the European seas, is a small nearly globular
perfectly smooth transparent glossy and very thin shell,
rarely exceeding a little more than one-tenth of an inch
in length, and a slightly less diameter across the body-
whorl. It is of pale yellowish horn-colour, and occa-
sionally has a tinge of rufous towards the pillar-lip.
There are about five volutions ; that forming the body-
whorl is very ventricose, and large in proportion to the
others, constituting the great bulk of the shell ; the second
is comparatively small, and varies in dimensions in dif-
ferent specimens ; the third is very much less, and is also
variable, generally it is not longer than the terminal vo-
lutions, and with them forms a curious styliform process
constituting the apex of the shell. The apical whorl
is sometimes set obliquely but is not reversed. The suture
dividing the whorls is strongly marked. The aperture
is rounded ovate and entire ; it occupies two-thirds of

STYLIFER. 227

the length of the body-whorl ; the peritreme is incomplete,
and has a very thin margin ; at its superior junction with
the body it is slightly appressed and unites with it at a
rather acute angle; below, it widens out, and in the
lowest part is rounded with a slight obliquity towards
the axis. The pillar-lip is prominent, very slightly
thickened or marginated above, becoming thinner below ;
it is slightly reflected, and there is no trace of an umbi-
licus.

The only account of the animal is contained in Mr.
Alder^s Catalogue of the MoUusca of Northumberland
and Durham. ^' We lately obtained a specimen of this
species alive on the spines of an Echinus at CuUercoats,
but rather injured and in a very sickly state. We placed
it in a glass of fresh sea- water, hoping that it might recover
and display itself more distinctly; but in this we were
disappointed, as it soon died, and being left unlocked for
awhile^ had partially decayed. The animal was white, had
a rather large foot, without operculum, and a rounded
head with two cylindrical tentacles and minute eyes at the
(external or posterior) base. No portion of the shell was
covered by the fleshy parts, but we are not prepared to
say, that, in a state of vigour, the animal has not the
power of extending some part of the mantle or foot
over it.**' We have seen the preserved specimen.

It was first discovered on the spines oi Echinus sphara
at Torbay. Dr. Johnston has taken it in a similar situa-
tion at Berwick, and Mr. Alder and Mr. B. Howse on the
coasts of Northumberland and Durham. Mr. Jeffreys
has it from Cork, where it was taken by Mr. J. D. Hum-
phreys. It must be regarded as a very rare shell ; we
have never met with it, though seldom has an Echinus past
through our hands without a search being made for the

228 PYRAMIDBLLID^.

8tyli/er»* Mr. Alder informB us that it occurs on joang
sea-urchins. The exotic species bury themselves in the
skins of star-fishes*

EULIMA. R1880.

Shell elongated, lanceolate or subulate^ surface smooth,
polished; spire produced, many-whorled, apex acute; mouth
OTato-pyriform, pointed above, rounded below ; pillar-lip
gently curved, smooth ; pillar imperforate ; operculum sub-
pyriform, corneous, imperfectly spiral.

Animal with two subulate tentacula, having conspicuous
eyes immersed at their posterior bases, which are approx-
imated ; mouth furnished with a long retractile proboscis ;
tongue unarmed ; foot linguiform, produced in front, where
it is truncated, and doubled above the frontal margin by a
bilobed mentum or fold ; the operculigerous lobe developed
at the sides into more or less ample even-edged unequal ex-
pansions or lobes. Branchial plume single. Mantle with a
rudimentary branchial fold. Male organ small, flat, falcate.
All the animals of this genus creep with the foot greatly in
advance of the head, which is almost always concealed be-»
neath the edges of the aperture of the shell, the tentacula
only protruding.

More by chance than through knowledge, Bisso, whose
writings have done much to confound and obscure mala-
cology, proposed a good genus in EuUma^ a group of mol-
lusks remarkable for the beauty and delicacy of both their
hard and soft parts. Species are now known from most
seas, and as the deeper waters are more and more sub-
mitted to exploration the number will doubtless be consi-

* Mr. JeflfreyB informs us that the Stylina tb/Ufera of MacgiUivniy (Moll.
Aberd. p. 343) was described from a young exotic, Bulimu* (!) that had been
picked up with ColumbeHa merocUoria.

EULIMA. 229

derably increased. In the fossil state many EuUnut are
met with, even in the older formations.

The animal of Euiima was first made known by
Philippi. It has since been examined and described by
several malacologists. Yet, strange to say, by more than
one recent writer it has been treated as amongst those im-
perfectly understood groups of which only the shell has as
yet been made known.

E. POLiTA, LinnsBus.

Moderately large, lanceolate, solid, uniform white, scarcely at
all arcuated, not compressed : mouth ovate or oval, but peaked
above.

Plate XCII. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate K K. figi. 2 and 8.

Hdim polUay Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241 (probably). — Pultbnxy,
HatcbinB, Hiit. Donet, p. 49. — Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii.
p. 398; Suppl. p. 141 (chiefly). -.- Maton and Rack. Trani.
Linn. Soc. toI. yilL p. 210. — Rack. Donet Catalog, p. 55, pi. 19,
f. 15.
Sirombi/ormit albm. Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 116.
Turbo albiUy DoNOV. Brit. Shells, toI. t. pi. 177.
„ polUu9, TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 21 7 (chiefly). — Dillw. Recent Shells,
Tol. ii. p. 881.~WooD, Index Testae, pi. 32, f. 159.
Ristoa Bofon, Patkxaudbau, Moll. Cone, p. 112, pL 5, 1 15, 16.
Pkatiandla polUa, Flimino, Brit Animals, p. 301.
Melama Boteiij Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 157.
Eulima AnffUoOf Sowbrbt, Zool. Proc. 1834 ; Conch. Illnst Enl. f. 8.

„ poUia^ Brit Marine Conch, p. 187, f. 49. — Baown, lUust Conch. G. B.
p. 14, pi. 9, f. 59, 60. — Dbsh. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii.
p. 453.— Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. pi. 209, f. 5. — Philippi, MoI).
Sicil. Tol. iL p. 1 34. — Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Mollusc, rol. i.
p. 96, pL 19, f. 1 (fossil).

The chief character by which the shells of this genus
are distinguishable from each other is the proportion of
their parts. For all the species are alike lustrous, smooth,
and flat-surfaced, and very few of the known species
are otherwise than snowy white. Hence considerable

230 PY&AMIDELLID^.

difficulty must ever exist in ascertaining the exact limits
of each species, and indicating them by language.

The present shell, by far the largest of our British
species, is lanceolate, with a moderately broad base, the
average length being to the breadth as three to one, or
seyen to two. It is never much arcuated, though often
slightly so in its upper volutions and earlier stages of
growth. It is strong, perfectly smooth, highly polished,
not compressed, and of an uniform ivory or cream white,
that often displays, from the semi-transparency of the
earlier turns — the lower whorls are opaque from their
superior solidity — the various hues of the animal inha-
bitant. The spire, whose sutund line is perceptible enough
for the genus, and a little slanting, consists of about eleven
whorls, that are not absolutely flat; though very nearly so,
are of slow longitudinal increase, of moderate enlarge-
ment in breadth (in the earlier turns, for the body and
penult are almost subcylindrical) and moderately short,
the dorsal breadth of the penult being just twice its length.
The body is half as long again as the preceding turn, and
occupies about two-sevenths of the total length ; its basal
declination in the adult is very gradual and moderately
rounded. The mouth, which scarcely fills one-fourth of
the entire length, is acuminated above, but is otherwise
oval, and not attenuated, but moderately rounded below.
The outer lip is rather thickened, and is either straightish
or very slightly sinuous above ; it arches and advances
below, where it pouts out more or less towards the base.

The inner lip is rather broadly reflected over the pillar,
which latter occupies one half of the length of the mouth,
and forms an angle with the base of the last turn. Our
largest example measured thirteen lines long, and was
three lines and a quarter in breadth.

EULIMA. 231

An abbreviated variety is taken in the North, which
differs from the more characteristic individuals, in the
greater rapidity with which the shape widens, and the
consequently less cylindraceous shape of the body-whorls,
and greater abruptness of the basal declination. The
suture is rather more indistinct.

Notwithstanding the very different look of the more
strikingly dissimilar Loch ¥jne specimens, that are usually
termed nitida by collectors, and which somewhat re-
semble the shell so named by Philippi (Moll. Sicil. vol. i.
pi. 9, f. 1 7), but not the original figure in the '' Annales
du Musee^' (vol. viii. pi. 60, f. 6), which is very much more
slender, we are unable to discern any absolutely permanent
characters of sufficient importance to authorize their sepa-
ration from polita. They are generally, however, more
regularly subulate (yet variable as to relative length and
breadth), as the body is rather less cylindraceous. The
suture, besides, is more horizontal, and more clearly pro-
nounced, the whorls, especially the final one, more disposed
to convexity, and the outer lip more symmetrically arcuated.

The animal has a rather narrow head, flanked by two
subulate tentacula with approximated bases, upon which
are borne the conspicuous sessile eyes, a little to their
outer sides ; on one side of the neck in the males is a
small, slightly fisdcate, flattened process. The mantle is
even-edged, and opposite to that part of the lip of the
aperture of the shell which corresponds to the canal in
the siphonated univalves, it is slightly produced and formed
in a very rudimentary respiratory fold. The foot is long
and much produced in advance of the head, and margined
by a bilobed mentum or frontal fold ; it is angulated, but
not acutely, in front, and obtusely pointed behind. The
sides bear two unequally developed, rather obscure lateral

232 PYRAMIDELLIDJB.

lappets, homologouB with the winged processes of the
sides of the opercoligerons lobes in Bitsoa. The opercu-
lam is horny, yellow, nnsymmetrically pyriform, and
marked by lines of growth.

There are two yarieties of this animal ; the one usually
regarded as the typical, E. polUa^ has bright golden yeUow
tentacles ; the spaces around the eyes are colourless ; the
crown of the head is tinged with yellow; the bilobed
mentum is bordered with a conspicuous line of golden
yellow ; the rest of the animal is white. The other
(nitida of British collectors) has the entire animal white,
except a pink space surrounding the eyes. We have
figured both yarieties, but confess ourselves unable to dis-
tinguish between their shells.

This beautiiul shell is sparingly distributed in irom seven
to fifty fathoms, on a sandy bottom, along the southern
and western coasts of Britain, and all round Ireland. It
is found also on the east coast of Scotland. It appears
to be most abundant on the south coast of Ireland, but is
also sufficiently common in some of its Scottish localities.
In twenty-five fathoms off the Coquet (Thomas). Scar-
borough (Bean).

It ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean, and oc-
curs fossil in both coralline and red crags«

E. DierroRTA, Deshayes.

Small, pure white, usually distorted and compressed, otherwise
very slender ; spire more or less curved ; edge of outer lip greatly
arched.

Plate XCTT. fig. 4, 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate K K. fig. 4.

HelU pofUa^fiy, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 398 ?

Mdama ditU^rta^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. rol. i. p. 168, pL 9, f. 10.

EULIMA. 233

Eidima distorta^ Dma. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. viii. p. 454. —

Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist yol. xiii. p. 432. — Jbfp. Ann. N.
H. YoL xix. p. 311 (no descrip.).— Aldbr, Moll. Northmnb.
and Dnrh. p. 46. animaL — Philippi, Moll. Sidl. toI. ii.
p. 135.
n poliia, Macoilliv. MoU. Aberd. p. 142?

It is probable that what Montagu, Turton, and other
British writers have regarded as the firy of polita were
adult specimens of this small and strange-looking species.
There appear to be two principal varieties ; one abbre-
viated, longitudinally compressed, and greatly arcuated ;
the other scarcely compressed or curved, and much more
slender. Both of them are pure white shells (with bright
scarlet specks when the animal is in them), and exhibit the
general characters of polita. The former approaches it
closely in shape, but may be distinguished by its compres-
sion, curvature, and small dimensions ; its mouth too is
slightly more produced, and its inner lip is almost devoid
of angularity.

The Clyde variety (!), gracilis^ is much more elongated
and bears a strong resemblance in general figure to suhulata^
from which its smaller size, its quicker basal declination,
its shorter penult turn, and less produced body, the basal
pouting of its outer lip, and the almost invariably greater
or lesser curvature of its spire suffice to distinguish it. The
typical characters of distorta are, however, less intensely
present, the compression being scarcely perceptible, and
the distortion by no means striking. These straighter
individuals differ from polita by their minuteness, their
much more slender proportions, &c. A third of an inch is
as much as specimens usually attain to in length ; in the
bent typical form the breadth is not much more than a
third of this ; the width in the slender and straighter
examples is often not even a single line.

VOL. Ill, H H

234 PYRAHIDELLID^.

The animal which we haye examined alive at Bound-
stone Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, has rather longer
subulate tentacula than its British congeners have ; the tips
of these organs are white, and the bases and about a third
of their lower parts of a brilliant vermilion colour ; the eyes
are large and placed within white spaces at the bases of
the tentacula. The sides of the neck are clouded with
vermilion. The foot, as usual long and produced in front,
and rest of the animal are white. The lateral flaps are
not greatly developed. The mentum is not marked by
any coloured line. Philippics figure and description of
the animal in Mediterranean specimens accords with our
observations. An example taken on the Northumberland
coast, and described by Mr. Alder, had a yellow body,
beautifully variegated with carmine, which formed an ir-
regular band on each side. The tentacles and foot were
white. Mr. Alder observes that the liver, as seen through
the shell, is green in distorta^ and purplish in poUta.

This species is probably sometimes confounded with the
young of other forms. It has a wide range in Britain,
Gruernsey, and Sark (Barlee); Exmouth (Clark) ; White-
sand Bay (Jeffreys) ; off the Isle of Man in thirty fathoms
(E. F.) ; Loch Fyne (Jeffreys) ; in eighty-two and ninety
fathoms, Zetland, and in twelve fathoms, Orkney, always
in sand (M^Andrew and E. F.) At Whitburn, on the
Northumberland Coast, taken by the Bev. G. 0. Abbes
(Alder). ^' On the east, west, and south coasts of Ire-
land "' ( W. Thompson) ; Arran in Gralway (Barlee) ; Ban-
try Bay and Cork harbour (Jefireys).

It ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean.

EULIMA. 235

E. 8UBULATA, DoDOYan.

Narrowly subulate^ usually pale fulvous, with an upper and
lower reddish yellow spiral band on each of the upper whorls,
and from three to six zones on the body : very rarely uniform
snow-white : mouth yery narrow, occupying one-third the total
length.

PUte XCII. fig. 7, 8.

Strtmbiformu glaber^ Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 117 (probably).
Turbo trifateiaitu^ AoAHfl, Trans. Linn. Soc yoL t. pi. ] , f. 13, 14 (probably).
„ nimtoHu, Dong v. Brit. Shells, vol. y. pL 172. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 218. — DttLW. Recent Shells, roL il p. 881 (partly).—
Wood. Index Testae, pi. 32, f. 160.
HeUm nArdata^ Mont. Test Biit. Suppl. p. 143 (not p. 142). — Maton and

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 210. — Rack. Dorset
Catal. p. 55, pL 19, f. 14.
„ favoemeta^ Mxo. MDrlp. Verhand. Berlin. Gesel. Nat. toI. i. pt. 4,

p. 216, pi. 8 (= 2), f. 6.
Mdama Cambeaedem, Patraud. Moll. Corse, p. 107, pL 5, f. 11, 12. — Philippi,

MolL SidL YoL i. p. 157.
JSulima mlmUUay Risso, H. N. Europe Mirid. rol. iy. p. 124, f. 39 (probably).—

DxsH. Lam. Anim. s. Vert vol. yiii. p. 455. — Philippi,
Moll. Sicil. yol. ii. p. 184.
MeUmia Dononam^ FoABis, Malac. Monens. p. 15.
Etdima lineata^ SowiRBr, Zool. Proc 1834, p. 8 ; Conch. Illust Enlima, f. 13.

Da Costa's name would undoubtedly have priority, could
we only positively decide which of the smaller British
EuUfMt he actually intended ; the evidence is in favour of
the present species, but we do not hold it advisable to
alter, where any uncertainty prevails, the specific appella-
tion by which a shell is generally known.

This and polita are the two most opposite and distinct
forms of the British Eulima. The shell we are about to
describe has a very slender subulate form, with a very nar-
row base, the average length being to the breadth as four
to one at least. It is rarely at all arcuated, is more or less
thin and semitransparent, quite smooth, and of a highly
polished, pale fiilvous tint, with three spiral zones of orange-

236 FYRAMIDBLLIDJS.

brown encircling the body, and two similar ones winding
round each of the lower tarns of the spire. Occasionally
the body-whorl seems adorned with six revolving lines,
from the outlines of the zones, the first of which lies a
little below the suture, the second in the middle, and the
third, which is broader than the rest, at the base of the
shell, being alone visible. The spire for the most part
consists of about nine or ten whorls, that are divided from
each other by a decidedly oblique suture, which is per-
ceptible enough on the superior volutions. The longitu-
dinal increase of these turns, which are decidedly high —
the penult not being much broader than it is long — is
moderately fast for the genus. The upper half of the shell
tapers rather quickly to a fine point; the two whorls
that form the lower half are subcylindrical ; the body is
half as long again as the penult, its basal declination is
convex and almost imperceptibly gradual. The mouth,
which fills one-third of the total length, is very narrow,
has an oblong acuminated shape, and contracts from its
well rounded basal extremity to a very acute posterior
angle. The outer lip is simple and acute; its edge is
nearly straight or very gently arched, and neither sinuous
above nor pouting at the base. The solid white and slant*-
ing pillar occupies more than half the length of the mouth,
and does not form an angle with the base of the penult
turn, but unites itself to it in a gently concave line. The
inner lip is prominently, though not broadly, reflected at
the base of the shell. Our largest example measured a
line and a half across, and seven lines in length.

Two fine specimens of a bandless snow-white shell,
which may possibly prove a distinct species, but to which
our description of subulata will otherwise apply (the
whorls are a little more convex), were dredged by Mr.

EULIMl. 237

M^AndreW) from a sandy bottom of eighty-two fiithoms,
thirty miles from the east coast of Zetland.

We hare examined the animal alive in Meditemwean
specimens. It has the usual elongated foot and subulate
tentacles of its congeners, but has the lateral lobes much
more largely developed, and somewhat obliquely placed.
The operculum is unsymmetrically pyriform, corneous,
thin, and has a slight involution, as if an effort towards
the formation of a spire at its rounded extremity.

This shell is distributed sparingly along the southern
and western shores of Great Britain, and around Ireland,
extending from Cornwall and Cork to Zetland, and inhabit-
ing in depth from ten to eighty &thoms. Mr. Bean states
that it occurs, though rarely, at Scarborough.

It extends its range to the Mediterranean, and dates
backwards in time to the coralline crag epoch.

E. BiLiKEATA, Aider.

Narrowly subulate, whitish, with two adjacent reddish yellow
lines encircling the lower half of the upper whorls, and the
middle of the final one.

Plate XCII. fig. 9, and (Ajiimal) Plate K K. fig. 5.

Helin tubulata^ Mont. Test. Brit. SuppL p. 142 (small yariety).

PhaiianeUa nimtaia^ Flucino, Brit. Anim. p. 301.

Ritioa M Johnston, Berwick Club, vol. i. p. 272.

Eulima „ Macgzll. Moll. Aberd. p. 142. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 188.
PyramU ^ Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 64, 65.

Eulima lineaia and bilineaiOy Aldbb, Moll. Northomb. and Durh. p. 47.

It is witii some hesitation that we adopt this shell as a
species, and rather in accordance with our principle of never
degrading a species from the rank it has once been ele-
Tated to, without palpable proof of its being a mere variety,

238 PTRAMIDELLIDJ&.

than from any conviction of colour alone constituting (al-
though in some genera, where the possible diyersities of
form and sculpture are limited, it perchance may) a suffi-
cient ground for specific distinction.

We haye never, however, seen any intermediate ex-
amples by which we could connect the painting of this
shell with that of subulata^ to which in other respects it
most closely approximates. The distinctions are thus indi-
cated by Mr. Alder. '' Two species appear to be included
under the name of £1, st^bulata. The smaller and much
more common species, has only two bands placed close
together in the centre of the body- whorl, with occasionally
a faint indication of another on the upper or lower margin.
The shell is thinner and more transparent than in the
larger species, the whorls less oblique, the lower one a little
more ventricose, the aperture not so much contracted, and
the columellar margin not quite so straight.^^ To this we
may add that in our own examples the bands are adjacent
and linear, and run along the lower half of each of the
upper turns, and round the middle of the body- whorl ; the
ground tint is white, and the base of the pillar, as well as
the revolving lines, are of a reddish yellow. We counted
nine whorls only in our largest specimen, which only
measured the third of an inch. Whether these last cha-
racters are permanent is more than we dare affirm, since
we have not seen very many individuals. As we refer
the lineata of Sowerby to the preceding shell, we have
used the epithet suggested as more appropriate by Mr.
Alder.

^^ The animal is white, with two long subulated ten-
tacles, approximating at the base, with the eyes immedi-
ately behind them. The foot extends a good deal before
the head, and has a bilobed flap on the upper surface in

OHEMNITZIA. 289

front, which appears to be common to the genus, as we
have observed it in all the British species. The head is
seldom protruded beyond the shell, which being transpar
rent, the animal can easily see through.^^ Alder.

In shell sand, rather rare on the Northumberland coast.
One specimen alive from the boats at OuUercoats (Alder).
Also dredged in the same province at Whitburn, by Mr.
Howse. Scarborough (Bean). Berwickshire (Dr. John-
ston). Exmouth (Olark). Herm, near Guernsey (S. H.).
Cork Harbour ; Bantry Bay ; Loch Fyne (Jeffreys) ;
Zetland (Barlee) ; several of the localities enumerated for
subulata^ to which it is very nearly allied, may probably
belong to this form.

CHEMNITZIA, Alcidb d*Orbiont.

Shell elongated, of many whorls, ribbed in the direction
of its length, often spirally striated, surface not polished.
Apex of the spire with a persistent embryonic sinistral shell,
forming the summit. Aperture oblong or subquadrate,
peristome incomplete, thin but solid, columella usually
toothless, rarely with a plication, straight, or nearly so.
Operculum corneous, pyriform, marked by lines of growth,
and having the imperfect rudiments of a spiral nucleus
at one extremity.

Animal with a broad head ending in a narrow bilobed
snout furnished with a retractile proboscis ; tentacula two,
triangular or ear-shaped, their inner bases connate or
nearly so ; eyes placed at the inner sides of the tentacula.
Tongue probably unarmed. Anterior and upper margin
of the foot furnished with a distinct fold, or mentum.
Foot triangularly lanceolate, short in proportion to the
length of the shell. Operculigerous lobe apparently simple

240 FTRAMIDELLID^.

(but, according to Lov^n, furnished with a minute conical
process on each side).

In retaining the name CAemniizia for a group of yery
beautiful and easily recognized little shells, it is necessary
that we should defend both the adoption of the assemblage
as a genus at aU, and, when we have done so, why we
give it the name proposed by M. Alcide d^Orbigny, in
preference to other appellations. Moreover, in using this
generic term, we are doing so in a somewhat peculiar
sense, bringing together in it not only Chemniizutj strictly
so called, but also certain species which hare been con-
stantly regarded as Odastomia^ in the restricted meaning
of the last named genus. On the other hand, we refer to
Odostomia, a few forms which are more usually regarded
as Chemnitzia.

Although the history and literature of true mollusks haye
been fully and ably discussed by our friend, Mr. Gwyn
Jeffreys, in his excellent Memoir *' On the recent species
of Odoetamiay^'* communicated to the British Association
at Swansea, and afterwards published in the ^^ Annals of
Natural History,^ it is neyertheless necessary to say a word
or two respecting the principal appellations applied to
them. Three authors haye regarded the ribbed shells here
described under Chemnitzia as forming a natural genus.
Bisso termed them Turhonilla^ adopting a manuscript
name giyen to them by Leach ; Lowe defined and deter-
mined admirably both animal and shell under the name
PartAeniaj and Alcide d'Orblgny constituted and defined
for them a group under the name of Ch&mnitzia, The
last name which stands second in point of date, but which
might be objected to, since, in the work in which it ap-
pears (the " Natural History of the Oanaries,^^ by Webb
and Bartholet), it is giyen to a subgenus of Melania^ has

CHEMNITZIA. 241

been most generally used of late as most convenient. To
this we assent, and deem it a sufficient reason, for, assuredly,
the name Turbonilla comes much too near the names
of other mollusks with which the shells before us have
no affinity.

But in adopting this restricted genus at all, we are
acting reluctantly in opposition to the views of several
eminent authorities who have devoted much and special
attention to the group and its allies.

Professor Lov^n, in an excellent paper published in the
proceedings of the Boyal Swedish Academy for 1846,
combines the mollusks composing the group Chemnitzia
and Odostomia^ under the name Turbonilla of Leach, and
gives a full and strict definition of both animal and shell.
Mr. Jeffreys, in his paper cited before, takes the same
view, but extends to the whole assemblage the name
Odostomia given by Dr. Fleming to the toothed species.
Mr. Alder and, we may add, Mr. Clark are inclined like-
wise to regard the Odostomia^ Chemnitzia, and Eulimella.
as one. The last mentioned name was given by Pro-
fessor E. Forbes to certain smooth and polished forms
previously referred to Chemnitzia.

There is no question that the animals of all these shells
are very similar to each other. Moreover there can hardly
be a question about the small value which should be at-
tached to the presence or absence among them of a fold
on the columella. But the polished and, as it were,
enamelled surface of the shell in the majority of so-called
Odoitomia, and in all the Eulimella^ is a character as-
suredly of consequence as a point of structure, and con-
spicuously accompanies other features. In the family of
Pyramidellaj the structure of the shell is assuredly of
generic importance in other instances, and we hold it to

VOL. III. I I

242 PTRAMIDELLIDJE.

be so ill this. Our proposed arrangement, then, is to
retain the name Chemnitzia for the ribbed shells without
tooth ; Odostomia for snch as are smooth or rarely pli-
cated, and if solid or enamelled, always toothed; and
Eidimdla for those with a smooth enamelled surface, and
no tooth on the straight columella. The apex in Chem-
nitzia seems, almost always, to consist of more coils than one.
Although existing Chemnitzi^B are all small shells, there
are fossil species belonging to this genus of considerable
dimensions. During the paleeozoic epoch, shells yery nearly
connected with this group liyed, and during the oolitic
epoch characteristic forms of it were not uncommon.
Those now in being are often of extreme elegance of
form and richness of sculpture. For the most part they
inhabit the laminarian zone in grayelly or stony places,
but some of them range to considerable depths, eyen to
one hundred fathoms and below. The genus appears in
the main to belong to temperate climates.

C. ELE6ANTI88IMA, MoutagU.

Slenderly-turreted, uniform white, with from nine to thirteen
flattened, or but little convex, whorls ; ribs strong, simple, ob-
lique, close, numerous (at least fifleen) ; no spiral sculpture.

Plate XCIII. fig. 1,2.

Turbo lactetu^ Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1238.?

„ eleffantissimusj Mont. Test. Brit. toL ii. p. 298, pi. 10, f . 2 ; Snppl.

p. 124. — ^TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 209. — Dillw. Re>
cent Shells, rol. ii. p. 856. — Wood, Index Testae,
pi. 31, f. 97.
y, aeulus, DoNov. Brit. Shells, vol. r. pi. 179, f. 1.
Helix elegantuaima^ Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viiL p. 209.
TurriteUa „ Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 303. — Potibz and Mich. Oal.

Donai, MolL vol. i. p. 281.
Mdania Campaneilm^ Philippi, Moll. SiciL vol. i. p. 156, pL 9, f. 5.

„ eUgantitsima^ Forbbs, Malac. Mon. p. 15.
Parthenia „ Lows, Proc. Zool. Soc 1840, p. 41.

CHEMNITZIA. 243

ChematUxia ekganUssima^ Philippi, MolL Sicil. toI. ii. p. 136.

„ ffracUis^ Philippi, MolL Sicil. vol. ii. p. 137, pi. 24, f. 11.

„ pusilla, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 224, pi. 28, f. 21.
Eulima ekffatUksima^ Macqilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 141.
Pyramis „ Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 61.

Odostomia ladea^ Jbffrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist new ser. vol. ii. p. 348.

From the uncertainty which must ever exist as to
whether the Turbo lacieus of Linnaeus was identical or
not with this graceful shell, we have preferred the appel-
lation under which the species was first clearly character-
ized and published. It is possible that Dr. Philippi, who
has evidently subdivided this species in his '^ Enumeratio
Molluscorum Siciliae,^^ may have been correct in so doing ;
but although we have shells on our own coasts that
decidedly accord with his descriptions and figures of pth
silla and ffrcLcilis^ we are not prepared to regard them
as more than varieties, until an enlarged knowledge of
their several inhabitants confirms their claims to specific
distinction. We will proceed, then, to describe the
larger or more typical form, and then point out the more
strikingly aberrant forms.

The shell, which is thin, semi-transparent, and of an
uniform glossy white, has a slender and produced-turreted
shape, that is not cylindraceous, but tapers with moderate
quickness to a fine but irregularly twisted apex. There
are from eleven to thirteen slowly enlarging simple (not
scalariform) volutions, which are decidedly narrow (occa-
sionally so greatly so that the width is twice the height),
plano-convex, and divided by a not particularly oblique
fine, yet strongly impressed, suture. They are longitudi-
nally traversed by very numerous (from sixteen to twenty
in general) and densely arranged oblique ribs, that are
more or less prominent and strong, sometimes a little
fiexuous, but not arched, and never crenated nor marked

244 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

with any gculpture whatsoever ; the interstices are likewise
quite smooth, and almost always, if not constantly, nar-
rower than the ribs. The base, whose surface is on a
level with the costse, is smooth, or only marked by lines
of growth, and is moderately rounded. The aperture,
which is subrhombic-oval, occupies from one-fifth to one-
sixth of the entire length of the shell, and rather more
than one-half the basal diameter. The outer lip scarcely
recedes in front, and is a little incurved posteriorly. The
pillar is straight, vertical, narrow, rather long, and forms
a distinct angle with the upper portion of the inner lip.
Our largest specimens measure three-eighths of an inch
long, and a full line at the broadest part.*

Both gracilis and pusilla are much smaller, and have a
lesser number of volutions (nine), which are rather higher
in proportion, than in the type. lu the former variety the
shape is more aciculate ; in the latter the form is more
cylindrical below, and more abruptly tapering above.
The animal is white.

This is by far the commonest of the Chemnitzia^ being
met with almost all round the coasts of the United King-
dom, though most abundantly on the Southern and
Western shores. It is dredged also in shallower water
than most of the other species ; hence it is more frequently
picked up dead on the sands. Its foreign distribution is
very extensive.

* The obacore Turbo tubareuaiui of Adams (Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. iii. p. 66,
pi. ] 3, f. 27, 28.— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 333.— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. Tiii. p. 185.— T(7RT. Conclu Diction, p. 230. — Pyramu 9. Brown, 111.
Conch. O. B. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 62) is supposed, and with much prohahility, by Mr.
Jeffreys to be merely a corred form of this species. The equally obscure Turito
carinatidtu of British compilers, constituted merely from a wretched drawing in
Walker's ^ Testaoea Minnta,** may possibly be a broken-mouthed example of this
shell likewise : it is certainly meant for a Chemnitzkiy but the species must be
conjectural.

GHEMNITZIA. 249

the circumference. The aperture, which

t one-seventh of the entire shell, is very much

broad, subrhomboidal, but well rounded an-

not sculptured internally. The outer-lip is

icute ; the pillar is rather long, nearly straight

) and very slightly twisted posteriorly. The

the largest individual we have seen, which

our lines in length, was only the sixteenth

cies was discovered by Mr. Jeffreys at Oxwich
Swansea, and has been taken at Shellness in
Mr. 6. B. Sowerby, and Bantry Bay by Mr.

G. FENESTRATA, Forbos aud Jeffreys.

whorls subangulated, encircled below with two re-
Is, longitudinally ribbed above.

Plate XCIII. fig. 6, 7.
'traia, Jxpfrbys, Ann. Nat. Hut. new ser. vol. ii. p. 345.

3cie8, observes Mr. JelBfreys, who was the first

■ this exquisitely sculptured shell, ^* was first

d named by Professor Edward Forbes at the

the British Association in 1846, but no account

igure of his Pyramit tpiroUnus (lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 15, pi. 9,
mach of the peculiar aspect of the CfenuAraia^ hut his description
n the identification : —

raptly tapering, with seven deeply divided, somewhat triangcdar,

a subcarina near the bwer margin of each, from whence they

le towards the suture ; provided with about fourteen rather strong,

l)Sy and these are crossed by numerous, rather wide, spiral striae,

11 a cancellated appearance, aperture suboval, slightly contracted

ip thin; pillar lip reflected on the columella. Length somewhat

ighth of an inch ; breadth about half its length.*^ The type was

he author £rom the beach at St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire.

K K

246 PYILLMIBELLIDA

reddish, with the spiral band indistinct, yet visible in
certain lights.

This species is of a slender prodnoed-turreted form, rather
thin, a little translacent, of a glossy yellowish- white or
flesh-coloor, and encircled with a single narrow band of
tawny orange, that winds between the inferior sntnre and the
middle of each whorl. The snr&ce is longitudinally tra-
Tersed by about from seventeen to twenty rather strong and
prominent ribs, which are a little carved, yet not oblique,
convex on their upper surface, not continuous, and nearly
if not quite as broad as their intervals. The latter are
marked with five or six spiral series of not very profound
grooves. The whorls, which are about twelve in number,
are plano-convex, broader below than above, simple (not
scalariform), rather more than half as broad again as they
are high, and of moderate longitudinal increase ; they are
separated from each other by a distinct but not excavated,
scarcely oblique suture, and terminate in a rather fine
point. The base of the shell is only furnished with not
very closely disposed spiral striae ; it is not angulated at
the circumference, but rounded, yet so far compressed, that
the front of the aperture juts out considerably ; its axis is
imperforate. The mouth, which occupies from one-fifth to
one-sixth of the entire length of the shell, and about
one- half the basal diameter, is much longer than broad,
and somewhat rhomboidal, but is rounded anteriorly, since
the front of the outer lip, which is acute, simple, and pre-
viously nearly straight, is arcuated at its junction with the
pillar lip. This last is very narrow, rather long, some-
what reflected, and either straight, or leaning a little
away from the outer lip. The majority of examples
do not exceed the third of an inch in . length, and three
quarters of a line in breadth.

GHEMNITZIA. 247

What we temporarily regard as the southern form is a
rather stronger and larger shell (one we dredged at Wey-
mouth measures half an inch in length, and the tenth of
an inch in breadth), is of an uniform pale rufous tint, and
has from twelve to fourteen still flatter whorls, and quite
straight ribs, which vary in number and thickness upon
different specimens. The form too is very variable, being
slender in some individuals, whilst in others it is shorter,
and tapers more suddenly from a broader basal volution.
The intervals between the spiral lines upon the base are
occasionally elevated into obtuse costellse.

The animal is entirely white. Its tentacles are ob-
tusely lanceolate, rather broad, set well apart, and having
their eyes at their bases a little on the inner side. The
foot is oblong, truncated, with slightly obtuse angles in
the front, obtusely and rapidly triquetrous behind. The
mentum is bilobed, narrower than the foot, and angulated,
but not acutely. In crawling the animal advances both
mentum and foot much in front of the head, and the
former often foremost.

This beautiful shell, although but recently defined as a
native species, having first been distinctly recorded by Mr.
W. Thompson, is very generally distributed around our
coasts, occurring on all sides of the British Islands, usu-
ally, however, sparingly. It inhabits a bottom of sand or
sandy mud, usually in from fifteen to thirty or forty fa-
thoms water, but Mr. M^Andrew has dredged it in as deep
as ninety fathoms off the Zetland Isles, and Mr. Jefireys
in as little as eight fathoms at Fishguard. The original
specimens found by Miss Mary Ball at Portmarnock, were
taken, we believe, from shell sand.

It ranges from the coasts of Scandinavia, where it has
been taken by Loven, to the Mediterranean sea.

248 PTRAHIDELLIDiK.

C. FORMOSA, Jeffreys.

Moderately large, white, slenderly turreted; lower whorls
flattened ; intervals of the straightish ribs encircled with about
fiye spiral costelles on each turn, and excavated above the pro-
found suture ; mouth not a sixth of the entire length.

Plate XCIIl'. fig. 5.
Odottomia formotoLt Jbfprkts, Ann. and Mag. N. H. aer.S (1848), vol. ii. p. 347

This extremely rare shell is so slenderly turreted as
almost to be aciculate ; it is comparatively strong for the
genus, only very slightly glossed, opaque in the very few
examples we have seen (perhaps dead specimens), and of a
pure and uniform white. The sculpture of the volutions,
which terminate in a fine point, consists of about twenty
prominent nearly straight longitudinal ribs, that are tole-
rably strong, of about the same breadth as their intervals,
not continuous from whorl to whorl, but suddenly dwin-
dling off below to a bluntish point, and about five intersti-
tial series of scarcely elevated spiral costellse, each of which,
when examined by a powerful lens, is found to be composed
of from three to five raised lines. The whorls, the majo-
rity of which are nearly flat, and subturriculated, although
some of the superior ones are more rounded, are of very
gradual increase, aad are divided by a distinct and but
slightly oblique suture, that appears remarkably broad,
owing to its limits being enlarged by the inferior attenuation
of the costfie, and by an excavation of their intervals, which
produces a sudden contraction at the base of each volution,
and is continued in a revolving line along the bottom of the
body-whorl. The spiral interstitial lines seem to be rather
indistinctly continued upon the base of the shell, which is
moderately rounded, and neither abruptly compressed, nor

CHEMNITZIA. 249

angulated at the circumference. The aperture, which
occupies about one-seventh of the entire shell, is very much
longer than broad, subrhomboidal, but well rounded an-
teriorly, and not sculptured internally. The outer-lip is
simple and acute ; the pillar is rather long, nearly straight
(not oblique) and very slightly twisted posteriorly. The
breadth of the largest individual we have seen, which
measured four lines in length, was only the sixteenth
of an inch.

This species was discovered by Mr. Jeffreys at Ozwich
Bay, near Swansea, and has been taken at Shellness in
Kent, by Mr. Gr. B. Sowerby, and Bantry Bay by Mr.
M^ Andrew.

0. PKNESTRATA, Forbcs and Jeffreys.*

White; whorls subangulated, encircled below with two re-
volving keels, longitudinaUy ribbed above.

Plate XCIII. fig. 6, 7.
Odatiomiafenestrata^ Jxpfrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. p. 345.

This species, observes Mr. JelBfreys, who was the first
to describe this exquisitely sculptured shell, ^* was first
noticed and named by Professor Edward Forbes at the
meeting of the British Association in 1846, but no account

* Brown*! figure of his Pyramit tpiroUmu (Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 15, pi. 9,
f. 66) displays mach of the peculiar aspect of the C/enuiraUiy but his description
does not confirm the identification : —

** Wliite, abraptly tapering, with seven deeply divided, somewhat triangular,
Tolations, with a subcarina near the lower margin of each, from whence they
suddenly oblique towards the suture ; provided with about fourteen rather strong,
longitudinal ribs, and these aro crossed by numerous, rather wide, spiral stria*,
giving the shell a cancellated appearance, apertun suboval, slightly contracted
above; outer-lip thin; pillar lip reflected on the columella. Length somewhat
more than an eighth of an inch ; breadth about half its length.** The type was
picked up by the author firom the beach at St Cyrus, Kincardineshire.

VOL. III. K K

250 PTRAMIDELLID^.

of it appears in their Reports/^ It is of a slender tur-
reted form, moderately thin, slightly translucent and glossy,
and of an uniform white. There are usually eight whorls,
which are not simply convex, but swell out subangulately
rather below the middle, for the upper portion is flattish
or retuse, and gently shelyes outwards, whilst the lower
portion is either perpendicular or has an inclination in-
wards. They are of rather slow longitudinal increase, at
least half again as wide as long, taper to a moderately
fine point, and are divided by a well defined and not much
slanting suture. Two closely disposed costellar lines,
which become tuberculated on meeting the numerous
(yet not crowded) oblique and prominent longitudinal rib-
lets, that traverse the superior portion of each of the prin-
cipal turns, encircle the lower area of the volutions which
compose the spire; one or two additional spiral carinas
are present on the body, where a prolongation of the lon-
gitudinal costellffi produces a distinct clathration ; beneath
them the base, which is short and but little convex, is
smooth or almost so. The intervals between each kind of
sculpture are broader than the sculpture itself, except the
space between the lower suture and the anterior carina,
which, if anything, is narrower.

The mouth, which is of a rhomboid oval shape, occu-
pies about a fifth of the entire length, and more than
one-half of the basal diameter : the throat merely exhibits
the indentations of the external sculpture. The outer lip
is acute, straightish above, and abruptly arcuated below,
so as to meet the pillar lip, which is straightish, peculiarly
thin and narrow, and rather erect than appressly reflected,
at nearly a right angle. Specimens are usually a fifth of
an inch long, with a breadth of about one-fourth at most
of that measurement.

GH£MNITZIA. 251

TliLs very scarce shell, the animal of which has not as
yet been observed, was first dredged, though dead, in seven
&thoms at the entrance of Dartmouth Harbour (M 'An-
drew and E. F.). It has since been taken alive in Torbay
near Brixham (S. H. and Dr. Battersby). It has been
taken in Asturias by Mr. M 'Andrew.

G. sGALARis, Philippi.

Scalar, rather short, white, with two tawny revolving fillets ;
ribs very prominent, narrow, straight, their rather broad intervals
adorned with several raised spiral lines, basal declination flattish ;
mouth subquadrate.

Plate XCIV. fig. 5.

Melania KoiarU, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 157, pi. 9, f. 9.

CksmnUxia ^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. toL ii. p. 1 37.

Odottomta „ Jxpfrstb, Ann. Nat. Hist, new series, vol. ii. p. 346 (var. a.)

Among collectors this shell has generally been distin-
guished by the manuscript name Jeffreym^ a merited com-
pliment to one, whose ardour in collecting the materials
for the fitting study of the British Testacea is only equalled
by the liberality with which he throws open his stores to
all who, like himself, have devoted their earnest attention
to the advancement of Gonchology.

This elegant shell is turreted-scalariform, not particu-
larly slender, and tapers rather quickly to a bluntish
point. It is moderately strong, more or less glossy, and
girt on a white ground, with spiral bands of fulvous, of
which hue there are two bands, one narrow and subsu-
tural, the other broader and inframedial, on each of the
principal whorls of the spire, with a third additional one
on the body that revolves from the posterior end of the
suture to the anterior base of the aperture. The worn

252 P YRAMIDELLIDiE.

indiyiduals, with which the majority of cabinets are alone
furnished, exhibit, for the most part, a vitreous surface of
uniform white. The spire, which is composed of seven or
eight volutions (the broken apices of our adult examples
forbid our positively specifying the exact number), seems to
be between three and four times as long as the body.
The whorls, which are rather high, and of moderately fast
longitudinal increase, are more or less flattened, and angu-
lately jut out above, beneath the narrow, yet distinct, and
little slanting suture. Numerous, yet not crowded longi-
tudinal ribs (we counted twenty on the penult turn of one
of our specimens) that are straight, narrow, and acutely
prominent, traverse the entire shell (a few of the earlier
coils excepted) and oftentimes indent the sutural line by
projecting beyond it. Their broad intervals are encircled
with several raised lines, that become stronger and more
densely disposed upon the somewhat flattened surface of the
abrupt basal declination of the body whorl. The mouth,
which does not occupy a fourth of the entire length, is
subquadrate, and not so very much longer than broad;
it is neither acutely contracted above, nor much rounded
below. The acute and simple outer lip is not dilated ;
it is straightish at first, and then curving abruptly, yet
with little convexity, unites itself to the bottom of the
straight pillar lip, which latter is very narrowly, if at all,
reflected, and forms a very wide angle with the straightish,
and but little slanting base of the preceding volution.
There is no distinct axial perforation, but occasionally a
slight crevice behind the pillar. Our largest example mea-
sured three lines and a half in length, and a line and a
quarter across at the base.

The animal is of a brownish madder hue, and in that
respect strikingly differs from its British congeners.

GHEMNITZIA. 253

We have taken it alive in ten fiithoms water, Milford
Haven (M^Andrews and £. F), and dead in seven &thom8
at Dartmouth. It was first noticed at Exmouth hj Mr.
Clark. Mr. Jeffreys has found it at Fishguard, and Mr.
Hanley in Gruemsey. It ranges to the Mediterranean.

C. RUFEscENs, Forbes.

Moderately laige, subulate, thin, not scalar, either pale reddish,
with darker spiral bands, or the zones paler on a rufous ground ;
.whorls convex ; ribs crowded, often arched ; their intervals with
at least six raised revolving lines j basal declination rounded j
outer lip moderately arched.

Plate XCIV. fig. 1.

Turriidla indistineta, Flbming (not Turbo indisUneiua of Mont.), Brit Anim.

p. 304 ; copied Brit. Marine Conch, p. 191.
Chemnitxia rufesomsy Forbss, Brit. Asaodat. Report, 1845. — Jei&eys, Ann.

Nat. Hist. vol. xix. (1847) p. 311 (no descr.).
TwfhonUla intermpta^ Lov^N, Index MoU. Scandinar. p. 18 ?
Odottomia $calariMj Jbffrbys, Ann. Nat Hist new ler. toL ii. p. 311 (not

variety).

The shell is turreted, subulate, thin, semitransparent, but
little glossy, and either encircled, on a ground of squalid or
reddish white, with two rufous or reddish tawny bands,
one narrow and subsutural, the other broader and infra-
medial (sometimes occupjring the entire lower half of the
whorl), on each turn of the spire, with a broadish addi-
tional (and occasionally confluent) band of the samie tint
towards the lower end of the body, or more ;rarely of a
rufous cast (becoming paler towards the tip), and adorned
with a single narrow strip of white, that revolves rather
above the middle of each volution, and a final bar of white
on the extreme base of the shell. The surface is richly
sculptured by thin and much projecting, often arched.

254 pyramidellidjE.

loDgitadinal riblets, that interrupt, as it were, the course of
the less elevated lines that wind around the Yolutions. The
former series, which reach from suture to suture, but cease
upon the slope or lower half of the body whorl, where the
spiral lines, though finer and less prominent, are alone
present, are very numerous on the principal coils (from
twenty to thirty on the penult turn), and become more
dense and approximate towards the outer lip. The latter,
likewise, are equally distributed over the surface of each
whorl, and are closely disposed and rather numerous, being
at least seven in number, but often appearing more, some
of them being double. The spire, which continuously
tapers to a very fine point (the nucleus is ezserted and
much distorted), consists of eight or nine shortish whorls,
that are profoundly divided by a moderately oblique
suture ; they are of gradual longitudinal increase, range in
convexity firom slightly to moderately rounded, incline a
little inwards at their bases, and are not scalar, though
oftentimes rather abruptly prominent above. In adult
examples the basal declination of the body, which therein
composes one-fourth to one-fifth of the entire length, is
rounded but rather sudden. The mouth (whose matured
peristome is complete) does not usually fill one-fourth of the
total length, and has a narrow ovate figure, the symmetry
of which is disturbed by the obtuse angle formed by the
columella with the base of the preceding turn, and the
abrupt angular contraction of its upper or posterior comer ;
it is well-rounded and not at all efibse below. Of the two
lips, the outer one is simple, acute, and moderately arcuated;
three-fifths of the inner one is occupied by the straight
pillar-iip, which, although not appressed, is reflected and
moderately broad. A line and a third is the average basal
diameter of individuals that measure four lines in length.

GHEMNITZIA. 255

The animal is white, slightly tinged with brown. The
tentacola are rather long, lanceolate, set well apart, and
bearing the eyes nearly centrally at their bases. The
mentnm is rather narrow and bilobed : the foot is oblong-
lanceolate, obtnsely angled in front, triangular behind.

This species appears to be the TtMrritella indistincta of
Dr. Fleming, who fonnd his shell at Loch Broom. It is
a rare animal, occurring occasionally and sparingly in the
Lochs of the Frith of Clyde, and in the Hebrides. We
haye taken it alive in twenty fathoms water off Mull,
where it has been taken, as well as in Loch Fyne, by
Mr. M'Andrew. Mr. JelBfreys has found it at Oban, and
in the Bosshire Lochs and Mr. Barlee in several localities
on the west coast of Scotland. It inhabits the coralline
zone.

Loven has taken it on the west coast of Sweden.

0. INDISTINCTA, Montagu ?

Small, very slender, white j ribs depressed, flexuous, crowded ;
their intervals with numerous very fine revolving raised lines.

Plato XCIV. fig. 2, 3.

Walker, Test Minut. Sandvic fig. 40 ?
TuHh) indisiinctwy Mont. Test Brit Suppl. p. 129 (pTobably).~TuRT. Conch.

Diction, p. 215 (copied). — Dzllw. Recent Shells, vol. ii.
p. 860 (copied).
TurriUUa trwuxstOy Flxmino. Brit. Animals, p. 303 (teste Jeffireys firom types).
Terebra spedota, Bban, Brit Marine Conch, p. 267 (firom type).
Pyramis inditHndus^ Brown, Illost. Conch. O. B. p. 14 (not figure), firom Montagu.
Ckemmtxia curmcottata, Sbarlbs Wood, Crag. Moll. to], i. p. 79, pi. 10, f. 1,

fossil (probably).
„ imlisiincUi, Aldkr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 48.
Odottomia „ Jxffrxys, Ann. and Mag. N. H. ser. 2, vol. ii. (1848)

p. 344.

The identity of this shell with the T. indistinctus of
Montagu is rather traditional than positive, since the Ian-

266 PTRAMIDELLIDiE.

gaage of the ^^ Testacea Britannica ^^ does not precisely
correspond with the characteristics of the present species.
The T^ebra tpeciosa of Bean was constituted irom an
individual which had receiyed an injury to its aperture.

It is not easy to circumscribe the limits of this species,
which has compelled us to examine and mutually compare
a considerable number of specimens in order to determine
the value of a character (the degree of volutional con-
vexity), which elsewhere seems of specific, but here of mere
varietal importance.

Living specimens of this curiously carved shell are
rather thin, and of an uniform somewhat glossy and semi-
transparent white. The shape is turreted-subcylindrical,
and rather stunted ; the apex is more or less obtuse. The
whorls, which are seven or eight in number, enlarge but
slowly, are Ailly half as large again as high, and are
separated from each other by a well marked and no£ very
oblique suture. They are crowded with very numerous
and obliquely flexuous depressed costellse that arch below
to the left (if viewed dorsally), but slant a little in the
opposite direction above, where they generally become
confluent, and look as if hammered down ; a peculiarity
that sometimes causes the sutures to appear succeeded by
a smooth rim. The interstices, which for the most part
are narrower than the ribs themselves, are more or less
distinctly traversed by a few elevated spiral lines, that
generally (if not always) become feint or obsolete upon the
superior portion of the volutions. The entire body-whorl
is sometimes (in the more aged examples, entirely) desti-
tute of the ordinary sculpture. The base of the shell,
which is not angulated at the circumference, nor compressed
below it, but rounded throughout, is never incised with
spiral strieo only, but if not smooth exhibits almost to its

GHEMNITZIA. 257

anterior termination a decussation similar to, yet less decided
than, that of the preceding whorls. The aperture ranges
from oyal to pyriform, and occupies from one-fourth to one-
fifth (more frequently the latter) of the entire length of the
shell ; its breadth is folly one-half of the basal diameter.
The pillar lip is rather long, simple, narrow, scarcely
oblique or curved, erect posteriorly, and somewhat efiuse
in front, where a slight angularity is observable at its
junction with the basal arcuation of the outer lip. The
largest individual we have seen only measured two
lines and a quarter in length, and about half a line in
breadth.

The two principal varieties are distinguished by the
flatness and comparative rotundity of their volutions. In
the latter the essential sculpture is less defined, but the
flexuosity of the ribs is more apparent, and sometimes there
is a vestige of an umbilical chink ; in the former the
front portion of the base is almost always smooth, and the
suture looks as if it were excavated, from the abrupt and
slightly angulated inward shelve of the lower end of each
whorl. The degree of convexity of the outer lip is regu-
lated, of course, by that of the spire.

Mr. Jefireys has communicated many localities for this
variable species. It seems to range from the laminarian
zone to as deep as forty fathoms or more. It occurs
though rarely and locally all around the shores of the
British Islands, and ranges to the Mediterranean. It
has been found by Mr. Searles Wood in the coralline
crag.

VOL. III. L L

258 PYRAMIDELLID^.

C. CLATHRATA, Jeflrcys.

Pale reddish, subcjlindraceous, not produced ; whorls rounded ;
ribs broad, not crowded, their intervals girt at the base with dis-
tant revolying raised lines, of which there are two distinct ones
on the smaller turns, and an additional one on the body : an
umbilical chink.

Plate XCIV. fig. 4.
Odostomia clathraki, Jeff. Ann. and Blag. N. H. aer. 2, toI. iL (1848) p. 345.

As only a single specimen of this newly discovered
species has been taken, it is probable that the supposed
essential characters may hereafter require revision : in-
deed, we cannot but suspect, that it may have to be
united with the preceding, to some of whose varieties it
approaches very closely. It is of an abbreviated-tur-
reted form, a little cylindraceous, not very thin, some-
what glossy, and of an uniform pale reddish white.
About twenty rather broad, somewhat curved and flat-
tened ribs traverse the shell longitudinally; their pro-
found interstices, which seem to widen at their bases,
are spirally girt with raised, and almost linear, re-
mote costellae, of which only two are distinctly apparent
upon the inferior portion of the volutions of the spire, and
three upon the central portion of the body-whorl ; vestiges
of finer rudimentary ones are occasionally perceptible
above them. There are seven rounded whorls, which ter-
minate in a rather bluntish apex, and are separated by a
distinct and slightly oblique suture, that is narrower in
the last formed turns than in the earlier ones ; they are
rather produced, increase rather quickly than otherwise,
are manifestly broader below than above, and are pecu-
liarly well defined, owing to the rather sudden contraction

ODOSTOMIA. 259

of them at their lower suture. The base of the shell is
well rounded, but rather short, and neither compressed
anteriorly nor angulated at the circumference; it does not
appear to be encircled with any spiral sculpture. The
aperture, which occupies about a fourth of the entire
length of the shell, and at least half the basal diameter,
is almost simply ovate, yet a little contracted posteriorly ;
its peristome is nearly continuous ; both its lips are acute,
simple, and arcuated ; the pillar lip, which is very thin,
erect, and not reflected, except a little so in front, inclines
rather away from the outer lip, and discloses a well-
marked umbilical chink or perforation behind it. The
length of the example rather exceeds the sixth, and its
breadth the twentieth, of an inch.

It was discovered at Birterbuy Bay, on the west coast of
Ireland, by Mr. Barlee.*

ODOSTOMIA. Fleming.

Shell turreted, subulate or ovate ; surface smooth (more
rarely spirally striated, or with longitudinal ribs). Apex
of the spire sinistral. Aperture ovate, or subquadrate,
columella lip rarely straight, usually with a tooth-like fold.
Operculum ovate-acute, subspiral, corneous, transversely
striated, placed on a simple lobe.

* The Pyramis iactstu of Brown (Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 15, pi. 9, f. 58)
probably belongs to this genus, and has been cited with doubt by Mr. Jeffreys
as a. yariety of tiegantimma. It was found by the author on Belton sands, near
Dunbar ; rather a suspicious locality for an indigenous species.

** White, subfusiform, consisting of ten abmptly tapering volutions, terminating
in an acute apex, and well defined by the line of the suture ; body ventricose,
nearly equal to the length of the spire ; the whole shell furnished with numerous
depressed, not yery distinct, longitudinal ribs ; aperture subrotund ; outer-lip thin,
produced ; pillar-lip yery slightly reflected on the columella. Length an eighth of
an inch ; breadth not quite half its length.^*

260 PTRAHIDELLIDiE.

Animal resembling that of Chemnitzia in all its principal
features.

The moUusks which we haye retained under this genus,
are easily distinguished from the Chemnitzide by the struc-
ture and aspect of their shells. Certainly they form a
natural group, though whether we should consider it as
more than a section may fairly be questioned. The species
are difficult to distinguish and yery critical; from their
similarity it is not always easy to determine them at the
time of capture ; consequently our notes on their animals,
drawn up entirely before the elaborate investigation of
their shells by Mr. Jeffreys, are not available with cer-
tainty. This defect, however, we are enabled to remedy
so far as some of the most important species are concerned,
through the kindness of Mr. Clark, who has directed his
attention to them especially during this summer of 1850,
and has favoured us with several valuable descriptions,
which we insert at their proper places.

As yet it is unsafe to speak positively with regard to
the range in the European or other seas of the greater
number of Odostamia ; hence references to foreign distri-
bution are seldom made under this genus. Several species,
however, have been described as taken in the Bed Sea,
and we ourselves have many undescribed ones from
Australia.

O. coNoiDEA, Brocchi.

Ivory-white^ conical, smooth, solid : whorls more or less flat-
tened ; suture canaliculated ; throat spirally lyrated.

Plate XCV. fig. 4.

TuHw eonoidetUy Bkocchi. Conch. toL ii. p. 660, pL 16, £ 2.

Auricula amoided, F^RUS. Tableau Syst. Moll. p. 104 (from last, name only).

Auricula $ eotundea, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 143 ; vol. I'l*. p. 119.

ODOSTOMU. 261

Odotlomia pUeatOy Hanl. Brit. Marine Conch, p. xzxv. £. 13. — Skarlks

Wood, Crag. MolL pt. i. p. 85, pi. 9, f. 3 (fonil).
Turbonilla „ Lov^N, Index Moll. Scand. p. 19.

Odostomia Etdimaidsi, Jbfprbts (not Hanley), Ann. Nat. Hiat. voL zz.

(1847), p. 17.

The ntimerons and regular costellar lines, that spirally
adorn the throat of this solid Odostomia, render the species,
despite of the variation of its shape — which is sometimes
broader sometimes narrower at the base— of easy recogni-
tion. It is of an uniform polished ivory-white, quite
smooth, and of a produced conical shape. The spire,
which rather quickly tapers to an acute point, is composed
of six very gradually increasing, rather short, and almost
flat volutions, the larger ones of which, for the most part,
abruptly slope in at their bases, which often gives a some-
what distorted appearance to the shell. The suture is
very profound or even canaliculated, and is moderately
slanting. The body scarcely occupies two-fifths of the
total length, and is abrupt, though rounded, at the basal
declination. The mouth, whose projection is but trifling,
is very decidedly shorter than the spire, has an oval-acute
figure, being gradually contracted at the upper extremity,
and is slightly disposed to efiusion at the base or lower
end, which is well but not broadly rounded. The outer
lip is at first merely convex, and then gently arcuated.
There is a very strong fold in the middle of the inner lip ;
above it the outline is convex ; below it the pillar lip is
arcuated and reflected, but not appressed. The umbilicus
is wholly or partially concealed. Fine examples measure
nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and a tenth of an
inch in breadth. A variety exists, in which the whorls
are more rounded, and only five in number. The Medi-
terranean examples are, for the most part, more regularly
conical, and of rather faster volutional increase.

262 PTRAMIDELLID^.

" Animal with a spiral shell of eight yolntions, hyaline
bluish white throughout, slightly shot with flake-white
cloudy matter. Mantle plain. Head a cloven muzzle
representing a second pair of short tentacula, mouth at
the termination of the scissure ; the true tentacula subtri-
angular, flat, bevelled, not very short, rounded at the tips,
slightly setose ; the eyes black, situated exactly at the
internal bases of the tentacula, immersed in the skin, and
so close to each other that a fine hair can scarcely be laid
between them (I never saw the eyes so contiguous in any
other animal). Foot large, rather long, membranous, re-
flected at the sides on itself — which reflection it in some
measure retains on the march — largely concavely arcuated
in front, causing the auricles to be pointed, and gradually
tapermg to a subtriangular posterior point. The suboval
corneous operculum is carried, on a simple lobe, in a very
advanced position, that is, nearly at the junction of the
foot with the body.

~ ^' The animal is vivacious, displays the eyes on the
march, and makes rapid progression. The head and cloven
muzzle nearly resemble those organs in Jeffireyda dia-
pAana."^ — Clark, MSS.

This species is dredged more abundantly at Oban, Skye„
Loch Fyne, and other parts of the western coast of Scot-
land ; but is likewise taken at Exmouth, Torquay, Wey-
mouth, and Guernsey : also at Birterbuy Bay in Gralway.
It extends to the Mediterranean, and is found also in
the north of Europe.

ODOSTOMIA. 263

O. cx>NSPicuA, Alder.

Not pure white ; whorls more or less rounded ; throat with
raised spiral crenss ; fold very strong.

Plate XCV. fig. 6.

Odottomia uniderUaia^ Hanlky, Brit. Marine Conch, p. zzxv. f. 11.
n otmgpieua^ Aldbr, Trans. Tyneside Nat. Club, 1850.

Of this shell we have only seen a single good specimen ;

hence we cannot but entertain some doubts not alone
as to what features must be regarded as of permanent
specific value, but even as to its distinctness from the pre-
ceding shell.

The few individuals we have examined, are of a fulvous
or livid flesh-colour, and in general aspect greatly resemble
acuia^ but are larger, stronger, and with rounder volutions.
Of these, which are eight in number, the body or final
turn is not so angulated at the periphery as in acuta^ and
its basal slope is less sudden ; hence, too, the mouth,
which is moderately large and nearly oval, is rather more
produced at the base. The pillar lip is less-reflected and
less strongly arched ; the fold is rather above the middle of
the inner lip ; the umbilicus is not so distinct. The chief
peculiarity, however, rests in the throat, which is furnished
with a somewhat remote series of raised crenae, which are
not produced, as in conoidea^ into spiral lyrse. Three lines
and a half was the length of the largest specimen, which
measured a line and a third across at the base.

Dredged in deep water ofi* Whitburn ; Douglas, Isle of
Man (Alder) ; dead upon the shore at Herm, near Guernsey
(Metcalfe).

264 PTRAMIDELLIDiB.

0. UNIDENTATA, Montagn.

Solid, smooth, bluish white ; body not equal to the spire in
length, for the most part more or less angulated at the peri-
phery ; whorls a little convex, of quick longitudinal increase ;
apex blunt; mouth shorty subrhomboidal ; throat smooth; pillar
lip perpendicular, reflected, with a prominent horizontal tooth-
like fold : no umbilicus.

Plate XCV. fig. 7, 8.

Turbo unidefUatua^ Mont. Test. Brit. toI. iu p. 324. — Turt. Concb. Diction.

p. 222.
Voluta vnidentaia, Maton and Rack, Tnuu. Linn. Soc yoL Tiii. p. 121. —

DiLLW. Recent Sheila, vol. i. p. 508.
Odoitomia ^Jieata, Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 810. — Brit. Marine Conch, p.

l72(notofSyst Index).
uHtdentaiOj Brit. Marine Conch, p. 172 (not of Syst. Index).—
Brown, lUust. Conch. G. B. p. 21. — Jkfprbts,
Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. p. 340. — Aldbr,
Cat. Moll. Northomberi. and Durh. p. 50.

»»

Whether it be the nature of the shell to yarj in shape
more than its congeners, or that a greater familiarity with
the species has increased our knowledge of the several
aspects it is wont to assume, we know not, but the study
of a large number of examples enables us to assert, that it
ranges in shape from almost conical with a subangolated
periphery (its more ordinary form in the cabinets of col-
lectors) to turreted-conical with its periphery rounded. Its
solidity appears a constant character ; it is smooth, glossy,
yery little transparent, and of a bluish white. There are
six shortish whorls, that are simply and moderately con-
vex, of tolerably fast longitudinal increase, and very clearly
divided by a strong but simple and not very oblique suture.
The nucleus is peculiarly oblique and prominent, and appears
to be composed of more than one coil. The apex is blunt-
ish, and when it is filled by the animal has a blackish cast.

ODOSTOMIA. 265

The body is nsaallj to the spire as two to five (in the more
produced form as one to three); its basal declination is
more or less abrupt, somewhat flattened when the peri-
phery is angulated, somewhat rounded when this is not the
case. The mouth occupies from one-third to two-fifths of
the entire length ; the general character of it is to be short
in proportion to its breadth ; it is of a subrhomboidal ovate
figure, especially in the more typical examples, wherein,
besides that the pillar lip, which is always straight and
never much elongated, meets the straightish base of the
penult turn at an obtuse angle, and unites at almost a
rectangle with the outer lip, this last, which is acute,
simple, and more or less projecting below, being straightish
above, forms likewise a rounded off angle with the basal
line. The throat is perfectly smooth. The sharply pro-
jecting tooth-like fold is horizontally compressed, and lies
almost in the middle of the inner lip. There is no um-
bilicus, but at most a chink. The columella is perpendicu-
lar, and the pillar lip curls over it (particularly in front)
but is not quite appressed, the extreme edge being clearly
defined. It is very seldom that individuals attain to the
length (the fifth of an inch) ascribed to them by Montagu,
who, we suspect, included conaidea with this species ;
the majority of our own examples are not above a line
and two- thirds long, with a basal diameter of less than one
half of this measurement.

The 0. unidentata has the general aspect of Bissoa ulva^
and approaches closely to the O. conoidea and cLcuta. The
smaller size, the less planulate volutions, the more bluish
tint of whiteness, and, above all, the smoothness of its
throat, distinguish it from the former; the absence of
both colour and umbilicus, its less acutely slender shape,
and the greater straightness and reflection of its pillar lip,

VOL* III. MM

266 PTRAMIDELLID^.

divide it from the latter : its volutioDal increase is more
rapid than in either.

" Animal spiral, bluish hyaline white, inhabiting a white
shell of seven or eight flattish volutions, mantle simple, and
even with the shell. Head a subcylindrical muzzle occa-
sionally extended beyond the foot, bearing short broad
awl-shaped setose blunt tentacula, whose bases coalesce
and form * a membranous veil, between which and the
foot the head issues; they have a fine transparent line
through their centres; the eyes are within the internal
bases, close together, sunken in the surface-skin of the con-
necting tentacular membrane. The foot is shorty truncate,
slightly auricled, but not in the least emarginate in front
as in 0. acut(ij or even hoUowed out as in 0. Etdimaides^
rounding gradually posteriorly, and sloping to a broad
obtuse lance-shaped termination, and has on the posterior
part of the upper lobe, which is simple, a light coloured
corneous suboval striated operculum ; the anterior under
part of the foot is flake white, the posterior is hyaline,
with a fine longitudinal line in the centre of that portion
of it. This species would scarcely be distinguished from
0. acuta^ if it were not that the anterior part is not
in the least emarginate, and the tentacula are rather
stronger and broader than in that species. Branchial
plume? The habitat is amongst the masses of An-
nelida, and other animals, congregated in old oyster
shells, in the coralline zone. The animal is lively, and
permits without difficulty a free examination of its organs.^^
— Clark MSS.

Its range of depth appears to be considerable, it is taken
occasionally from the rocks in Torbay and elsewhere
(S. H.). We believe it to be an abundantly diffused
species ; at Tenby and Oban it is particul«urly plentiful

0D08T0MIA. 267

(S. H.) ; and has been met with on most of the investi-
gated portions of the British coast.

Some six years ago, when few cabinets could boast of
more than three or four species of Odostomia^ and the data
for determining the limits of species were consequently
circumscribed, Mr. Hanley gave the name oiturrita (Zool.
Proc. 1844, p. 18. — Brit. Marine Gonch. p. xxxvi.
f. 10) to a remarkably elongated individual of this genus,
which was taken in the islet of Herm, near Guernsey. The
individual described from was worn, broken-mouthed, and
a little distorted, but still exhibited a form very different
from that of any known Odostamia, The shell we now
figure (plate XOV., fig. 9) is precisely identical, except
that the whorls are more regularly coiled ; it approaches
so closely to the produced and subcylindraceous variety of
unidentata^ that, until the examination of the animal shall
manifest its true rank in the genus, we think it better to
esteem it a provisional variety of the present species. The
shape, however, tapers more acutely, the short body is well
rounded below, and the whorls, of which there are five and
a half (the nucleus is large) are rather higher, much more
convex (especially anteriorly), and rather more oblique.
The microscopic spiral striulse that are often distinguish-
able in unidentata are in certain individuals of this form
more perceptible than usual.

O. sTRioLATA, Alder.

Conic ; whorls a little convex ; spirally striolate ; body sub-
angulated ; throat smooth ; fold strong ; no umbilicus.

Plate XCV. fig. 6.

Under this name Mr. Alder has forwarded to us a single
individual, worn indeed and imperfect, but nevertheless

368 PYBAHIDELLIDA.

preaenting Bnch perceptible marks of diBtiDCtnesB from
s}| except unidentata (and its BCQlptnre seems to forbid
its annexation to that polymorphous shell), that we are
nnwilling to omit it, although almost equally averse to de-
scribing a new species from a single and not fully charac-
terised example.

It is of a produced conical figure, strong, shining (per-
haps from attrition}, and oPa snow-white hue ; the princi-
pal whorls are Tcry minutely, but distinctly, encircled
througboDt with closely disposed regular spiral strinUe,
which becoming rather stronger upon the base of the body-
whorl cause the intervening spaces to assume the appear-
ance of fine and depressed costellie. There are at most
only five volutions, which rapidly taper to a blunt apex
(not, however, a flattened one as in tntcu^ta), are more or
less high, of quick longitadinal increase, and not planulate,
bat a little convex: they become a little mure rounded,
perhaps, above the profound impressed sutural line. The
body is subangulated at its periphery ; its basal declination
is rather gradual, and more or less flattened. There is no
trace of an nmbilicus. The mouth is ovaUacnte, and
occupies two-6fth8 of the total length of the shell ; no
sculpture is apparent upon the throat, but the lip, which
is straightish above, does not seem fully formed, hence the
internal smoothness may not be constant. The pillar-lip
seems more or leas straight, and is appressed and not much
reflected. The fold is strong, subcentral, and distinct.
The length, which is rather more than double the breadth,
is only the tenth of an inch. It came from Northumber-
land.

ODOSTOMIA. 269

O. ACUTA, Jeffreys.

Gonic^ smooth, distinctly umbilicated ; more or less thin,
usually slender, and stained with yinous red, rarely snow-white
and broader based ; whorls flattish, of rather slow increase ; apex
acute. Periphery of the body almost always angulated. Mouth
small, about half as long as the spire : pillar lip greatly arched,
only narrowly reflected ; tooth prominent : throat smooth.

PUte XCVII. fig. 8, 9.
OdosUmia actUa^ Jsfprbts, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. Yol. ii. p. 338.

A typical specimen of this pretty species cannot well be
conAised with any of its British congeners. It is turreted-
conic, smooth, shining, a little transparent, and more or
less stained with yinous flesh-colour, especially upon
the principal volutions. The spire, which acutely tapers
to a more or less sharp point, is composed of six rather
slowly increasing turns that are sometimes almost flattened,
at other times a little rounded below and much tapering
above, where they are at most but moderately, and more
frequently are but slightly convex : their suture is but little
oblique, and profoundly excavated. The periphery of the
body-whorl, which is only about half as long as the spire
(or at most occupies two-fifths of the entire length) is more
or less angulated ; the basal declination is abrupt, yet
more or less rounded. The mouth is small, only occupying
from one-third, at most, to one-fourth of the ventral length:
it is of an ovate-acute figure, being peaked above, and
either rounded or subangulated at the anterior extremity :
the throat is quite smooth. The outer lip is simple, acute,
arcuated, and not expanded. The pillar lip is thin, rather
long, greatly arcuated, and but narrowly reflected : it is
flanked by a linear indentation which terminates in a dis-

270 PYKAMIDBLLIDiS.

tinct umbilicus. The columellar fold is small, sharp,
horizontal, and distinct : it lies almost in the middle of the
inner lip. The usual length is only two lines, with a
breadth of two-thirds of a line.

^' The ground-colour of the animal is white ; the man-
tle simple; the foot short, flake- white, in front deeply
emarginate, so much so, as at times to present the ap-
pearance of a second pair of short tentacula, it rounds
gradually to a blunt point, and carries a suboyal ellip-
tically striated corneous light hom-ooloured operculum on
a simple upper lobe. The head is a moderately elongated
muzzle, marked with minute lead-coloured blotches. The
tentacula are short, broad, awl-shaped, but not pointed,
setose, eyes close together, immersed in the skin between
their internal angles. The tentacula hare an intensely
white longitudinal line running from base to point in each.
Branchial plume! This species is rare in the coralline
zone. The animal is lively, not at all shy, and makes
rapid progression.^ — Clark MSS.

A rather larger variety is found, of a dull white, which
has more rounded volutions, and its periphery devoid of all
angularity. This last character seems to connect the
species with the umUlicata of Alder (Trans. Tyneside Nat.
Glub, 1 850), the periphery of which is well rounded or even
ventricose. The only individual we have ever seen of it
(kindly forwarded to us by the author) only differs from
<ieuia proper in its snow-white hue, and more broadly
conic shape ; hence we provisionally regard it as a northern
variety of this species. It came from Tynemouth; its
axial perforation is very conspicuous.

It appears to be a somewhat local species, but is toler-
ably abundant at certain spots. It was dredged alive, in
company with Chemniizia /eneitrata, in rather shallow

0D08T0MIA. 271

water m Torbay, near Brixham (S.H.) ; has been procured
at Exmouth by Mr. Clark ; and from Loch Fjne and the
west coast of Scotland, by Mr. Barlee, who has likewise
dredged it in Galway.

0. PLiGATA, Montagu.

Turreted-8Tibcomcal> smooth, imperforated, rather strong ;
periphery not angolated ; whorls rather high ; mouth narrow, at
most occupying one-third of the length : outer lip arched, smooth
within : pillar lip arched, scarcely reflected ; fold rather promi-
nent, subcentraL

PlAte XCVIII. fig. 1, 2.

Twito plicaius, Mont. Test Brit. vol. ii. p. 325; SuppL pi. 21, £ 2. — Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 222 (chiefly).
VoltUa plicaia, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc toI. riii. p. 131« — Wood,
Index Testae, pi 19, f. 27.
M pUeaitda^ Dillw. Recent Shells^ toL i. p. 509.
Odostomia Anna^ Macgu.. Moll. Aberd. p. 157, from small worn shells, teste

Jeffreys from types, copied in Brit Marine Conch, p. 260,
and Brown, IlL Conch. G. B. as Jaminia AmM,
„ pUcaiOy Jeffbrys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. toI. ii p. 339.
Jamimapldcata^ Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 21, pi. 8, f. 10.

Like most of its genus this shell is glossy white ; it
is moderately strong, quite smooth, and but slightly trans-
parent. The form is turreted-subconical, being subcy-
lindraceoos below, and gradually tapering above to a mo-
derately fine and rather projecting point. The spire is
composed of five or mx turns, that are tolerably high,
merely convex, neither swollen nor inflected at their bases
(as in some of the allied species), of slow longitudinal
increase, and divided from each other by a tolerably dis-
tinct, but extremely fine, oblique suture. The body, which
barely occupies two-fifths of the entire length, is not angu-
lated at the periphery, but gently slopes at the base, which

272 PYRAHIDELLIDie;.

seems a little attennated, with a convex declination. The
shape of the mouth, which only fills a third or even a still
less proportion of the ventral length, is oval-acute, being
gradually contracted to a sharp angle above» and rather
broadly rounded at the anterior extremity : the throat is
devoid of sculpture. The outer lip is simple, acute, and
very much more arcuated below than above. The inner
lip exhibits no angularity at the junction of the pillar
with the base of the penult volution, and is furnished
with a tolerably strong subcentral prominent toothlike fold.
The pillar lip is moderately arcuated, and scarcely at all
reflected. There is no perforation nor umbilical chink.
The usual length is only the ninth or tenth of an inch : the
basal diameter is about two-thirds less.

*' The animal throughout is pale frosted yellow, inhabiting
a light horn-coloured spiral shell of six or seven very little
raised volutions. The mantle is simple. The head is a
very long flat muzzle with a subcircular terminal very
flat disk, issuing between the tentacular veil and the foot,
and can be extended to concurrent length with the latter
organ. The tentacula are bevelled as the awl, broad, flat,
rather larger than in its congeners of the same size, and
have their terminations with rounded sublanceolate points ;
eyes immersed in the skin at the internal bases, but not
quite so close together as in some of the other species.
Foot short, truncate in front, slightly notched in the centre,
labiated, rounded behind, when at rest somewhat elon-
gated, though not much pointed on the march, carries the
very light horn operculum, having oblique strise of growth,
on a simple lobe advanced nearly to the junction of the
foot with the body. The foot has an inconspicuous cen-
tral longitudinal line on the sole. Branchiee and reproduc-
tion ! The animal described was taken with many others

ODOSTOMIA. 273

in the littoral zone, bnt I believe it also inhabits the lami-
narian and coralline regions.'*'* — Clark, MSS.

Although by no means abundant in the living state it ap-
pears to be met with in very many localities, and to extend
throughout the coast of the United Kingdom. From the
ample list in Mr. Jeffreys^ Monograph we extract the fol-
lowing : Salcombe Bay, Exmouth, and Torquay in South
Devon ; Weymouth ; Scarborough ; Northumberland ; Ber-
wickshire ; Isle of Man; Tenby; Swansea Bay; Dublin
and Bantry Bays ; Galway ; Lerwick ; Aberdeenshire ;
western shore of Scotland.

O. EULiMoiDEs, Hanley.

Whorls smooth, a little flattened; spire shorter than, or barely
exceeding, the body, of which the basal declination is gradual.
Mouth rather effuse at the base, occupying half, or nearly so,
of the total length. Pillar lip elongated, straightish, rather
broadly reflected ; fold distinct, rather high up. Axis imper-
forated.

Plate XCV. fig. 1, 2, 3.

Turbo pallidus^ (not of Mont.) Turt. Concb. Diction, p. 223.
Ododomia umdeniaUi, Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 310 (teste Jeflfreys). — Mac-

GiLLiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 154 (teste Jeff, from specimens).
„ EtUimoides, Hanlby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 18; Brit. Marine

Conch, p. xzxvi. fig. 12.
„ erassa^ Thobcpson, Ann. Nat. Hist, vol xv. p. 315, pi. 19, f. 5 (from

type).
M palUda, Aldbr, Cat. MolL Northomb. and Darh. p. 51 (no descrip-
tion).— Jbpfrbvs, Ann. Nat Hist new ser. vol. ii. p. 335.
„ notaia, Jbpprbtb, Ann. Nat. Hist new ser. yol. ii. p. 336.

This species is what is usually marked in cabinets as the
pailida of Montagu, with whose description, figure, and
specimen, it is decidedly at variance.

In the more characteristic examples the shape is fusi-
form oval, but a considerable latitude of form seems per-

VOL. lU. N N

274 PYRAMIDELLIDJE.

mitted to this species, the spire being sometimes stunted,
at other times very considerably produced. It is glossy,
sometimes thin and slightly transparent^ sometimes opaque
and solid, of a milk-white hue, and either smooth or
merely microscopically striolated in a spiral direction. A
rare yariety, however, adorned with regular spiral co&-
tell8&, has been taken in Galway. There are six convex
and well defined whorls, that are more slanting above» more
perpendicular and rounded below, of rather quick longi-
tudinal increase, and often slightly shouldered. The pe-
nult turn, viewed dorsally, is almost equal to the rest of
the spire : the apex is rather blunt. The suture is simple,
though well marked, and is more or less oblique. The
body, which is not at all swollen, but more usually is flat-
tened in the middle, is in general rather longer than the
spire ; the latter, however, slightly exceeds the former in
some large individuals we have taken in the Channel
Islands ; there is usually a slight attenuation of the base,
whose declination is gradual and somewhat convex. The
mouth, which is a little disposed to expand, occupies
nearly one-half the length of the shell, is of an elongated
oval figure, acuminately contracted above, and rounded,
though not broadly so, at the somewhat efiusely produced
base. The outer lip is simple, acute, and more or less
arcuated : the throat is quite smooth. The much elon-
gated and scarcely curved pillar lip is broadly reflected and
ftirnished with a more or less strong, though retired, fold
(the amount of whose development seems variable) » which
is not central, but lies much nearer to the upper or nar-
rower extremity of the aperture. There is no distinct
umbilicus, but a more or less manifest chink, and a linear
indentation behind the pillar lip. The ordinary length of
examples is only the fifth of an inch, but they sometimes

ODOSTOMIA. 275

grow to a quarter of an inch long, in which case the spire
is generally more produced than ordinary. Another variety,
in which the spire is shorter than the mouth, has the
whorls so shouldered, as actually to be scalariform. The
single specimen from which the 0. notata was constituted,
appears to us to be a broken-mouthed solid variety of this
species, in which the whorls are rounder than usual, and
the spiral striulse a little more manifest.

^^ The mantle of the animal is plain. The head is a
short muzzle, marked on each side with a pale yellow longi-
tudinal line, mouth vertical ; the head issues between the
foot and tentacular veil ; the tentacula coalesce at the base
and are short, subtriangular, bevelled like the awl, not
pointed, setaceous, flattened, and in some animals the
yellow white ground colour is suffused with sulphur yel-
low, each has also a longitudinal intenser line running
between the bevels, the eyes are at their internal angles,
planted in the skin. The general colour of the animal is
pale yellowish white. The foot is short, truncate in front,
auricled, but not emarginate in the centre, nor hollowed
out as in 0. acuta ; it is rounded posteriorly and terminates
suddenly in a short blunt point, it is powdered on its
upper surface, with pale gold-colour minute dots, and in
some specimens with sulphur yellow points ; beneath the
same colours prevail, though less intensely ; a simple upper
lobe carries a light corneous suboval striated operculum.
This species is far more variously coloured than any of its
congeners I have seen. The minute branchial plume, the
only one I have observed, was found under the mantle
at the usual place. The anal pellets were seen discharged
from the right side. The reproductive and lingual organs are
unknown. This species differs nothing in essentials from
0. acuta ; the only variations are of colour, and in the an-

276 PYBAMIDELLID^.

terior part of the foot not being hollowed oat. There are
five or six varieties, which merely differ in the contour of
the shells and slightly in the coloration. The principal
habitat of this species is at the back of the auricles of the
Pecten operctdaris^ from the coralline zone, where they may
be seen in clusters, imbedded in animal mucus. This is the
most common species.^ — Clark,* MSS.

A list of localities would be superfluous. There are few
explored portions of our coast, where the dredge fiuls to
procure it ; it more especially, however, abounds on the
coasts of South Devon and Dorset.

O. DUBiA, Jeffreys.

Oblong-conoid, smooth^ ivory-white, subperforated ; whorls
convex, but not ventricose, of quick increase ; body nearly equal
to the spire, not at all angulated at its periphery, a little pro-
duced at the base. Mouth narrow, gradually and acutely con-
tracted above, not large ; pillar lip a little curved, not broadly
reflected ; fold distinct but retired ; throat smooth.

Plate XCIV. fig. 8.
Odotlomia dvbia^ Jkfprbys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. yoL ii. p. 338.

The form of this negatively characterised Odostomia^
which is thiuy glossy, semitransparent, smooth, and white,
is suboval, but tapers above to a small but blunt apex. It
is composed of from five to five-and-a-half volutions, that
are convex or even somewhat rounded, of quick longitudinal
increase, much attenuated posteriorly, but neither flattened
nor scalar beneath the moderately oblique and very distinct
(yet not canaliculated) suture that divides them from each
other. The penult, and often the antepenult turn likewise,
is decidedly high. The body, which vies with the spire in
length, is neither at all angulated at the periphery, nor

ODOSTOMIA. 277

flattened below it, bat gradually attenuates, with a gently
rounded declination, at the somewhat produced base. There
is a slight umbilical chink, but not a decided perforation.
The mouth, which is rather large, and more or less elon-
gated, has an oval-acute figure, being rounded below, and
gradually contracted above ; it usually occupies from two-
fiflhs to three-sevenths of the entire ventral length. The
outer lip, which is quite smooth internally, is convex above,
and well arcuated below. The pillar lip, which forms one
continuous curve with the inner lip, is elongated, straightish,
scarcely at all reflected, and not appressed ; it is Airnished
with a small and retired, yet tolerably distinct, fold, that
is seated rather above the middle of the aperture. Very
few examples exceed the eighth of an inch in length.

The ascertained localities are only the following — South-
ampton, Torquay, Exmouth, west coast of Scotland,
Lerwick (Jefi; Ann. Nat.).

The species approaches more closely than we could wish
to the preceding, of which, perchance (for much latitude
of form seems permitted to the Odosiomia)^ it may after all
prove an aberrant variety. Yet, when mixed with that
species, the eye will almost invariably detect it at a glance,
by its much shorter and not effuse mouth, the greater
curvature and lesser reflection of the pillar lip, its umbilical
chink, &c.

278 PYRAMIDELLIDJE.

O. ALBA, Jeffreys.

Thin, smooth, subperforated, obloog-conoid ; whorls more or
less rounded, of more or less abrupt eleyation ; spire scarcely, if
at all, longer than the body : suture peculiarly profound. Mouth
large, broadly rounded below, not very acutely contracted above :
outer lip arched ; reflection of the pillar lip very slight ; fold
very retired.

PUte XCVI. fig. 9.
Odostomia alba, Jkffrkys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. iL p. 337.

After fruitlessly endeavouring to ascertain the limits of
this species, baffled by the scarcity of specimens, we have
been compelled to content ourselves with describing the
dozen or so of individuals) from which Mr. Jeffreys origi-
nally constituted his species. Whether a longer suite
might not even connect the shell with Bissoides (which the
young are very like), or dt^iay we know not; the former
chiefly differs in being imperforate, the latter by its greater
solidity, stronger tooth, and the less broadly rounded base
of its aperture. Even the supposed Exmouth variety of
mtida approaches the species with a suspicious degree of
closeness.

The shell appears to be of a more or less oblong-conoid
shape, and to taper above to a tolerably fine yet little
prominent apex. It is smooth, thin, snow-white, and
composed of six rather large volutions, that are divided by
an oblique simple yet very profound suture. Their longi-
tudinal increase is rapid, so that the penult turn is high,
and although they are not truly scalar (except, perhaps,
one or two of the earlier whorls), they swell out above
more or less abruptly from the suture, instead of shelving
gradually thence (as in dubia). They are more or less

ODOSTOMIA. 279

ventricose, though variable as to the degree of their
tumidity ; sometimes they are a little depressed in the
middle, but are never planulate posteriorly. The body,
which, in the adult, seems always to be more or less
swollen, is about equal in dorsal length to the spire, occu-
pying from three-sevenths to four-sevenths of the total
length; its basal declination is gradual and rounded. From
two-fifths to three-sevenths of the ventral length is filled
by the aperture, which is ovate, projecting, more or less
ample, rather broadly rounded, somewhat disposed to
expand below, and not very acutely contracted above.
The outer lip is acute, simple, and arcuated throughout ;
the throat is quite smooth. The posterior portion of the
inner lip is rounded ; the pillar lip is elongated, very thin,
and usually more or less curved ; even when reflected (and
the replication, especially above, is so narrow as scarcely
to be apparent) it is so little appressed that the axial
subumbilicus is clearly manifested. The fold is so internal
as to be almost hidden, but when the outer lip is broken
away proves to be of moderate bigness. Length, two
lines ; breadth, one line. A variety exists, which is very
like duhia in shape, being narrower and less ventricose in
all its proportions.

The animal has not been observed.

Oxwich Bay near Swansea, and Bantry Bay, in Ireland,
are the only localities recorded by Mr. Jeffreys. Some
peculiarly squat and scalariform individuals (apparently
immature) have been taken by Mr. Barlee in Zetland.

2B0 PYRAHIDELLIDJE.

O. NiTiDA, Alder.

Ovate, thin, smooth, shining, transparent, umbilicated ; whorls
of rapid growth, yentricose, only fiye : mouth ovate, almost equal
to the spire above it ; pillar lip much elongated, and, as well as
the outer one, much arched, very narrowly reflected ; fold small,
but distinct.

Plate XCIV. fig. 6.

Ododomia nitida^ Aldbr, Ann. Nat. Hiit. toI. xiii. p. 326, pL 8, f. 5 ; Catal.

Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 62. — Jkpprbys, Ann. Nat.
Hist, new ser. toI. ii. p. 337.

We have only seen a single example (that from which
the species was originally constituted) of this rare little
shell, whose characteristics, though not striking, are suf-
ficiently dissimilar to those of its allied congeners, to render
its recognition an easy task. Its form is ovate-conical, and
it is thin, shining, semitransparent, smooth, and white.
The increase of the volutions in both directions is rapid ;
the spire, which is composed of barely four turns, quickly
tapering to a very blunt apex. The whorls are tumid and
but moderately high ; the principal ones, instead of shelving
above, project there abruptly in an obtusely scalar fashion ;
they, likewise, incline a little inward at their bases ; hence
the slightly oblique line of division is peculiarly well pro-
nounced. The basal declination of the body-whorl, whose
periphery is not at all angulated, is well and gradually
rounded. The month occupies three-sevenths of the entire
length, is exactly ovate, and not angularly contracted at
its upper end ; the throat is quite smooth. The outer lip
is continuously arcuated, and projects very decidedly at the
anterior extremity. The pillar-lip is peculiarly elongated,
filling two-thirds of the length of the inner lip ; it is very

ODOSTOMIA. 281

much arcuated, and very narrowly reflected. The fold is
distinct, but not large; it is situated at about one-third
the distance from the posterior corner of the aperture.
The axis is perforated by a very distinct umbilicus. The
length of the specimen, which is about twice its breadth,
is only the tenth of an inch. It was taken in sand from
Tynemouth (Alder). Torquay and the west of Scotland
are mentioned as additional localities by Mr. Jefireys.

Mr. Clark has forwarded us the following account of an
animal which he doubtfully refers to the present species.
The shell, though closely connected and probably a variety,
differs in some respects from the type, the extreme tumidity
of whose volutions may possibly be accidental ; we have
consequently given a brief description of it below.*

'* Animal with the mantle not produced beyond the mar-
gin of the shell. Head short, flat, not grooved nor cloven,
gently arcuated at its terminus ; it issues between the foot
and tentacular veil, and with the tentacula extends a little
beyond the foot. The veil is entire, with a sweeping
indentation, which resolves itself at the right and left
angles, into two very short broad awl-shaped bevelled
blunt tentacula, on each of which there is an opaque linear
stripe from base to point. They are hyaline, setaceous,
with the tops marked with a round opake white dot, which

* Shell (Plate XCIV. f. 7) of a somewhat conoid ovate or subovate shapr,
being quickly attenuated above to a small blunt apex ; very thin, subperfo-
rated, transparent, shining, white or yellowish white, smooth or nearly so.
Whorls much tapering, of very quick longitudinal increase, more or less ventri-
cose, deeply divided. Body large, occupying half the entire length, well rounded,
but rather gradually declining below. Nucleus not very oblique. Mouth rather
capacious, somewhat ovate or rounded ovate, equal in length to the four turns
above it, sometimes a little disposed to expand anteriorly. Outer lip arched
throughout, smooth within. Inner lip arcuated and peculiarly elongated ; its
reflection narrow, and not appressed; the fold extremely fiiiuill and somewhat
retired. Length scarcely a line.

VOL. III. O 0

282 PYRAMIDELLID^.

in certain aspects gives them a clavate appearance, and at
the under part thej are aspersed with minute sulphur dots.
The eyes are large, very black, imbedded in the skin, a
little below the origin of the tentacula at the internal
bases. The foot is very short, strictly truncate in front,
scarcely auricled, with, at half extension, a very rounded
posterior termination ; but on the march it tapers to a
lanceolate point. It carries, at a little distance from the
terminus of the pedal disk, on a simple upper lobe, a
slightly arcuated suboval light horn-coloured operculum,
which has its columellar edge raised and reflected out-
wardly throughout its length, the nucleus being in the
centre, from whence the striae of increment radiate con-
spicuously to the outer margin. Its structure altogether
is similar to the operculum of Jeffreyna diaphana. The
foot, above and below, the body generally, and the neck
and head, are of a rather opake white ground colour,
sprinkled irregularly, and not very thickly, with bright
sulphur minute points. The animal is lively, moves with
celerity, displays its organs, and swims on the back. It
is an inhabitant of the fiuer alga of the pools of the lower
levels of the littoral line at Exmouth. It is a most poly-
morphous species, as out of nearly one hundred specimens,
scarcely two are alike ; varying in tumidity, length, and
colour; indeed, every hundred yards of coast has its
variety." — Clark, MSS.

ODOSTOMIA. 283

O. 0LABBATA9 Muhlfeldt ?

Nearly oblong, thin^ smooth, shining; whorls yentricose,
rather oblique, of rapid increase, only four and a half, the last
equal to the rest united ; outer lip arched ; pillar lip greatly
arched ; fold retired, and obscure ; no umbilicus.

Plate XCVllI. fig. 3.

HditB glabraia^ Mbg. MChlp. Verhandl. Berlin. G«iel. 1824, voL i. p. 2 18, pi. 3

(=9),f. 10?
Binoa pundttlum, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 154, pi. 10, f. 11 ?
„ fflabnUOj PuiLiPPi, Moll. Sicil. toI. ii. p. 130 ?

Mr. Barlee has very lately forwarded U8 three examples
of a species of Odostomia^ that will not specifically coincide
with any of our native shells. It approaches so nearly
to the general aspect of Rissoa glahrata (as figured by
Philippi ; we do not possess the shell) that, although no
mention is made by that author of its obscure tooth, and
the whorls are described as only moderately convex, we
prefer to use the appellation glahrata (since it has not, to
our knowledge, been applied to a member of this genus,
and consequently may be retained, even if the conjectured
identification prove erroneous) rather than fabricate a new
epithet for a possibly known object. This species, which is
very thin (and consequently more or less semi-transparent)
is perfectly smooth, and of an uniform shining white ; it
has a tapering oblong shape, and ends (or rather commences)
in a large and very blunt, but not depressed, somewhat
mammillary apex. The spire, which merely equals the
length of the body-whorl, is composed of only three or
three and a half turns, which are of quick longitudinal
increase (hence the penult is high), and are very profoundly
divided, owing to their being more or less ventricose, by

284 PYRAMIDELLIDJE.

the simple and moderately oblique suture ; they manifestly
taper above, swell out rather below the middle, and incline
inward at their bases. The anterior slope of the subventri-
cose body is gradual and rounded ; its periphery is not in
the least angulated ; there is no umbilicus, but at most an
indented chink or a slight cleft. The mouth, which has a
moderate projection, fills nearly three-sevenths of the entire
length ; it is of an oblong-ovate figure, being well rounded
below, and gradually attenuated (not sharply contracted)
above. There is a decided basal recedence of the outer lip,
which is simple, acute, and continuously arched ; it is quite
smooth internally. The inner lip runs, for the most part,
in a Btraightish oblique line, and is furnished in the middle
with an obscure blunt retired oblique fold ; the pillar lip,
however, curves anteriorly, and is moderately but not
broadly reflected throughout. The basal diameter is about
two-fifths of the length ; the latter is only the tenth of an
inch.

The animal was not observed ; the shells were taken in
Zetland.

O. BissoiDBs, Hanley.

Imperforate, tapering, extremely thin, not much shining,
smooth, but usually with scratch-like lines of increase ; whorls
merely convex, of quick increase ; penult rather high ; apex
blunt : reflection of the pillar lip extremely slight, if any : fold,
small and very retired, yet distinct.

Plate XCVI. fig. 4, 6.

Odoatomia scalaris, Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 154 (copied Brit Marine Conch.

p. 259) ; and Brown, III. Conch. O. B. p. 129, as Jammia
tealaris) ?
„ JRiuoideSf Hanley, Proc. Zool.Soc. 1844, p. 18 ; Brit. Marine Conch.

p. xzxvi. (f. 9, badly). — Jkpprbyr, Ann. Nat. Hiit.
new ser. vol. ii. p. 337.

ODOSTOMIA. 285

This shell is extremely thin and semitransparent, a little
shining, of an impare white hae, and a narrow suboval
figure. The surface is smooth, but is curiously marked
with scratch-like lines of increase. There are from five to
six volutions, that rapidly taper to a small blunt and
rather depressed apex ; they are of quick longitudinal
increase, convex, not truly scalar, though sometimes having
a slight appearance of being so, and divided by a more or
less oblique suture, which, although not canaliculated, is very
distinctly pronounced owing to the basal swell of the turn
above it : the penult whorl is rather high. The periphery
of the body, whose length is about equal to that of the
spire, is not at all angulated ; its basal declination, though
rather abrupt, is well rounded. The moderately large
mouth, which usually occupies about three-sevenths of the
entire length (sometimes, indeed, even half), is subacutely
ovate, being broadly rounded below and slightly contracted
above. The outer lip is smooth within, and is more or less
projecting and arcuated. The upper or posterior portion
of the inner lip is convex ; the pillar lip, which occupies
nearly two-thirds of that side of the aperture, is extremely
thin, very narrow, scarcely in the least reflected, at first
subrectilinear, and then curving into the basal arch. The
fold is small and very obscure ; it lies very far back, but
considerably above the middle of the mouth. The axis is
imperforated. An eighth of an inch is the ordinary length
of individuals.

The following localities are copied from Mr. Jeffreys'* list
in the ^'Annals of Natural History :^^ Guernsey; Burrow
Island in S. Devon ; Whitesand Bay in Cornwall ; Ex-
mouth ; Scarborough ; Aberdeen ; Lerwick ; B*oundstone
and Arran Isle in Galway ; Tenby and the vicinity of
Swansea.

286 PYRAMIDELLIDA.

We have provisionally regarded the O, alhella^ of
British writers (Aldeb, Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Durh.
p. 51 ; Jeffreys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. p. 338)
as a turreted variety of this species, but have given the
description in full, since the shell has not yet been described
by any British writer.

It is of an abbreviated turreted figure, extremely thin,
of a squalid white or very pale fulvous hue, semitrans-
parent, with a slight resinous gloss, and almost smooth,
being marked only with some longitudinal scratch-like
wrinkles of increase, that are always, however, more or
less conspicuous. There are six moderately convex whorls,
whose longitudinal increase is rapid ; they taper above,
where they are either obtusely subscalar, or swell out at
once from the moderately oblique and strongly pronounced,
yet not canaliculated, suture ; the penult turn is rather
high; the apex is obtuse. The periphery of the body,
which fills two-fifths of the dorsal length, is not at all
angulated; its basal declination is well rounded, but is
sometimes much more gradual than at other times, usually,
however, it is a little produced at that portion which forms
the anterior extremity of the aperture. In adult speci-
mens the mouth, which has an acuminated oval contour,
occupies from one-third to two-fifths of the total length ;
it is a little produced at the base, where it is rounded, yet
not very broadly, and is contracted above by the swell of
the preceding volution. The outer lip is convex above,
and arcuated below. The pillar lip is elongated, only
moderately curved, very narrowly when at all reflected,
and ftimished with an obscure retired fold, which is placed

* Supposed to be the Turhonilla albella of Lovcn (Index Moll. Scand. p. 19 ;
Ofvenigt Vetensk. Akad. ForhandL 1846, pi. 1, f. II), but the identification is
not positive.

ODOSTOMIA. 287

above the middle of the inner lip. There is no true umbi-
lical perforation, but at most a mere chink. Few exam-
ples measure quite. two lines in length, and three-quarters
of a line in basal diameter.

The variety which forms the 0. turrita of Alder (not
Hanley) is slightly more produced and cylindrical, and has
the two lips a little straighter in consequence.

The shell is stated by Mr. Jeffreys to be found in the
following localities : Guernsey ; Torquay ; Tynemouth and
GuUercoats in Northumberland ; Lerwick, Oban, and else-
where on the west coast of Scotland; Boundstone in
Gal way.

0. cYLiNDRiCA, Aider.

Almost cylindrical, smooth, but with an obscure spiral ridge
or two running in a line with the upper comer of the aperture ;
whorls more or less rounded, yet often subscalar, deeply divided,
the penult high ; body short ; apex peculiarly blunt ; fold obso-
lete : no umbilical crevice.

PUte XCVI fig. 7.

Turbo nivotus^ Mont. Test. Brit. toI. ii. p. 326, from type. — Maton and Rack.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. Tiii. p. 163. — Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 202. — Flbmino, Brit AnimalB, p. 300. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 171. — DiLLW. Recent Shelli,ToL ii. p. 889. — Wood,

Index Test. pi. 31, f. 56.
Odoitomia ej/Undrioa^ Aldbr, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xiii. p. 327, pi. 8, f. 1 4. —

JxppRBTB, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. toI. il. p. 339.
Cingtda mVoM, Brit. Marine Conch, p^ xliii.
Pyramii irivofus, Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 14, pi. 9, t 25, 26.

Actual comparison of the solitary type of Montagu in
the British Museum, with characteristic specimens of the
O, cylindrica kindly sent us by Mr. Alder, enable us to
positively assert the identity of the two shells. So brief
and inadequate was the description of the earlier writer,
(who did not descry the more important features) that it

288 PY&AMIDELLIDJE.

was impossible for any naturalist to recognize the object
he intended ; hence, we consider he has forfeited his claim
to priority.

The shell is subcylindrical, narrow, tapers slightly to
an extreme blunt apex (the large nucleus being obliquely
sunken into the summit of the spire) white, glossy, and
semitransparent. Though smooth to the eye, a careful
scrutiny will detect from one to three obscure spiral ridges
or strisB that reyolye around the body in a line with the
upper part of the mouth, but do not extend to the extreme
base. There are only four or five rounded whorls, which
are of moderately fast longitudinal increase, and are pro-
foundly divided by a moderately oblique and rather broad
suture, above which they sometimes (but not invariably)
arch in so abruptly as to give a somewhat flat-topped ap-
pearance to the succeeding volution. The body is rather
short, almost cylindrical, and indistinctly angulated at its
periphery ; its basal declination is rounded. The mouth,
which scarcely occupies more than a third of the entire
length (often, indeed, less) is subovate, acutely angulated
above, and rather bluntly rounded at the base or anterior
extremity. The outer lip is simple and acute ; above it
is merely convex, below it is abruptly arcuated ; within it
is quite smooth. The pillar lip is more or less curved, and
not very long ; it is narrowly reflected, and has no adja-
cent umbilical crevice, but at most a linear depression.
The fold is almost always obsolete ; when visible at all, it
lies rather above the middle of the inner lip, and is small
and peculiarly retired. Our examples measure a single
line in length, and fully two-thirds less across their base.

Mr. Jefireys has indicated the following localities : Scar-
borough ; Ilfracombe ; Land's End ; Whitesand Bay in
Oomwall ; Burrow Island, South Devon ; Guernsey ; Cork

ODOSTOMIA. 289

Harbour ; Kilkee. Montagu obtained his specimen from
sand in the south of Devonshire.

There seem occasionally some obsolete longitudinal plici-
form wrinkles on the upper part of the whorls, but they
are never developed into regular folds.

O. iNscuLPTA, Montagu.

Oblong-turreted ; whorls spirally sulcated ; pillar-lip elon-
gated, narrow, furnished with a distinct pliciform twist.

Plate XCVI. fig. 6.

Turbo ituetdpiuSf Mont. Test Brit. SuppL p. 129. — Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 221.

Voluia uuculpta, Dillw. Recent Shells, yoI. i. p. 509.

Odostomia „ (not of Dekay) Flbming» Brit. Anim. p. 310. — Macoil. MoU.

Aherd. p. 329.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 173. — Jifprsys,
Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. toI. ii. p. 342.

Jammia „ Brown, III. Conch. Q. B. p. 22.

The present species, from its sculpture, cannot well be
confounded with any other of our native species, unless per-
haps with striolata, from which its shape and proportions
distinguish it, or with Warreniiy which neither possesses a
fold, nor has sulci on the whorls of its spire.

It is oblong-turreted, a little transparent, rather thin,
glossy, uniform white, and spirally sulcated. The grooves,
which are strong, close, and regular, do not quite extend
to the suture ; indeed, except upon the body, where they
encircle three-fourths of the surface, they only traverse the
lower half of each turn ; they have, often, a punctured
look. The spire, which is about equal in length to the
body, is composed of four tapering and convex whorls,
that are of rather quick longitudinal increase (hence the
penult turn is more or less high), and are deeply divided

VOL. III. p p

290 PYRAMIDELLID^.

at the suture. The obliquely set nucleus is peculiarly
sunken into the blunt apex. The body, whose basal declin-
ation is gradual and convex, is broadly rounded at its peri-
phery. The shape of the mouth, which occupies three-
sevenths of the entire length, is nearly elliptical ; it is con-
tracted at both extremities, being rotundately so below,
where it is disposed to become effuse, and acutely so above
by the convex base of the preceding turn. The outer lip
is thin, devoid of internal sculpture, much arcuated at the
base, and merely convex posteriorly. Its edge, in our best
preserved specimen (which contains the animal), exhibits a
slight sinus at its junction with the body, and then swells
out without any proportionate retrocession at the base.
The pillar-lip is long (filling rather more than half the
length of the inner lip), straightish, and narrow ; in curling
back it exposes an umbilical crevice which scarcely amounts
to an axial perforation. A rather small and retired plici-
form twist lies almost in the middle of the left lip. Three-
fourths of a line is the basal diameter of an example that
measures nearly the sixth of an inch in length.

The animal has not been examined.

The species is very rarely obtained, and much more
frequently dead in shell-sand, than in a living state.
Torbay, Burrow Island, and elsewhere in S. Devon ;
Tynemouth and GuUercoats ; Tenby and Linny Bay in
Pembrokeshire ; Langland Bay near Swansea ; Aberdeen-
shire ; Ullapool, Boss-shire ; Oban ; Loch Fyne ; in forty
&thom8, five miles east of Lerwick, Zetland ; Dunvegan,
Skye, Hebrides. (Jeff. Ann. Nat.).

0D08T0MIA. 291

0. oBLiQUA, Alder.

Body equal in length to the spire; whorls convex, quite
smooth, of rapid longitudinal increase : no umbilicus : no fold.

Plate XC VI.. fig. 1.

Odottomia Miqm^ Aldbr (not Jeffreys), Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xiii. p. 327, pi.

8, f. 12.
„ diaphanQf JiPFRRrs, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. p. 341,

This extremely rare shell somewhat reminds one of the
Rissoa vitrea^ and like it lies on the confines of its genus.
The Warrenii seems to be its nearest congener, and, except
in sculpture, comes very close to it, so much so, indeed,
that the localities usually ascribed to the latter belong more
appropriately to the former species. It has an acuminated
oblong figure, is thin, semitransparent, a little glossy, quite
smooth, and of an uniform squalid white. There are only
five volutions, which are of very rapid longitudinal increase
(so that the penult turn, when viewed dorsally, is decidedly
high), and are deeply divided by an oblique and simple
suture : they are usually more rounded and perpendicular
below, more shelving and merely convex above ; those of
the spire are subventricose and quickly tapering; the
apical nucleus is moderately pointed and somewhat twisted
aside. The body, which is fully equal to the spire in
lengthy and often, indeed, exceeds it, is narrow, broadly
rounded at the periphery, and convex in the declination of
its very gradually attenuated anterior extremity. The
narrow aperture, which is about equal to the spire in
length, is oblong-ovate, and gradually contracted poste-
riorly by the moderately convex swell of the base of the
preceding whorl. The outer lip is simple, very acute.

292 PTRAMIDELLIDiE.

smooth within, at first but slightly convex, subsequently
arcuated at its junction with the pillar-lip. This last,
which usually recedes far below the level of the opposite
lip, is narrow, thin, and elongated, occupying nearly two-
thirds of the length of the aperture ; it is straightish
above, obliquely curved below, and not reflected in the
most perfect example we have seen, but in some broken-
mouthed individuals it appears in the shape of an appressed
lamina. There is rarely the least vestige of a fold, but
when present it is very oblique, retired, and rudimentary.
The axis is imperforated. The breadth of the shell is only
a line ; its length is occasionally the fifth of an inch.

Very few examples have been taken of this extremely
scarce species. Mr. Alder obtained his specimens at
Tynemouth ; Mr. Hanley dredged a single dead one at
Herm, near Guernsey, in seven or eight fathoms depth ;
and Mr. Clark from deep water in the offing at Exmouth.

0. Warrenii, Thompson.

Base with spiral striulsa, elsewhere smooth. Spire not much
elongated. Mouth rather long : no fold on the pillar.

Plate XCVI. fig. 2, 3.

Bufsoa Warrenii^ Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 315, pi. 19, f. 4.

TurbonUla oUiquOy Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 19 ?

Odosiomia „ Jbpprbts, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. yol. ii. p. 341.

„ decorata (not of Zeitachr. Malak.), Jeffreys, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1850,

p. 109.

A comparison of the types or originally described ex-
amples of the decorata and Warrenii has fully convinced
us of their identity. The specific characteristics are more
strongly developed in the immature dead specimens, which
form the decorata of cabinets, than in the fine living indivi-

ODOSTOMIA. 293

dual from which the earlier known Warrenii was de-
scribed. For in this last the spiral lines upon the base are
comparatiyely obscure, and the subscalar structure of the
volutions whose lower portions in this variety, in lieu of
being perpendicular, are somewhat more ventricose, is less
apparent, being, as it were, convexly bevelled off.

The shell is slender, tapering to a moderately fine point,
thin, transparent, lustrous, and of an uniform white or
sallow white tint. To the eye it seems smooth or nearly
so, but on careful examination displays numerous and regu-
larly impressed spiral lines on the basal half of the body
whorl, besides irregularly diffused and very indistinct,
longitudinal wrinkles of increase. An oblique and very
distinct, yet not canaliculated, suture deeply divides the
five rounded turns of the spire from each other. The
whorls are of rapid longitudinal increase (hence the penult
is decidedly high), and are more or less subscalar from the
suddenness of their superior projection : the apical nucleus
is less prominently and obliquely disposed than usual, and
sinks into the summit of the shell. The body is almost
equal to the spire in length ; its periphery is not at all
angulated ; its basal declination is gradual, convex, and
somewhat produced. The mouth, which occupies from
about two-fifths to three-sevenths of the entire length, is
narrow and oblong-ovate ; it is suddenly contracted above
by the swollen base of the preceding whorl, and is some-
what effuse, and not very broadly rounded at the base.
The outer lip, which is simple acute, and disposed to curl
inwards rather than expand, is at first but moderately
convex. The much receding pillar lip is devoid of any
fold ; it occupies nearly three-fourths of the total length of
the aperture, and is very slightly curved, and not reflected.
There is a small but distinct umbilicus. A single line was

2 94 P YRAMIDELLID^.

the basal diameter of an individual that measured the fifth
of an inch in length.

Portmarnock, in Dublin Bay, was the spot from whence
Mr. Warren procured the original type of the species. It
is a very rare shell, but is comparatively plentiful dead in
shell-sand, from Burrow Island, S. Devon ; and has also
been taken at Falmouth; on the southern and western
coast of Ireland ; and the west coast of Scotland.

O. TRUNCATULA, Jeffreys.

Turreted-subcjlindraceous, transparent, sculptured, though
very obscurely : whorls six or seven, high, convex, of slow lon-
gitudinal increase. Mouth not more than a third of the entire
length : pillar with a pliciform twist.

Plate XCVI. fig. 8.
OdoMtomia truncattda^ Jbffrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. 1850, p. 109.

This very interesting shell combines in its characteristics
the features of Odostomia, Chemnitzia^ and Truncatella,
It is turreted, tapering, subcylindrical, extremely thin,
more or less transparent, and of an uniform and somewhat
glossy white. At the first glance it appears to be smooth
or nearly so, but on careful examination, displays both
slanting longitudinal wrinkles and slightly elevated spiral
lines. The former are regular, though obscure, and are
chiefly evident on the upper portion of the volutions, im-
parting to them a kind of subsutural puckered appearance :
the latter do not pervade the entire surface, are more
apparent in some examples than in others, and are chiefly
visible upon the basal portions of the smaller turns, and
occasionally upon that of the final one likewise. The

ODOSTOMIA. 295

spire, whose nucleus is not much distorted, but sinks into
the apex, is composed of five or six rather high and convex
whorls, which are of slow longitudinal increase, and which
so arch inwards below as to appear abruptly divided by
the oblique and profound suture. The body, which is not
swollen in the middle, and is not angulated at the peri-
phery, has a gradual and convex basal declination. The
suboval mouth occupies from one-third to one-fourth only
of the entire length, and is a little produced or slightly
effused at the bluntly rounded anterior extremity; the
posterior contraction is rather sudden. The peristome is
continuous in the adult. The edge of the acute and
merely convex outer lip, which is more inclined to curl
inwards than expand, is at first very indistinctly subsi-
nuated, then swells out, and finally again recedes. The
throat is quite smooth. The pillar lip, which is thin,
much elongated, and a little reflected, yet not appressed,
is but little arcuated ; the pliciform twist, with which it is
furnished, is distinct, but not striking. There is no umbi-
licus. The basal diameter of an individual that measured
fully two lines and a half in length, was only three-quarters
of a line.

Still finer intermediate striulae, that are parallel to the
longitudinal wrinkles, occasionally present themselves be-
neath the sutures.

The refuse of the Plymouth trawl-boats furnishes us with
live specimens of this interesting species.

296 PTKAMIDELLIDiB.

O. iNTERSTiNCTA, Montagii.

Turreted, not scalar, with closelj dbposed longitudinal ribs,
not clathrated ; body much shorter than the spire : a strong
though remote tooth upon the pillar.

Plate XCVII. fig. 1.

Tkrho ettnalicwlatui^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc vol. iii. p. 253 ? (from whkh

Flbming, Brit Animali, p. 300).
„ utersiimius (scarcdy of Adams), Mont. Test Brit, vol ii. p. 324, pi. 12,

f. 10.— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 223 (colour excepted). —
Aldse, Cat Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 52.
Voiuta tnienamaay Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 131.—

DiLLW. Recent Shells, voL i. p. 509.— Wood, Index Tes-
taceolog. pi. 19, f. 25.
Odosiomia tnUntinda, Flbming, Brit Animals, p. 310. — Macgilliv. MoU.

Aberd. p. 155.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 173.— Jbff.
Ann. Nat. H. (new ser.) voLii. p. 343.
„ Monga^ Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 157 (fide Jeffreys, from type) ;

copied, Brit Marine Conch, p. 260, and Brown, Illust
Conch. O. B. p. 130 (as Jandma obUmga).
Jaminia iniersiincta^ Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 21, pi. 9, f. 10.

„ obtutay Brown, IlL Conch. 0. B. p. 22, pL 9, f. 38.
Pyramit Lamarckn^ Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 15, pi 9, £ 39.

Like most of its genus, the shell is of a shining snow-
white, and very slightly transparent; it is turreted, but
not very slender, and varies as to the degree of attenuation
in the spire. Its surface is adorned with a good many,
but not crowded (except occasionally upon the body),
nearly straight and perpendicular, strong, square-cut, lon-
gitudinal ribs, that are usually obsolete upon the lower
portion of the body, but extend upon the other whorls
from top to bottom ; the profound intervals (at least upon
the spire and upper half of the final coil) are quite smooth,
except a single obscure spiral raised line, that usually
revolves immediately over the broad and profound oblique
suture. For the most part, likewise, there are two spiral

ODOSTOMIA. 297

raised lines on the lower part of the body, that run in a
line with the upper extremity of the aperture ; more rarely
they both of them are continued upon the penult turn.
The spire is composed of five tapering volutions, which are
a little convex, of slow longitudinal increase, moderately
elevated, and not scalar, but rather abruptly inclining
inwards at their bases. The apex is blunt. The body,
whose basal declination is abruptly rounded, is generally
rather flattish posteriorly. The mouth occupies nearly
one-third of the total length, and is of a subrhomboid oval
figure, the scarcely convex base of the preceding turn
forming an angle with the columella; the posterior con-
traction is rather sudden. The acute and simple outer
lip, which is straightish or only slightly convex above,
arches or rather slants in more or less abruptly anteriorly,
and forms an angle with the pillar lip. This last, which is
straightish or but slightly curved, is peculiar in being
broadly erect, folding back slightly, however, near the
base : it is flanked by a more or less perceptible umbilical
chink. The tooth-like fold is tolerably large, and nearly
horizontal ; it lies only a little above the middle of the
inner lip, but so retired, that it is scarcely apparent in
unworn individuals. The ordinary length of full-grown
examples is the eighth of an inch; this is nearly thrice
their basal diameter.

^^ Animal white throughout. Mantle fleshy, protrud-
ing a little beyond the margin of the aperture. Head, a
narrow cloven muzzle, issuing between the foot and under
the coalescing tentacular membrane. The tentacula are
exceedingly short, strong, rather flat, setose, very obtusely
pointed. The eyes are distinct, and immersed in the skin
of their internal bases. The foot is very small and short,
scarcely extending beyond the basal volution, truncate in

VOL. III. Q Q

298 PTRAMlDELLlDiK.

front, moderately pointed behind, carrying on its ample
upper lobe a small, comeons, striated, elliptical or snboyal
operculum. Branchial plume I

*^ This animal, like all its congeners, is lively, permitting a
good examination of the organs. The individual examined,
is the variety with the subrotund volutions, and is of larger
growth than its congener with the more slender, snbcylin-
drical contour, and flat, angular sutures, which may be
distinct : we have not met with one alive. The aspect of
this species differs from all the preceding. As to the shell
it appears to be a complete Chemniizia^ with the exception
of the pillar tooth, and there is no appreciable character in
the animal to account for its presence in the shell. The
animal is absolutely the same as that of Chemnitzia^
allowing for the slight, scarcely specific variation of a
little more or less long foot, muzzle, and tentacula.^^ —
(Olakk MSS.).

Although the ordinary form of Ch. indistincta in which
the whorls are somewhat swollen at their bases, and the
ribs are very narrow, densely disposed, and flexuous (pro-
duced S-shaped), may easily be distinguished from the
present species, the coarse and straighter ribbed variety of
that shell bears so striking a resemblance to it, that were
it not for its want of the tooth-like fold, it would be
almost impossible to separate worn examples of the two
from each other. The most constant difference appears to
be that in the latter, — the intervals of the ribs on the
lower portion of each volution are crossed by several
spiral raised lines.

This is one of the comparatively common species of
Odostomia^ and is obtained from very many localities ; it
seems indeed so generally diffused that to specify localities
would be superfluous : it frequents shallower water than
most of its congeners.

0D08T0MIA. 299

O. SPIRALIS, Montagu.

Bluntly conic; lower half of the body- whorl spirally ribbed ;
elsewhere longitudinally ribbed ; fold small but distinct.

Plate XCVII. fig. 2, and (Animal) Plate FF. fig. 8, 9.

Turho spiralisy Mont. Test. Brit. yol. ii. p. 323, pi. 12, f. 9.— Turt. Conch.

Diet p. 222.
FoltUa „ Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toL viii. p. 130.

" pellucidaf Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 608. — Wood, Index Testae.

pi. I9,f. 23.
OdoUomia tpirdUsy Flbming, Brit Animals, p. 310. — ^Aldxr. Ann. Nat. Hist.

yoL xiii. pi. 8, f. 13, animal (imperfect). — Johnston,
Berwick. Clab, toL i. p. 273. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd.
p. 155.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 172. — Aldbr, Cat MoU.
Northumb. and Dnrh. p. 52, animal — Jeffreys, Ann.
Nat. Hist., new ser. vol. ii. p. 342.
„ plioaivla^ Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 154, (Young, fide Jeffireys,

from type; copied as Jamima j^iecUuUiy Brown, 111.
Conch. G. B., p. 129).
Rii$oa tpiraliSf Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B., p. 13.

The peculiarity of the sculpture of this shell renders
it the most easily recognizable of our British Odosiomia,
It ranges in shape from ovate-conic to oblong-conic, is
tolerably strong, consequently not very transparent, though
a little translucent, and of an uniform more or less glossy
white. Numerous straight square-cut and closely disposed
ribs traverse the whorls in a longitudinal direction, and
extend, except upon the body, on whose lower half they
are replaced by rather depressed and broadish spiral ribs,
from top to bottom. Above the broad and canalicu-
lated suture, which runs rather obliquely, they are apt to
become abruptly confluent so as to form an obscure spiral
costella, but this character is not always perceptible. The
five whorls are more or less flattened and simple ; they are
of slow longitudinal increase, and taper moderately : the

300 PTRAMIDELLIDJE.

penult tarn is not particalarly high ; the nncleos sinks
obliquely into the blunt apex. The body, which is about
equal to the spire in length, is slightly angulated at its
periphery, and declines rather abruptly, though convexly,
at its base. The mouth, which occupies from two-fifths t-o
only a third of the entire length, has an ovate-acute figure,
being rounded below where it is a little disposed to become
effuse, and sharply contracted aboye. The outer lip,
whose throat merely exhibits the traces of the external
sculpture, is simple and acute ; it is nearly straight above,
and abruptly arcuated anteriorly. The pillar lip is nearly
straight, and becomes broadly and flatly reflected near its
union with the opposite lip ; its fold is tolerably distinct,
and lies rather above the middle of the inner lip. The
axis is more often imperforate ; there is sometimes, how-
ever, an umbilical crevice. The ordinary length of exam-
ples, is only the tenth of an inch ; the breadth, in general,
does not much exceed one-half this measurement.

Mr. Jeffreys, in his valuable Catalogue of the British
Odostomia^ considers the Helix striata of authors to be the
fry of this species.*

The animal, in examples which we have examined at
Brassay Sound in Zetland, is of a sulphur-yellow colour ;
its head is rather produced and rounded centrally, and
flanked by two obtuse subtriangular tentacula with eyes
placed at their inner bases ; the foot is oblong, bilobed in
front and obtusely angled, and terminates in an obtuse tail.
Mr. Clark describes specimens observed by him in June,
1850, at Exmouth, as ** of a hyaline white, delicately

• Walkbr, Test Minut, f. 29, from which Helix striata^ Mont. Test. Brit,
p. 445 ; Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. viii. p. 204 ; Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 57. ^Turbo stricUuSf Flbm. Brit. Anim. p. 300.— /fusoa ^riaia,
Brown, III. Conch. G. B., p. 12, pi. 9, f. 22.

ODOSTOMIA. 301

sufiiised with snow-white points of several magnitudes.
The tentacula occupy the transverse extent of the mem-
brane from which thej originate, coalescing at their bases
and diverging greatly to their points ; they are short, flat,
broad, bevelled, triangular, setose, with a snow-white line
from base to point, which terminates in each in a round,
minute, intense white flake, which gives them the aspect
of being clavate. The foot carries on a plain upper lobe a
pale, corneous, suboval, finely striated operculum.^^ Pro-
fessor Lov^n observed the animal in Swedish specimens to
be white, with a narrow, entire mentum and a foot emar-
ginated in front.*

This species is distributed all round the British and
Irish shores, so that although, like the majority of its
congeners, individuals of it are not over numerous, it
cannot be said to be rare or even very local. It ranges
to the coasts of Sweden, but is not known to the south
of Britain, and appears to be a characteristically Celtic
shell.

O. DOLioLiFORMis, Jeffrey s.

Subglobose, spirally costellated or sulcated ; no longitudinal
ribs. Body longer than the spire.

Plate XCVII. fig. 5.

Walkbr, Testae. Minat. Rariora, f. 55? from which 7V»r&o
SandvicentU^ Adams, Micros, pi. 14, f. 23 ; Mont. Test.
Brit. vol. ii. p. 332 ; Maton and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc.
Tol. viii. p. 187 ; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 230. — Odostomia
Sandvioensis, Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 310 ; Brit. Marine
Conch, p. 173. — Ritsoa Sandvicenns^ Brown, 111. Conch.
6. B.,p. 13, pi. 8, f. 26.
Odottomia dolioli/onnis (not doliolum of Zeitachr* MaL), Jkffrbits, Ann. Nat.

Hist, new ser. toL ii. p. 342.

* Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1846, p. 49.

302 PYRAMIDELLID^.

Golleciora have generally regarded this shell as the
Sandmeensis of authors, an obscure species solely founded
on a wretched figure in Walker'^s *^ Testacea ^^ that bears
a general though rude likeness to the Odostomia we are
proposing to describe. " The fry,^' observes Mr. Jeffreys
in his interesting monograph of the British members of
this little studied genus, *' is I belieye the ffeliv resupinata
of Montagu (p. 444) from Walker'*s figure 24/^

It is rather thin, shining, semi-transparent, and snow-
white ; the shape ranges from oval-subglobose to globose-
conic. The surface may either be termed spirally sulcated,
or closely encircled with depressed costellse ; there are often,
too, a few scattered but strongly marked wrinkles of in-
crease. Exclusive of the sub-mammillary heterostrophe
nucleus, there are not quite three volutions, the last of
which occupies at least three-fifths of the entire length.
They are of rapid growth, are very profoundly divided by
an oblique suture, and assume a rounded off subscaJar
appearance from being abruptly tumid above and com-
paratively straighter below. The basal declination of the
body, which is neither swollen in the middle, nor angulated
at its periphery, is convex. The large and projecting
mouth is decidedly longer than the spire ; it is of an oval
figure that is slightly and abruptly contracted above by the
ventricose base of the preceding turn ; below it is rounded
and a little disposed to spread. The throat merely ex-
hibits the spiral lines of the external sculpture. The outer
lip is simple and acute ; it abruptly projects at the top, is
arcuated below, and is merely convex in the middle. The
thickish appressed and broadly reflected pillar lip, which is
ftirnished with rather a large but remote fold, has only a
slight curvature, and is much elongated, extending over
three-fifths at least of the inner lip. There is no decided

ODOSTOMIA. 303

perforation, but only a slight umbilical crevice. The length
of the shell is not quite a line, and the breadth is from one-
third to one-fourth less.

The animal has not been observed.

The species is of extreme rarity, and has only been ob-
tained chiefly, if not entirely, from shell-sand at Scar-
borough, Sandwich, Exmouth, Burrow Island, Swansea,
Tenby, and the west coast of Scotland. (Jeff. Ann. Nat.
Hist.),

O. DEGUSSATA, MoutagU.

With numerous raised spiral lines in the intervals of the longi-
tudinal ribs : whorls more or less rounded, of quick longitudinal
increase : fold obsolete.

Plate XCVII. fig. 6, 7.

Turbo peUucidut^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iii. pL 13, fL 33, 34 ?
^ decuuaiuSf Mont. Test. Brit. p. 322, pi. 12, f. 4. — Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 210. — Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 299. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 169.
Heb'x arenaria^ Maton and Rack. Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. yiii. p. 214.
Turbo arenarius, (not of Turton) Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 839. — Wood,

Index Testae, pi. 31, f. 54.
jRis9oa arenariaf BROwn, Illust. Conch. O. B., p. 12, pi. 9, f. 12.
Odostomia peUuciday Jbpfrbts, Ann. Nat. Hist, new series, vol. ii. p. 344.

The identity of this species with the T. pdlueidus of
Adams is too conjectural to hazard a substitution of his
name for the more appropriate one bestowed by Montagu.
The shell has a narrow oblong shape, and tapers to an
obliquely set and bluntish apex ; it is moderately strong,
not very transparent, a little glossy, and of an uniform
white. The principal or lower volutions are adorned with
very numerous longitudinal pliciform riblets, that are closely
decussated throughout by elevated spiral lines ; the former,
which extend from the top to the bottom of each whorl,

304 PTRAMIDELLIDJE.

vary as to proximity in different individuals ; the latter,
which are often obscure beneath the sutures, are chiefly
apparent in the intervals of the costellse. The spire is
composed of four convex (or at times even ventricose)
turns, that are decidedly narrower above than below, are
of quick longitudinal increase, and are very profoundly
divided from each other at their oblique and subcanalicu-
lated suture : they are sometimes subscalar, in which case
the whorls are flatter than usual. The body, which is
quite as long as the rest of the whorls united, is generally
convexly subcylindraceous, and more rarely subventricose ;
the base is a little attenuated and slightly produced, its
declination is convex, and rather gradual. The mouth,
which occupies about two-fifths of the entire length, is
elongated, and oval-acute ; it is gradually contracted above
by the scarcely convex base of the preceding turn, which
forms an obliquely subrectilinear almost continuous line
with the columella. The outer lip is simple, acute, and
not dilated ; it is never much arcuated nor projecting, more
frequently, indeed, it is straightish posteriorly. The pillar
lip is very narrow, and is not furnished with any distinct
fold, though occasionally (yet rarely) a rudimentary one is
just perceptible. There is no umbilical crevice. The
length of the shell is scarcely a line and a half; the basal
diameter rather exceeds the twentieth of an inch.

This is a rare and local species, to which Mr. Jeffreys
assigns the following localities : Sandwich, Exmouth, Sal-
combe Bay, Pembrokeshire, Bantry and Dublin Bays,
Arran Isle in Gal way ; Oban, and west coast of Scotland ;
Lerwick Sound, and five miles east of Lerwick, in forty
fathoms. (Ann. Nat. Hist.).

ODOSTOMIA. 305

O. BXCAVATA, Philippi.

Turreted ; whorls flattish, scalar^ dathrated throughout by
remote longitudinal and spiral costellae^ of which last there are
four on the body, two of which are continued on the smaller
turns.

Plate XCVII. fig. 3, 4.

Ristoa excavcUa^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 154, pi. 10, t 6.

n Harveyi^ Thompson, Ann. Nat Hist voL y. p. 97. pL 2, f. 1 1 .

„ DeahayenanOf Rjbcluz, Revae ZooL Cuyier. 1843, p. 105 ?
Cingula Harveyi, Brit Marine Conch, p. 184.
Parthema turritOj Index to Brit. Marine Conch, p. zliv. f. 91.
Odoilomia pupa^ Skarlbs Wood, Crag Moll vol. i. p. 8<>, pi. 9, t 5 (foesil).
„ MeavcUa, Jbffrbyb, Ann. Nat Hist new ser. vol. ii. p. 345.

Although Philippi ascribes but twelve ribs to his B.
excavata^ whilst about half as many again are found on
certain individuals of our British species, the coincidence
of all the other characters is so precise that we cannot but
regard the two shells as identical. This shell is of a
slightly transparent uniform white hue, is more or less
strong, and has a shortened turreted figure. Numerous
slender but rather distant longitudinal costellse, which are
very prominent and nearly perpendicular^ continue quite
down to the anterior termination of the shell. These
upon the superior volutions are crossed by an equally
prominent spiral costella rather below the middle of the
whorl, and by a less distinct one just at the top ; two
additional ones encircle the body, one of them on a level
with the junction of the outer lip, the other about as
far below the last mentioned as that is distant from the
preceding one. There are six whorls, which enlarge
rather quickly than otherwise, but by no means rapidly,
are rather high (generally the length is only one-third
less than the breadth), are scalariform above, flattish or

VOL. III. R R

306 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

even retuse in the middle, and abruptly shelving below :
the body, if viewed dorsally, occupies one-third of the
entire length ; if viewed ventrally, scarcely exceeds the
spire ; the apex is obtuse ; the suture but little oblique.
The base is short and its surface flattish ; there is no per-
foration, but often a slight chink. The mouth occupies
more than one-fourth of the entire length of the shell,
and half the breadth at the base ; it is subovate, but
squarish above, and rather effuse below : owing to the
concave outline of the inner lip, which is reflected, but
not appressed, the pillar occasionally exhibits at its com-
mencement a tooth-like projection, which is much more
developed in some examples than in others. A fine in-
dividual occasionally measures two lines in length and
three-fourths of a line in breadth.

This rare shell has been found in but few localities. It
was first observed in our seas by Professor Harvey, of
Dublin, who found it at Miltown Malbay, in the county of
Glare. It has been found in the Frith of Clyde, on the
shores of Arran, by the Bev. D. Landsborough, and Mr.
Bean ; and at Arran in Ireland, by Mr. Barlee, who, as
well as Mr. Metcalfe, has taken it in Guernsey.

It was discovered by Philippi on the coasts of Sicily.
Under the name of Odostomia pupa it has been recorded
by Searles Wood from the coralline crag of Sutton.

As the apical whorls of the only existing type of the
Turbo pallidus of Montagu have unfortunately been
broken off, we are only able to conjecture from analogy
(the pliciform twist of its columella, as in insculpta^ to
which species, indeed, it bears much resemblance, but has
a greatly more elongated spire) that it may belong to this
genus. The specimen in our national museum is not in

ODOSTOMIA. 307

such condition, thai, although we have failed in identifying
it, we can positively assert its individual distinctiveness from
any of the species we have described — yet since much
uncertainty has always existed as to what Montagu really
intended, we have held It desirable to carefully describe
and delineate the example.

01 PALLIDA, Montagu.

Oblong-turreted, regularly tapering ; whorls flattish, devoid of
longitudinal sculpture ; spire twice as long as the mouth ; no
tooth.

Plate XCVIII. fig. 4.

Turbo paUidus^ Mont. Test Brit. toI. ii. p. 325 ; Suppl. p. 133, pi. 21, f. 4.
VoltUaambigua, Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 132. — Dillw.

Recent Shells, yoI. i. p. 510. — Wood, Index Testae, pi. 19,

f. 28.
PhasianeUa pailidoy Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 302.
Cingula „ Brit. Marine Conch, p. 185.

RisMoa „ Bkown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 13, pi. 8, f. 24.

The authors we have quoted have derived their whole
knowledge of the species from the individual described in
the " Testacea Britannica.^^ The specimen, when perfect,
had an oblong-turreted figure, and was composed of six or
seven moderately tapering fragile whorls, of which only
about the four-and-arhalf larger ones now remain.

They are moderately tapering, very little convex, of gra-
dual longitudinal increase, very slightly more rounded
below, somewhat planulate beneath the oblique and cana-
liculated suture. The dull white surface is almost srnootii,
yet traces exist of what we imagine to have been H[>inil
strise, and there seems an imprei^t^ed line (perhaps accich^iital)
below the suture of some of the smaller turns likewise.
The body would not apparently compose more tliun two-
fifths, at most, of the total length of the perfc^ct sliell ; it
is well rounded at its periphery, and declinc;H below with u
gradual and decidedly convex slope. The mouth would
probably occupy one-third of the entire length ; it in of a

308 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

rather produced and peaked suboyate form, is regularly
contracted above to a very acute angle, and is somewhat
narrowly rounded below, where it is a little disposed
to expand. The outer lip, which advances at the base,
is simple, acute, and somewhat arched, but much more so
below than above ; owing to the comparative straightness
of the columella, which is still, however, a little curved,
its union with it forms a blunt or rounded-off rectangle.
There is a peculiar inward twist, but no apparent fold, at
the origin (or posterior end) of the pillar lip ; this last forms
only one-half of the inner lip (the upper portion of which
is convex) and is erect and peculiarly narrow, but even-
tually becomes a very little reflected. There is no true
axial perforation, but only an indentation of the surface
behind the pillar lip. Montagu obtained the specimen
from sand in Salcombe Bay, South Devon, and states that
the breadth is scarcely one- third of the length which latter
is ftdly the eighth of an inch.

NoU. — Vl^e have never met with the following shell, but jndging firom its figure
it must be distinct from any we have noticed. It is stated to have been picked
up by the author from the beach near Montrose.

O. (Jaminia) puUus, Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 22, pi. 9, £ 11. <* Sub-
conic ; with six slightly rounded volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex ; the
whole shell invested by five flat spiral ribs ; aperture subovate, slightly contracted
above; outer lip plain ; columella furnished with a sharp tooth- like process near
its centre ; whole shell of a pale flesh-colour, and not glossy.**

EULIMELLA. Forbbr.

Shell elongated, of many whorls, solid, smooth, and
polished. Apex of the spire with a persistent embryonic
sinistral shell. Aperture subquadrate, peristome incom-
plete, columella not plicated, straight or nearly so. Oper-
culum corneous, pyriform.

Animal resembling in all its characters that of Chem^
nitzia.

EULIMELLA. 309

E. SciLLiE, Scacchi.

Subulate, not very slender, not truly perforated ; whorls nine
or ten, short, flattened ; body about one-fourth of the total length,
more or less angular at the periphery ; mouth not much more
than a fifth of the ventral length, subquadrate.

Plate XCVIII. fig. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate F. F. fig. 7.

EMiima enugula^ Jb7PRB78, Malac. and Conch. Mag. pt. 1, p. 34 (no deicription).

„ Seilla^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 135, pi. 24, f. 6 (as of Scacchi).

„ NPAndrceiy Forbbs, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. ziv. p. 412, pi. 10, f. 2.
TwfhomUa Scilla, Lov^n, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 18 (from specimens).
EtUimeUa eratnUa, Jbfpreys, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. zix. p. 311 (a name only).
Odoitonua Sdila^ Jbpprbys, Ann. Nat. Hist new ser. vol. ii. p. 349 (no de-
scription).
Chemmtxia APAndrai^ Aldbr, Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 50.

The shell is of a rather slender turreted shape, not particu-
larly thin, perfectly smooth, very slightly translucent, and of
an uniform polished porcelain white. Its spire, which tapers
to a rather obtuse point, is composed of about nine yola-
tions besides the heterostrophe apex, and is divided by a
profound and scarcely slanting suture. The whorls, whose
longitudinal increase is rather slow, are short (that is to
say, only about half as high as they are broad), and, ex-
cept one or two of the earlier ones, so flattened that their
slant is almost uninterrupted throughout the shell : never-
theless, a slight swell is occasionally apparent near the
base of the last turn or two. The body, which occupies
about a quarter of the length of the shell, and is about
equal in length and breadth, is subangulated at the com-
mencement of its extremely abrupt, yet convex, basal de-
clination. The mouth does not much exceed a fifth of
the total length, and is destitute of any sculpture whatso-
ever. It is acutely contracted posteriorly, but its general
shape is subquadrate, as the long and straight pillar forms
rather more than a right angle with the convex but almost

310 PYBAMIDELLIDJ;.

horizontal base of the penult turn, and almost a rectangle,
likewise, with the abruptly arcuated base of the outer lip.
This last is simple, acute, straight above, and neither ex-
panded nor laterally projecting ; it advances at the ante-
rior extremity. There is no real umbilicus, yet owing to
the reflection of the pillar lip there is often an appearance
of a very minute axial perforation. Our examples, which
are three-eighths of an inch long, measure about the ninth
of an inch across at the base.

The animal is entirely white ; its tentacula are lanceo-
late and auriform, often folding in their sides so as to appear
oblongo-quadrate with truncated or even emarginated tips ;
their bases are set well apart, and the eyes are seen closely
approximated at their inner angles, small, black, each
placed on the side of a small dusky spot at the anterior ex-
tremity of an oval opaque white space. The mentum is
narrow and strongly bilobed in front ; the foot is oblong,
truncate in front, and rather acutely angled ; gently
pointed behind.

This beautiiiil shell is one of the most elegant of the
many rarities which inhabit the Hebrides, where it was
first found by Mr. Jeffreys, and afterwards by Mr. M'An-
drew. It occurs throughout the Clyde district, the inner
and outer Hebrides, and the Zetland Isles, and has lately
been dredged by the indefatigable naturalists of Northum-
berland at Whitburn on this coast. A few of the Scottish
localities will serve to show its range in depth : in thirty
and fifty fathoms, Loch Fyne ; in twenty fathoms sand,
Lismore ; in twenty-five fathoms, mud, Sound of Skye ; in
thirty fathoms, off Croulin Island, sandy mud ; in thirty-
four fathoms, Elgin ; in eighty and ninety fathoms on sand,
Zetland.

Professor Lov6n finds it in the Scandinavian seas.

EULIMELLA. 311

E. AC1CULA, Philippi!

Very slenderly subulate, almost aciculate, imperforated ; whorls
eight or nine, almost flattened ; spire four times as long as the
body j apex fine.

Plate XCVIII. fig. 9. 10.

Melama aeicttla^ Philippi, MolL Sicil. vol. i. p. 158, pi. 9, f. 6 ?
Eulima „ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 135 ?
EuUmella davula, Jepfrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. zz. (1847), p. 17.
C^bemnttzia adctUa^ Aldbr, Moll. Northamb. and Durh. p. 49.
Odostomia „ Jbppreys, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. voL ii. p. 349.

We do not feel assured that this is the species intended
by Philippi, but are contented to abide by the supposed
identification in default of evidence to the contrary. The
British shell is very slenderly subulate, rather thin, slightly
translucent, of an uniform polished white, and smooth to
the eye ; yet under a powerful lens most densely disposed
microscopic spiral striulse may occasionally be perceived,
and obsolete irregular longitudinal wrinkles are dimly ap-
parent. The spire, which is nearly four times as long as
the body, and slowly tapers to a tolerably fine exserted
apex, is composed of about seven volutions (besides the
heterostrophe apical coil) which are of decidedly slow lon-
gitudinal increase, and of moderate height (that is to say,
in the penult turn the breadth does not exceed the length
by much more than one-half the latter) ; they overlap each
other rather broadly and shelve from top to bottom in a
gently convex line, yet usually incline inwards a little at
their base. The suture is profound, and a little slanting.
The basal declination of the body, which occupies only a
fifth of the entire length, is moderately rounded, and is
neither abrupt nor at all angulated at the commencement.
The aperture, which is throughout devoid of sculpture,

312 pyramidellidjE.

scarcely occupies a fifth of the total length, is of a suboval
or subrhombic-oval shape, moderately contracted above,
and rather narrowly rounded and sometimes a little pro-
duced below.

The nearly straight and elongated pillar (which, never-
theless, is slightly tortuous) forms an obtuse angle with the
moderately slanting and somewhat convex base of the penult
turn. The outer lip is simple, acute, a little arched, and
neither expanded nor prominent. The pillar lip is reflected,
and though narrow not particularly so. The axis is imper-
forate. An ordinary sized individual measured the sixth
of an inch in length, and half a line across at the base ;
the one we have figured is rather larger.

It is a rare and deep water shell. The following loca-
lities are attributed to it in Mr. Jefireys^ Monograph —
Dartmouth, Exmouth, Torquay, and Burrow Island in
South Devon ; Whitburn ; Tenby ; Birterbuy Bay and
Arran Isle in Oalway ; Ban try Bay ; Loch Fyne, and
other parts of the West of Scotland ; Zetland, five miles
east of Lerwick in forty fathoms water.

A variety is taken at Plymouth, the Scilly Isles, and
Stornaway which is shorter and more solid than the typical
form ; its whorls are quite planulate, consequently the
upper portion of the outer lip is straight, as in the pre-
ceding shell, to which, indeed, it approaches so closely in
character that were it not for its more slender shape, and
less peculiarly short volutions, we should have been tempted
to annex it to that species.

The more conical form of Scilla^ its remarkably short
volutions, the more abrupt basal declination of its body-
whorl, and its straighter and shorter columella seem the
more striking distinctive features of that larger species.

EULIMELLA. 313

E. AFFiNis, Pfailippi.

Slenderly subulate, thin, transparent, imperforate ; whorls eight
or nine, more or less rounded ; mouth only a fourth or a fifth of
the entix:e length ; apex fine and exserted : basal declination much
rounded.

Plate XCVIII. fig. 7.

Efdima ciffmuj Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. il. p. 135, pi. 24, f. 7 (fossil).
Pyramis knU, Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 51, 52 ?
Eulimella gracUiSj Jspfrbys, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xix. p. 311.
Odottomia affinity Jxfprbts, Ann. Nat. Hist, (new ser.) vol. il. p. 350.

The identification of the smaller recent species with their
supposed fossil analogues, without the direct comparison of
typical examples, must ever be attended with some degree
of uncertainty. The great attention bestowed by Mr.
Jeffreys on the members of this genus induces us to follow
his identification.

The shell is of a shining white, thin, semitransparent,
quite smooth, and of a slenderly subulate form. The
spire, which is often arcuated, is usually quadruple the
length of the body, and composed of seven ventricose
Toiutions, besides the fine and exserted heterostrophe apical
coil. The whorls, which are deeply divided by a simple
sutural line, are moderately high (at least the penult is,
its length being to its breadth as three to five), and of
rather slow longitudinal increase. The body, which is
nearly as broad as it is long, is well rounded, especially at
its basal declination ; there is no vestige of an axial perfo-
ration. The mouth is devoid of sculpture, and fills a fourth
or a fifth only (the latter in the adult) of the ventral
length ; its form is subovate, but is rather abruptly con-
tracted by the swell of the penult turn above, below it is
rounded, but not broadly so. The outer lip is simple,

VOL. III. . 8 8

314 PYR AMIDELLID^.

acute, convex posteriorly, arcuated anterioriy. The co-
lumella forms a distinct obtuse angle with the upper por-
tion of the inner lip ; although nearly perpendicular it is a
little twisted ; the reflection of the pillar lip is very trifling.
Fine examples scarcely measure a quarter of an inch in
length ; their breadth is four times less.

In this species the upper edge of each whorl overlaps
but slightly the base of the preceding one.

This elegant little shell has been dredged by Mr. Barlee
in Skye, Oban, Loch Fyne, and Guernsey. It must be
regarded, at present, as a very rare species.

E. CLAVULA, Loven (?)

Small, short, little tapering ; whorls plano-convex ; suture well
markcil, the lowest one dividing the ventral surface into two
equal parts ; apex very blunt and depressed : axis distinctly

perforated.

Plate XCVIII. fig. 8.

TkrhoHiUa davMla^ Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 18; Oversight Vetensk.

Akad. ForhandL 1846, p. 49, pi. 1, f. 7.
ifostomia „ Jkfpreys, Ann. Nat. Hist (new aer.) vol. ii. p. 349.

This rare British shell, which Mr. Jeffreys, after the
examination of a typical example of the T. elavula of
Lov^n, has pronounced to be identical with it, agrees
fairly enough with the few characters specified in the three
lines of its description. Our authority for the name, then,
is rather that identification, than any certainty derived from
the accordance of the shell with its brief diagnosis. It is
of a very short turreted shape, tapers slowly to a very
blunt apex, is entirely snow white, polished, quite smooth,
and not absolutely opaque. Exclusive of the depressed
heterostrophe apical coil there are four and-a-half or five
volutions, which are of moderate or rather slow longitu-

EULIMELLA. 315

dinal increase, rather short than otherwise, and piano-
convex. The suture, though simple, is very distinct, and
a little slanting ; above it the surface is usually more con-
vex, below it generally more planulate. The basal de-
clination is rounded and gradual. The axis of the shell is
distinctly perforated. The aperture, which is devoid of
sculpture, occupies one-third of the entire length ; it is of
a subpyriform oval shape, being rounded, though not
broadly so below, and rather abruptly contracted above.
The acute and simple outer lip neither expands nor pro-
jects, it is decidedly straight at first, but becomes a little
curved anteriorly where it joins the columella without
angulation. The pillar lip is straight and thin above, a
little reflected and curved below ; it forms a very obtuse
angle with the convex and moderately slanting base of
the preceding turn. None of our specimens are more
than the tenth of an inch long, and scarcely measure half a
line across ; we suspect, however, that these will by no means
prove the limits of its growth when the species becomes
better known.

At present the very few examples that have been
taken were dredged within a few yards of the shore (at
low water) near Brixham in Torbay, by Dr. Batters-
by and Mr. Hanley, from a bottom at some six or seven
fathoms depth. Although taken alive, the animals were
unfortunately dried up before the shells were observed and
selected from the mass of dredged matter ; hence we can
at present give no account of the mollusk from our own
observation. Professor Loven, however, has described and
figured the animal of his clavula as having broad short ten-
tacula which are united at their bases, somewhat swollen
out at their lower parts, and having the eyes rather dis-
tantly placed near their inner bases. The mentum is

,^ ) (> PTRAMIDELLIDA.

M.ittnl to be rounded and bilobed. Judging from the
dolinontion we should imagine the figured example to be
immature.

The true position of the two following genera is doubt-
ful. Both appear to have relations, possibly only of
analogy, with Conovulus, In TnmcateUa both animal
and shell have many important points of resemblance with
Chemnitzia and its allies, though, at the same time, there
is an apparent affinity with Bissoa, In Otina^ we have
a shell approaching that of Natica^ and scarcely distin-
guishable from that of Velutina^ whilst the animal is very
distinct from either, and has, it seems to us, a near con-
nection with Truneatella. The curious Riasoa-like shells
placed by Philippi in the last-named genus, and consti-
tuted by Pfeiffer into a distinct group, under the name
of Paludinella^ may constitute a link between them.

TRUNCATELLA, Risao.

Shell turreted, apex dextral, deciduous; lower and
persistent portion cylindrical; surface usually plicated
longitudinally. Aperture ovate, entire ; operculum corne-
ous, simple, not spiral.

Animal with short diverging triangular tentacula, the
eyes placed centrally at their upper bases. Head bilobed,
more or less muzzle-shaped. Foot short, rounded at both
ends.

This genus was constituted to receive certain shells
included by Draparnaud in Cyclostoma. Its animal has
been carefully examined by Lowe and by Philippi. Al-

TRUNCATELLA. 317

most all the species are tropical or subtropical. They
live upon the very verge of the sea, under stones or weeds
near high water-mark.

T. MoNTAGui, Lowe.

Pkte XCIX. fig. I, and (Animal) Plate FF. fig. 10.

Helix nbeylifidrica, LiNN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1248 (from type). — Pultbnky,

Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49.
Turbo iruneaius^ Mont. Test. Brit. yol. ii. p. 300, pi. 10, f. 7. — Maton and

Rack. Trans Linn. Soc. yoI. yiii. p. 177.— Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 51, pi. 19, f. 8. — ^Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 218.
„ nbtrmictUui (Young), Mont. Test. Brit. p. 300, pi. 10, f. 1.— Maton

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yoI. viii. p. 178. — ^Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 218.
Turriiella truncaia and iubtrunoatOj Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 303.
Cydostoma truneatulumy Jbffrbys, Trans. Linn. Soc. toL xyi. p. 363.
Tnmoatdia MotUagui^ Lows, Zoolog. Joum. vol. t. p. 303. — Brit. Marine

0>nch. p. 146, f. 75. — Rbbvb, Conch. Systemat toL ii.
pi. 182, f. 1 — Pfbipp. Zeitschr. Malak. 1846, p. 185.
Jimoa irwicata, Macgu.liv. MoU. Aberdeen, p. 152.

Eulima niiidisdma, Macgilliv. MoU. Aberd. p. 142 (Young, teste Jefireys,

from types).

Where a species is so inadequately defined, as to render
its identification a matter of conjecture, we think it fair
to prefer the name of that author who first clearly in-
dicated its specific character. On this principle, we have
rejected the epithet suhcylindvica^ and as Montagues
appellation is perhaps somewhat objectionable, being indi-
cative of a generic, and not a specific peculiarity, we
accept for him, as an equivalent honour, the substitute
offered by Lowe. Whether the shell is more than an
aberrant variety of the Cyclostoma iruncatulum of Drapar-
naud (whose variety y, pi. 1, f. 31, looks very like it), we
feel by no means assured, but defer to the judgment of
that distinguished Conchologist (Pfeiffer), who has pub-
lished a recent monograph of the genus.

318 PYRAMIDELLID^.

The curious truncation of the apical whorls which occurs
in adult examples of this very local shell, induced Mon-
tagu to regard it as a different species from its turreted
young.

When adult, the shell is almost cylindrical, more or
less narrow, rather thin, a little translucent, and of an
uniform shining, pale-reddish, tawny hue. Beneath the
suture the surface is longitudinally crenated with very
numerous and short narrow folds, and the bases of the turns
are oftentimes corrugated, likewise, by a similar but less
manifest sculpture ; elsewhere the shell is smooth, or very
nearly so, and occasionally in the adult, and nearly always
in the young, the markings are almost entirely absent.
In the immediate vicinity of the outer lip the wrinkles
extend right across the body. This last, whose base is
well rounded, and whose declination is early, gradual,
and decidedly convex, is about a third shorter than the
united three whorls, that alone, in that state of growth,
remain of the spire. These turns are rather high, almost
equally as broad above as below, and although swelling out
more or less (and often abruptly) from each suture, cannot
well be termed ventricose, being somewhat flattened in
the middle : the suture which divides them from each
other is rather oblique, and though simple, very profound.
The mouth, which is not adorned with any sculpture, is
very short, merely occupying about two-sevenths of the
total length ; it has- a greater or lesser lateral projection,
and a subovate contour, and is not angularly contracted
above, though less broad than at its rounded base. The
peristome is complete, and the enamel is very broadly
spread upon the upper part of the inner lip, from whence it
diminishes in breadth anteriorly. The outer lip is convex,
and either thickened or slightly disposed to expand ; there

TRUNCATELLA. 319

is no peculiar advance nor marked basal retrocession of
its margin. The columella does not form any angle (as in
Chemnitzia) with the upper portion of the inner lip, but
runs in the same obliquely subrectilinear line with it. The
axis is not perforated.

The form in the young shell is tapering subcylindra-
ceous, and the apex is not truncated, but only very blunt.
The spire, previous to its decollation, consists of six volu-
tions, which are even more deeply and abruptly divided
than in the adult specimens; the outer lip is acute and
simple.

The majority of our English examples (what we have
from the Adriatic are larger and less deeply divided)
do not measure more than two lines and a third in length,
with a breadth of scarcely more than a third of that
measurement.

The animal is of a yellowish white colour

An influx of fresh water seems essential to its existence.
It is obtained near Portland, and at Wyke, near Wey-
mouth, cast up dead at high water-mark (S. H.) ; at
Poole (Backett) ; and also said to be picked up here and
there on the shore of South Devon, and at Southampton
in brackish water. Macgillivray states that it has been
taken in sea-sand from the Bay of Gruden, and Mr. Bean
enumerates it among the species taken at Scarborough
(could these examples have been transplanted in ballast !
for it is mainly a southern shell).*

* Pulteney, who first introduced the species into the British Faima, appears to
have sent Montagu an exotic shell, which he regarded as identical with the
Dorset species. The author of the ^ Testacea Britannica ^* described the latter
in his work under the name of Helia subcylindrica (p. 393, — Cydostoma subey-
lindrieum, Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 258, probably), but expressed his doubts of
its indigenousness, stating it to be a common West Indian species (perhaps the
TV. Caribaentu of Pfeiffer's Monograph). It is, however, generally supposed
to be the TV. f Cydottoma) tnuicattda of Dtapamaud, a Mediterranean sheU,

320 PTRAMIDELLID^.

Mr. Thompson records it as haying occurred among
shells gathered by Mrs. Hancock at Bnndoran on the
coast of Donegal. It is a South-European species.

OTINA.

Shell ovate, of few whorls, the first very large and
yentricose, those of the spire very small ; aperture large,
oblong, entire. No operculum.

Animal bulky ; tentacles nearly obsolete, eyes sessile on
the large obtuse head ; mantle not reflected, simple-edged ;
foot yery large, oblong, rounded at both ends ; an armed
tongue and jaws ; branchial plume single !

The type of Otina (indicated, but not described, by
Gray), is the Velutina otis of British conchologists. There
can be no question of the propriety of constituting a dis-
tinct genus for this curious mollusk, although the shell
alone would scarcely warrant such a rank. We adopt
the appellation proposed by Mr. Gray, at the same time
entering our protest against the practice of publishing
generic names without definitions, or at least a clear state-
ment of reasons for constituting the genus ; in no cases
can such a name have any authority or priority, until
a definition be published* The proceeding is mischievous,
and liable to great abuse, since it implies neither knowledge
nor research on the part of the ofi^ender. In this particular
instance the name appears in Mr. Gray's list of genera.
It occurs in the form apparently of a sub genus of Velu-

which we are not aware ha« been found in the Antilles. The Pyramia iruneattu
of Brown (111. Conch. O. B., p. 15, pL 8, f. 31), said to hare its entire sur&ce
covered with strong longitudinal striae, is, perhaps, this spurious species ; the
description of it in other respects agrees fairly enough with the British one. The
figure given in the same work (pi. 9, f. 49, 50) of the Pj/ramis subiruncaius is
certainly not the Tnrbo iubiruncatttt of Montagu, but the rudeness of the drawing
prevents our determining what it is designed for.

OTINA. 321

tina^ and in the family of Velutinida. The position thus
assigned to it is sufficient to show that the distinguished
enumerator had no knowledge of its true affinities or of
the character of its animal, consequently we can regard
the generic rank assumed by it in that list as adopted
on a mere guess.

O. OTIS, Turton.

Plate XCIX., fig. 2, 3, and (animal) Plate 0 0. fig. 4.

Helix Otis, Turton, Conch. Diction, p. 70.

VeitUina oti$, Fleming, Brit Anim. p. 324. — Forbrs, Malac. Monens. p. 29,

animal. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 153, f. 4.
Galerieulmn ovatum, Broivn, 111. Conch. O. B., p. 23, pL 19, f. 27, 28, mag-
nified.
„ oHsj Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 24.

Feluiina 9 „ Alder, Cat. Moll. Northnm. and Durh. p. 69.

The figure of this interesting little shell is intermediate
between that of Lamellaria perspicua and Lacuna palli-
dula ; it reminds one a little of the genus Namcella, It
is minute, rather thin (hence a little transparent), and
beneath the purplish-brown closely adhering skin, with
which it is covered, of an uniform glossy brown ; its
surface is almost smooth, being merely wrinkled in a spiral
direction with most densely disposed microscopic lines.
The spire, examined from the dorsal side, seems only a
little globule of one coil, that is placed so laterally (being,
too, extremely narrow, scarcely exceeding, on the average,*
the tenth part of the body in breadth) as almost to
be confined to the left side of the shell ; though ab-
ruptly prominent, it is scarcely elevated above the level
of the outer lip. When resting on its mouth, the shell
seems much depressed, yet the surface of the whorls is
very convex. The body swells out rather abruptly from
the simple suture, it is peculiarly produced (in the adult)

VOL. III. T T

322 PTRAMIDELLID^.

towards the lower right-hand comer, hence the appearance
of obliquity which it presents ; the final declination is
abrupt but well rounded. The capacious aperture fills
nearly the whole of the ventral area, yet does not disclose
the internal gyration. The peristome is complete, and
of a rounded oval figure, of which the pillar end, however,
is blunted. The acute and simple outer lip is much pro-
duced, disposed to expand, and everywhere arcuated ; the
throat is quite smooth, and much shining. The pillar lip
is flattened, shelves inwards, and is devoid of sculpture or
canal ; it is of a narrow sublunar shape, the incurvation
of it is very trifling above. There is no vestige of any
umbilicus. Such is the minuteness of its size, that our
largest example only measured the ninth of an inch
across.

We found Otina otis alive many years ago in crevices of
rocks between tide-marks, associated with KeUia rubra
and Conovulus albus at Kirk Santon Head, in the Isle of
Man. We were at once struck by its dissimilarity from
Velutina^ by its horn-less head, and its curious Succinea-
like aspect. Since then we have never had an opportunity
of examining it, but are enabled from the published notice
by Mr. Alder, and from more extended valuable notes com-
municated by Mr. Clark, to detail its characters. The
animal is of a hyaline white hue, very thick and large as
compared with the size of its shell. The mantle is simple
and not reflected on the shell. The head is large and
broad, and bears two almost obsolete triangular tentacles
or auricular processes. The eyes are set at the upper
bases of these ; they are large and black. The mouth is
inferior and vertically cloven ; it is furnished with dis-
tinct jaws and a short denticulated tongue. The foot is
oblong, divided by a transverse groove across its centre.

OTINA. 323

and funiisked with a creeping disk at each end, so that the
creature marches in the manner of Pedipes and Truncatella,
(The Chemnitzia have a very similar method of progres-
sion.) The branchial plume appears to lie across the head
under the centre of the mantle.

We regard it as a very local shell, though tolerably
abundant when found at all. It is a strictly littoral
species, inhabiting the chinks of rocks between tide-marks,
where it is usually taken in the empty cells of barnacles
(Balani) or attached to the common mussel. Mr. Clark
remarks that like the Littorina it is often uncovered by
the sea, for eighteen hours out of the twenty-four. It is
chiefly found on the western and south-western coasts, and
the rocky shores of the Irish Sea. Mr. Jeffreys finds it in
South Wales ; Mr. Clark in S. Devon ; Mr. Couch and
Mr. Peach in Cornwall ; Mr. Barlee in the Channel Isles.
On the east coast of England it has been observed in
Northumberland by Mr. Alder, and at Scarborough by
Mr. Bean. Mr. W. Thompson enumerates it among the
shells of the west coast of Ireland. Birterbuy Bay, Gal-
way (Barlee) ; Clare (Humphreys).

It does not appear to have been noticed by continental
conchologists.

324

NATICIDiE.

In this family we have an assemblage of Gasteropoda
presenting very peculiar and marked characters. The
shell is spiral and more or less globular or expanded,
usually smooth and polished. Its general aspect resembles
that of Nerita^ so that for a long time these two very dis-
similar mollusks, so far as essential characters of organiza-
tion go, were placed in one family and originally in one
genus. The animal of the Naticida has, however, a re-
tractile proboscis, and is remarkable for the great develop-
ment of the fold or mentum on the upper and anterior
portion of the foot, which becomes in it a great lobe re-
flexed upon and protecting the head. The operculigerous
lobe is also remarkably developed and reflected upon the
shell. The tongue is furnished with teeth. The Natieida
appear to be of exceedingly predacious habits. They are
chiefly inhabitants of the laminarian and coralline zones.
There are numerous and beautiful forms of the tribe in
tropical seas.

From the earliest geological epochs there appears to
have been well marked members of this family inhabiting
the area of the British seas. Some of these, even among
the most ancient, bear a striking resemblance to existing
species, but, not until the later tertiary epochs do we find
British Naticida identical with those now living.

NATICA. 326

NATICA, Bhugibkx.

Shell more or less globular, usually strong, with a short
spire of few yolutions ; surface usually smooth or very
finely striated ; often polished ; aperture ovato-pyriform,
outer lip acutely edged ; inner lip more or less expanded
or callous, encroaching on and sometimes concealing the
umbilicus. Operculum corneous or calcareous, elliptical,
with a small spire.

Animal very large in proportion to the shell, but always
perfectly retractile. Head small, furnished with a long
trunk, and surrounded by a tentacular veil, from which two
lanceolate tentacles, set well apart, spring; eyes usually
absent, when present very minute, and placed beneath the
tentacular veil ; foot very large and expanded, rounded at
both ends ; mentum greatly developed, forming a large ob-
long disk in front of the shell, the anterior portion covering
the foot, the posterior reflexed upon the head and tentacula,
so that the tips only of the latter appear above it when the
animal is walking. Operculigerous lobe very ample, reflexed
upon and partially concealing the shell both at the sides and
back : jaws distinct, corneous ; tongue short, linear, each
row of teeth upon it consisting of a quadrate, broad based
median tooth with a denticulated apex, flanked by three
uncini on each side ; male organ falcate ; branchial plume
single.

The spawn of Natica is deposited in the form of a sub-
spiral or concentric ribband or strap, rendered firm by
agglutinated sand.

The species of this genus inhabit every climate, but are
most numerous in warm regions. Some of them, as the
Natica hercules from Oregon, grow to a large size.

326 NATIOIDiE

N. MONiLiPERA, Lamarck.

Large, eubglobose, with a single band of coloured streaks
below the suture ; whorls abruptly ventricose ; outer lip arching
out from the body at almost a right angle ; umbilicus open, im-
pressed with faint spiral grooves.

Plate C. fig. 1 , and (animal) Plate P P. fig. 6, (by mistake as N. oa$trata),

LiSTSR, Anim. Angl. pi. 3, t 10 ; Hist. Conch, pi. 568, f. 19.
— Oevb, Conch, pi. 28, f. 317.
Neriia ^aucina, (not of Linn.) Pbnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, yoL it. p. 140, pi.

87, f. 141. — PuLTKNKY, Hutchins, Hist Dorset, p. 50. —
DoNoy. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pi. 20, f. 1 .—Mont. Test. Brit,
vol. ii. p. 469 (adult). — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. Tol. Tiii. p. 224 (in part only).— Rack. Dorset Catalog,
p. 57, pi. 21, 17 (larger form). — Turt. Conch. Diction, p.
124 (not var.), f. 71,72 (as canr^ena). — Dillw. Recent
Shells, vol. ii. p. 978. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 35, f. 5.
„ catena^ Da Costa, Brit. Shells, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 7 (not yonng).
.\atica monili/era. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) yol. viii. p. 638. — Forbbs,

Malac. Monens. p. 29. — Johnston, Berwick. Club, yoI. i.
p. 265, with animal. — Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 125,
and animal, p. 346. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 147. —
Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B., p. 24, pi. 13, f. 8. 10. —
Blainv. Faune Fran(;aise, Moll.pl. 14, f. 5. — Hanley,
Young Conch, p. 55. — Harvby, Sea Side Book, p. 33.
„ ampuUaria^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 633 ; Dblks.

Rec. Coq. Lam. pi. 32, f . 11 P (teste R6clux).
„ castioieat Lam. Anim. s. yert. (ed. Desh.) yol. yiiL p. 643. — Blainv.

Malacol. pi. 36, bis, f. 4. — Dblbss. Rec. Coq. Lam. pi. 32,
f. 15.
„ glaudna, Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 319.
„ squalidaf Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 128 (worn, teste Jeffreys, from

type) ; copied. Brown, Illust. Conch., O. B., p. 130.
„ catena, Alder, Cat Moll. NorUium. and Durh. p. 68. — Sbarlbs Wood,
Crag Moll. yol. i. p. 142, pi. 16, f. 8 (fossil).

Although the name assigned by Da Costa to this and
the succeeding species conjointly, is prior to the La-
luarckian appellation, we have not retained it, since it was
perversely bestowed by that author, in despite of his own

NATICA. 327

erroneous conviction, that the species thus designated, was
the glaucina of Linnaeus.

The shell is not depressed, but nearly globose, and in
the adult is about equally as broad as long; it is mo-
derately strong, yet not very solid, more or less glossy,
smooth, or nearly so (for there are very many obscure
fine wrinkles of increase), and adorned below the junction
of the whorls with a single narrow band of obliquely
longitudinal flezuous chestnut streaks, on a ground of
pale livid flesh, or olivaceous grey, that becomes whiter
upon the base, and turns paler, for the most part, in the
more aged examples. A very short upper rim of white
usually margins the whorls, and renders the strongly pro-
nounced suture more conspicuously distinct. The body
is very large, and is much swollen, yet is flattened in some
slight degree in the middle ; its base is not at all peaked
nor produced, and slopes rotundately, but rather abruptly,
to its anterior termination. The spire, which occupies
nearly two-sevenths of the dorsal length, is composed of
five or five and a half quickly tapering short turns, whose
volutional increase is rapid but equable, the penult not
being strikingly longer than the preceding coil ; they are
of abrupt elevation (so that they do not appear to shelve
into each other as in Alderi)^ are much rounded, and are
neither angulated, flattened, nor retuse above, as in certain
Natica ; the apex is very small, but not much projecting.
The mouth, which is half moon-shaped, or of a very
narrow subovate form (being more broadly rounded ante-
riorly), occupies nearly two-thirds of the ventral length ;
the throat is smooth, and stained with chestnut or livid
brown. The acute and simple outer lip almost forms a
semicircle, and arches out from the body at nearly a right
angle. The umbilicus is large, open, and rather obscurely

328 NATICIDiB.

and slightly grooved in a spiral direction ; it is not envi-
roned by any band of colonr.

The callns of the inner lip is white, and not peculiarly
spread, but rather short than otherwise for the genns ;
it does not conceal the umbilicns, but on arriving at it,
turns abruptly off in nearly a straight line, and rejoins
the pillar at rather more than a right angle. The per-
foration, and consequently the apex of the angle, is just
half-way between the top of the outer lip and the extreme
base of the aperture. The pillar lip is pure white, solid,
slightly reflected, and well rounded anteriorly. The average
diameter of specimens is only an inch and a fifth, but
examples are said to occur of nearly two inches in length.

Dr. Harvey, in that very interesting little work, his
^^ Sea-side Book/^ thus graphically describes the nidus of
this abundant species. This Natica^ he observes, *' either
leaves its egg-cluster loose in sandy places, or attaches
it so carelessly, that it frequently becomes loose. These
egg-clusters are really very curious and elegantly formed
objects, which must often have attracted the notice of
a rambler, who felt puzzled to know what they were.
They are firmly gelatinous, or of the consistence of gristle ;
transparent, or nearly so ; slightly coated with fine sand,
and in shape resemble the hoof of an animal. When
dry, they look not unlike pieces of thin Scotch oaten
bread. Their surface is marked with little hexagonal
spaces, which define the eggs. But what is most to be
admired in the structure, is the form of the curves which
the hoof-like body assumes, which fit it for lying on loose
sand, without becoming deeply buried in it. It is difli-
cult to make this peculiar form understood by mere
description, but I have said sufiScient to identify the
object."*^ This curious mass of eggs was considered to be a

NATICA. 329

Zoophyte by Ellis, and was characterised as such by
Gmelin under the name of Flustra arenosa. Its true
nature was first surmised by Mr. Boys, and in 1823 Mr.
Hogg communicated an interesting paper to the Linnean
Society, in which he demonstrated it beyond question to
be the nidus of Natica monili/era.

The animal is entirely of a yellowish hue, deepening into
yellow on the sole of the foot, and more or less tinged with
purple above ; especially on the anterior portion, which,
when contracted, is thickly veined with purplish brown.
The foot is very large, and capable of great expansion,
rounded in front and behind, and extending far around the
shell, which is partially concealed by the reflected mentum
and operculigerous lobe, both paler in colour than the rest
of the body. The tentacula are long and lanceolate-tri-
angular, white, or tinged with reddish-brown; there are
very minute sessile eyes at their external bases beneath.
The operculum is corneous. Our figure of the animal is
taken from a drawing by Mr. Spence Bate.

Though a common, this is at the same time rather a
local species, being found, however, on most parts of our
coast where sand is plentiAil. It abounds, buried in sand,
in many places not far below low-water-mark, and ranges
as deep as ten or fifteen fathoms.

It is general throughout the Celtic region of the Euro-
pean seas ; and dates its genealogy from later tertiary
times. The absence of colour and the decortication of the
sutural margins of the whorls in fossil specimens of this
genus, render their identification with recent species
extremely difficult and obscure.

VOL. HI. u V

330 NATICIDJE.

N. NiTiDA, Donoyan.

Of an oblique rounded ovaie shape^ rarelj pure white, usuallj
with five spiral bands of coloured markings on the body-whorl,
which is attenuated posteriorly ; whorls shelving, as it were, into
each other j outer lip united to the body at an acute angle ; um-
bilicus smooth within, enyironed by a band of colour.

Plate C. fig. 2, 3, 4, and (Animal) Plate P P. fig. 6 (ae Alderi).

LisTBR, Hist. Conch. pL 661, f. 8 ?
CochUay No. 1324, Linn. Fauna Suecica, ed. 1.

Nerita plaudna^ Linn. Fanna Suecica (not Syst. Nat. ed. 10 or 12), ed. 2, p. 533.

—Mont. Test, Brit. vol. ii. p. 470 (yonng). — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 57, ^ tmall ordinary form.*^ — ^Turt. Condu Die-
tion. p. 125 (var. B). — Hooa, Trans. Linn. yol. xir. p. 320,
pi. 9, f. 5, 6. — Born, Testacea Mas. Ccs. Vindob. p. 396,
pi. 13, f. 20, 21 ?
„ catena^ fovng. Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 84.
„ niiida^ DoNOV. Brit Shells, toI. iv. pi. 144, copied and enlaiged. Brown,

111. Conch. O. B. p. 13, f. 7, 11 ?
„ mammiUaf var, c. Dillw. Recent Shells, yoL ii. p. 985 (from DonoTan).
NfUioa nitida, Flbmikg, Brit Animals, p. 319. — Forbes, Malac Monens. p. 62.

— Macgill. Moll. Aberdeenshire, p. 127 (variety, teste Jefireys
from type).— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 148.
„ momliferoy Forbbs, Mag. Nat. Hist yol. iz. p. 191, f. 2 (animal).
M intermedia^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. Tol. i. p. 163, pi. 9, 1 11, changed to

Marochietuisy p. 156, and yol. iL p. 140.
„ cattanea^ (not of Lam.) Potikz and Mich. QaL Donai, MoIL yoL L

p. 293, pL 28, f. 24, 25.
„ Alderi, FoRBBS, Malac. Monens. p. 31. — ^Johnston, Berwick. Club, voL i.
p. 266. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 126. — Brit Marine
Conch, p. 148, f. 82. — Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 25,
pL 57, f. 14. — Alder, Cat. MolL Northomb. and Dorh. p. 68.
M ghucina, Philippi, Nene Conch. voL iL p. 44, Nat. pi. 2, £ 10, 11.
„ monUifera^youngy Brown, lUust Conch. O. B. pi. 13, f. 1, 2.
„ piaucinUf Philippi, Neue Conch, yol. ii. p. 10, Nat pL 2, f. 10, 11.

The shell is rather small, more or less solid, and of an
oblique and somewhat globosely ovate figure, which in the
adult is always longer than broad. From the marked
attenuation of the body at the posterior extremity (it
becomes a little narrower, too, anteriorly) the spire seems

NATICA. 331

somewhat produced : yet it only occupies two-sevenths of
the dorsal length. The more characteristic specimens
(especiaUy the younger ones) are encircled with five mode-
rately distant bands of short angular or flexuous purplish
brown streaks, of which the three lower series are sagit*
tate, and the two upper, the second of which is broader
than the rest, and the first of which is continued along the
two or three next turns, composed of letter-like markings or
oblique and irregular wavy lines. The ground-colour of the
smooth and highly-polished exterior ranges in tint from
creamy white or very pale fawn to livid or chestnut;
sometimes, indeed (and chiefly in the more aged examples)
this last colour entirely obscures all but the subsutural
streaks ; and sometimes the shell is almost wholly devoid
of colouring, yet vestiges of the bands are usually to be
traced by those who look for them. The body is very
large, moderately ventricose, more rounded below, where
its declination is moderately sudden, than it is above,
where it shelves considerably, and is slightly flattened, or
is occasionally even in some slight measure retuse. The
spire is composed of five, or five and a half coils, whose
volutional increase, especially that of the penult, which
becomes abruptly higher than the preceding turn, is more
or less rapid. They shelve into each other, from the
quickness with which they taper above, which diminishes
their appearance of convexity, so gently, that the fine and
oblique suture (which is never margined with white) seems
but slightly impressed ; the apex is small and not much
projecting. The mouth fills about two-thirds of the ventral
length, and is of a nearly oval figure, that is rather more
broadly rounded below than above : its basal recedence (on
which depends the angle of the spire^s elevation) is mode-
rate; the throat is smooth, and usually nearly white.

332 NATIGIDJ;.

The outer lip arches downwards, so as to form an acute
angle, at its superior junction, with the body. The um-
bilicus, which is environed by a narrow strip of colour
(chestnut, brown, tawny, or chocolate), adjacent to which
the surface is whitish or paler than usual, is simple, smooth
internally, moderately large, yet in some slight degree (in
the young almost entirely) narrowed by the enamel of the
inner lip, which, as it diverges thence, runs to the columella
in a much more slanting line than in the preceding species,
consequently its angle is much more obtuse and less de-
cided. The pad of enamel which strengthens the outer
lip, at its origin, is white ; the rest of the callus of the
inner lip (it is rather thickly yet not very broadly spread)
is sometimes white, sometimes stained with livid brown.
The pillar is pure white, solid, and greatly rounded at its
basal union with the opposite lip. A fine example
measured ten lines in length, and two less in breadth.^

The species abounds on most sandy shores, where at low
water it may be detected by the little hillock of sand
under which it has buried itself.

By a most interesting suite of examples, Mr. Jeffreys
has clearly demonstrated to us that the Nerita nitida "f of
Donovan is merely a milk-white variety of this species.
As the links or intermediate examples are rarely to be
obtained, we mention the two most important. The first
differs from the typical Alderi in being of a paler hue, with
an opaque white band beneath the sutures ; here and there

* It is jaBt pOBsible that the Nerita latfida^ thus brie6 j described by Laakey
in the ^ Memoirs of the Wernerian Society*^ (toI. i. p. 409), may be a rariety of
this shell : ** Bears some resemblance to glawdna, but has a more produced apex,
and is divested of the markings of that shell.**

t A little West Indian species, the NaUea aaOa of Philippi (Wiegm. Aichiy.
Natuig. 1845 ; Neue Conch. toI. ii. p. 41, Nat. pi. 2, L 3, altered to PkHippiana,
Nyst, in the Index ; perhaps the Ictdea of Quilding, Tr. Lin. xvii. p. 31), is
occasionally so named in collections, and in all probability was what Montagu

NATICA. 333

a faint trace of one or two of the articulated zones is clearly
perceptible ; the pillar lip is white, but there is an isolated
stain or two of chestnut round the umbilicus. The next
resembles the preceding in other respects, but is perfectly
devoid of all brown markings, and of a flesh-colour that
changes into white at the base of the body- whorl. The
typical nitida is of a pure uniform and highly lustrous
white : it is very rare, but is occasionally taken alive on
different parts of our coast.

The animal is of a wan yellowish white hue, speckled
with tawny spots of various dimensions, and more or less
elongated and streaky in form. These are most numerous
on the reflexed lobe of the mentum, and on the central
portion of the tail. There is no defined coloured border
to the mentum. The sole of the foot is white, tinged with
tawny. The tentacula are linear lanceolate, white^ with
acute tawny tips, the orange or tawny colour of their edges
being traversed by a white line. In a colourless or albino
variety, taken in the Zetland seas, the animal had
scarcely a trace of coloured markings. The operculum is
corneous.

This is one of our prettiest and commonest British
shells. It ranges throughout our seas, living on all kinds
of ground, and ranging from four to as deep as eighty
and ninety fathoms. Mr. Alder has found it near Ar-
drossan in sand at low-water mark. It inhabits the coast
of Europe from Gibraltar to Bergen. In the British area

(Test Brit. Suppl. p. 150), believiDg it identica], referred to as ** not unfrequent
amongst parcels of Occidental shells.'* Maton and Rackett (Trans. Linn. Soc.
yol. yiii. p. 225), fancying that Donovan's Caithness shell was the mammilla of
Linnaeus, sabstituted that name and copied their description of that imperforated
Oriental species firom the ** Museum Ulricae." Turton (Ner, mammilla^ Conch.
Diction, p. 125) acquiescing in this decision, mixing the umbilical characters of
the two shells, describes the perforation as *' nearly or quite closed.^

334 NATICIDJE.

it appeared first during the epoch of the red crag, and
lived through that of the northern drift.

N. soRDiDA, Philippi.

Large, subglobular, uniform chestnut ; body not attenuated
above ; spire much depressed ; umbilicus open, smooth, edged
with a coloured band ; enamel of the inner lip chocolate.

Plate C. fig. 5, 8, and (Animal) Plate P P. fig. 3.

NaUoafulva^ Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist rol. v. p. 99 (no description).

„ aordidoy Philippi, (not Swainson) Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 139, pi. 24,
f. 15. — Thosiphon, Ann. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. iii. p..352
(no description).
„ allied to monili/eraf Forbes, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ziv. p. 413.

plumJbea^ Philippi (not Lamarck), Neue Conch, vol. i. p. 16, pi. I, f. 5.
proximoy Sbarlss Wood, Crag Moll. vol. i. p. 143, pi. 16, f. 4, fossil.

As the N. sordida of Swainson^s Zoological Illustrations
is specifically identical with the plumbea of Lamarck, we
are enabled to retain that appellation for the present
species ; had not the name proxima been applied, under
the supposition that the species had never been previously
described, we should have held it right to have adopted it
in preference.

This shell partaking of the characters of both the preced-
ing species, when large approaches more nearly to manili'
feruy when small to nitida. A long suite of examples in the
collection of Mr. M 'Andrew forbids the annexation of it to
either. Our description of nitida will for the most part
apply to it ; its shape, however, is a little broader, and not
quite so oblique, and the body is not peculiarly attenuated
above. The spire is more depressed than in the species we
are comparing it with, and the whorls are consequently less
rounded, and often a little flattened horizontally above.

NATICA. 335

No coloured markings adorn its exterior, which is of an
uniform chestnut or livid hue, except near the anterior ex-
tremity, where it becomes white or pallid as in nitida.
The umbilicus is large, and rather open-mouthed. The
callus of the inner lip is much thickened, though not very
broadly spread, and as well as the pad and the outer edge
of the columella is stained with pale chocolate. The oper-
culum is brown. An inch in breadth, and rather more than
an inch in length are the dimensions of an adult specimen.

The animal, which we have been so fortunate as to take
in iuU vigour in the seas of the outer Hebrides, is of a
general dusky tawny hue, deeply tinged with madder
brown. The mentum is very large ; its anterior lobe is
the most darkly coloured portion of the body ; its reflexed
lobe is lighter and yellowish at its margins ; the angles are
rounded but well marked, and the centre slightly emargi-
nate. The sole of the foot is reddish tawny. The ten-
tacula are rather broadly lanceolate, of a pale but dusky
reddish white hue. Philippics note of the colours of the
animal of Sicilian specimens sufficiently agrees with our
observations of a British example. The operculum is pale
and corneous, with a remarkable pearly lustre at its
margins.

This species was exhibited at the York meeting as pro-
bably new to Britain, by Mr. M'Andrew, who dredged it
first in St. George^s Channel, in sixty fathoms water, be-
tween Scilly and the Smalls; he afterwards took it
between Gape Clear and Baltimore, in thirty fathoms
water, and off Arran in Scotland, in twenty-five fathoms ;
also dead in ninety fathoms at the Zetland Isles. The
example, of which we have examined and described the
animal, was taken with several dead specimens in the Bay
of Stornoway in Lewis, in twenty fathoms water. Mr.

336 NATlCIDiB.

Barlee has taken it at Arran in Galway, and at Loch
Fyne. Mr. Jefireys informs us that it was found at Cork
by Mr. Humphreys.

It ranges to the Mediterranean, where it was first taken
alive by Philippi, who states that it inhabits deep water
there. The Natica catenoides of Wood, from the Bed
Crag of Sutton and Walton, comes very near this rare
shell, and is probably identical with it.

N. MoNTAGui, Forbes.

Small, rufous, deyoid of markings, but with a narrow whitish
band or yolutional margin below the suture ; throat rufous ;
pillar and pad pure white ; umbilicus not environed by a band
of colour, partially concealed by a projection of the enamel.

Plate CI. fig. 8, 4, and (Animal) Plate P P. fig. 4.

Nerita ru/u^ Mont, (not of Bon) Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 160, pi. 30, £ 3 (not the
yonng). — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 126 (fivm last)* — Dillw.
Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 980 (in part).
Natica „ Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 319. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 148.

„ Montagui^ Forbks, Malac. Monens. p. 82. — Brown, Illost. Conch. G. B.

p. 25, pL 13,f. 3, 6.
„ rtiiUa^ Macoilliv. MolL Abeid. p. 126; copied, Brit. Marine Conch,
p. 263, and Brown, 111. Conch. O. B. p. 130.

We have followed preceding writers in our identification
of the Nerita rufa of Montagu, yet feel by no means
certain that the shell originally delineated by Montagu
was not a West Indian one, that is usually met with in
collections from that quarter.

The shell is small, somewhat obliquely subglobose, of
nearly equal length and breadth, strong, smooth, and both
externally and internally of a rufous flesh colour, or liyid
rufous cast, that becomes somewhat paler towards the umbi-
licus, pure white on the pillar lip and at the extreme edge

NATICA. 337

of the outer one, and is margined with a narrow pallid or
whitish strip below the sutural line. The dome-shaped
spire is composed of from four to four and a half turns, the
lowest of which (the penult volution) is about twice as
high as the rest united, and rises somewhat abruptly and
yentricoselj, but becomes depressed, yet neither flat nor
retuse, posteriorly ; the surface of the smaller coils is con-
vex, but they are scarcely elevated above the narrow but
profoundly impressed subcanaliculated suture. The body,
which occupies about five-sevenths of the dorsal length, is
simply ventricose, swells out rather abruptly above, is not
perceptibly flattened in the middle, and declines at the
base in a well rounded but rather rapid fall. The mouth
fills about four-sevenths of the ventral length, and about
two-fifths of the basal diameter ; it is of a narrow subovate
form, being a little more rounded anteriorly, and as usual,
is somewhat flattened on the pillar side from the ordi-
nary straightness of the inner lip in this genus. The arch
of the right lip is not quite semicircular, but it slants at
rather an acute angle, as it projects posteriorly from the
body-whorl; its edge is simple and acute. Both the
throat and inner lip are quite smooth. The orifice of the
umbilicus is intermediate in shape between a crescent and
an arrow-head, being contracted by a convex projection of
the pillar lip, which is the termination to a rather broad,
but little elevated rounded ridge, which winds up the per-
foration ; no spiral lines are impressed on its surface, but
the corrugations of growth are often very conspicuous. It
is sharply defined anteriorly, where it indents the pillar ;
the adjacent area is a little flattened, but is not bounded
by a distinct further angulation. The white enamel is not
much spread upon the body. The operculum is dirty
yellow. Our largest examples measure but little more

VOL. III. X x

338 NATICIDA.

than two-fifths of an inch in length, and rather lees in
breadth.

The animal i» of a white or yellowish-white hne, except
the upper and lateral margins of the reflezed lobe of the
mentnm, which are bordered by a defined and conspicuous
line of some breadth, of a claret brown colour. The
lobe itself has a tendency to emargination in the centre,
and to angularity at the sides. The sole of the foot
is white. The tentacula are lanceolate, acute at their
tips, and entirely white. The operculum is corneous.
Our figure of the animal is from a drawing by Mr.
Alder.

This pretty species ranges from Cornwall to Zetland,
but can be said to be common only in the North. Mr.
Peach has found it once at Gh>yan. We have taken it in
thirty to thirty-fiye fathoms, sand, on the Devon coast,
and Mr. M'Andrew has dredged it in fifty fathoms, sand,
off Cornwall. In the southern part of the Irish Sea it is
very rare, but becomes frequent on the north coast of the
Isle of Man (E. F.). It is sufficiently common in the
Scottish seas, living on a bottom of sand, gravelly sand, or
gravel, in from twelve or fifteen to eighty or ninety fathoms
water, as to render an enumeration of its localities super-
fluous. It is not quite so common along the eastern coast
of Britain, but seems generally distributed. Lieut, lliomas
observes that it is a decidedly deep water species there,
and located upon stony ground. On the Irish coast it has
been taken in forty-eight fathoms, off Cape Clear, by Mr.
M^Andrew ; in the stomachs of gurnards, in Cork harbour,
by Mr. Ilumphrcyn (Jeffreys) ; on the Gralway coast by
Mr. Darleo ; and in Belfast Bay, in twenty fiithoms, by
Mr. Ilynclmnn, and Mr. Getty (Thompson).

Professor Loven records it as ranging as far north as

NATICA. 339

Bergen in Norway. It does not appear to occur south of
the Celtic region.

N. H£LicoiDBs, Johnston.

White, longitudinally oval ; whorls narrowly scalar above ;
suture more or less distinctly canaliculated : axis imperforated.

Plate C. fig. 6.

Littorina $ Ltbll, Philos. TianB. 1835, pt. 1, p. 37, pL 2, f. 10 (fossil).
Naiica Helicoidet^ Johnston, Report Berwick. Club, 1835, vol. i. pp. 69, 266,

with figure. — Lyxll, London and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1840,

pt. 1, p. 365, f. 12 (fossil) Macoill. Moll. Aberd.p. 127.

•—Brit. Marine Conch, p. 149. — Brown, lUust. Conch.
O. B. p. 130, pi. 13, f. 24, 25.-— SxARLXS Wood, Crag
Moll. p. 145, pi. 16, f. 3 (fossil). -^ MiDDEND. Malacoz.
Ross. pt. 2, p. 88, pi. 7, f. 8, 9 (a yariety).
„ canaliculaioy Qould, Silliman^s Journal, toI. xxxviii. p. 197 ; Invert

Massach. p. 235, f. 161. — Philippi, Neue Conch, vol. ii.
p. 43, Nat. pi 2, f. 12.
„ cornea, Philippi, Neue Conch, vol ii. p. 43, Nat. pi. 2, f. 7 (as of
MOllbb, Moll. Qroenl. p. 7).

The shell is thin, a little transparent, quite smooth, and
of an uniform dull white hue, that is concealed externally
by a fugacious epidermis, which, in fine specimens, is of a
somewhat olivaceous yellow, but is horn-coloured in those
smaller examples that are more usually taken in our islands ;
it is of a longitudinally suboval shape, that is nearly
equally attenuated at both extremities. The whorls are
scalariform, and the narrow flattened ledge has an inward
inclination, so that the suture is more or less canaliculated.
The body, which is ventricose above, is manifestly atte-
nuated and somewhat produced below, where its basal de-
clination is very gradual and less rounded than in the ma-
jority of this genus. The spire, in the adult, is nearly equal
in length to half the body ; the longitudinal increase of its
turns, which are moderately ventricose, and taper but little

340 NATICIDJE.

above, id rather quick ; the last two or three are abruptly
elevated; the apex is very blunt, and the earlier coils
depressed ; the penult volution is rather high.

The shape of the mouth, which fills rather less than two-
thirds of the ventral length, is oblong- elliptic; it is narrow,
yet in the middle is broader than, or quite as broad as,
that portion of the body which is in a line with it ; its
basal recession is very trifling.

The lateral projection of the thin and simple outer lip is
not considerable, and its arch does not at all approach a
semicircle in extent. A thin layer of white enamel com-
pletes the peristome, but is not diffused over the body as
in certain Natica. The outline of the inner lip is a little
sinuated, for the body sometimes swells out a little above,
and the free edge of the pillar is frequently a little incurved.
The pillar lip is at first pressed close to the body, and
though straightish in the young, becomes arcuated and
dilated in mature specimens at its anterior junction with
the right lip, where the slightly patulous base of the aper-
ture is contracted to a more or less distinct angle. There
is no axial perforation, but a minute crevice in the fry
marks the ordinary position of an umbilicus. The oper-
culum has a dirty yellow cast.

One of our foreign examples (from Newfoundland) is an
inch and a quarter long, and eleven lines in breadth, but
none of the British examples we have yet seen approach
these dimensions : the one originally described by Dr.
Johnston measured three-fifths of an inch long and was
scarcely two- fifths of an inch in breadth.

This curious and rare shell, with the animal of which we
are as yet unacquainted, was discovered by Dr. Johnston
on the coasts of Berwickshire. Mr. Howse has taken it at
Sunderland, and Mr. Bean informs us that one very fine

NATICA. 341

specimen (in Mr. Leckenby's Collection) has been found at
Scarborough. Dr. Knapp has taken several from had-
docks'" stomachs caught off the Frith of Forth. Professor
MacGiHivray has found it at Aberdeen. Lieut. Thomas
has taken it in fifteen fathoms, Eda Sound ; in seven fathoms,
Sanda Sound ; and in forty fathoms on the east coast of
Orkney; in all instances on a coral (nullipore) or shelly
ground, never alive, but evidently quite recent. Mr.
Jeffreys and Mr. Barlee have dredged it in the Zetland
seas, where it has been once taken by Mr. MacAndrew in
forty-five fathoms.

It is a boreal and arctic species, and ranges to the coasts
of North America. As a fossil it is plentiful in the red
crag, and in the mammaliferous crag of Bramerton (Lyell,
Searles Wood).

N. pusiLLA, (Say?) Gould.

Small, white, covered with a yellowish ash-coloured epidermis ;
spire blunt, very short ; whorls not scalar : umbilicus a mere
chink.

Plate C. fig. 7.

Natica punlla. Say, Joum. Acad. N. S. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 267? — Gould

(1841), Invert. Masaach. p. 237, f. 166. — Philippi, Neue
Concb. vol. ii. p. 44, Nat. pi. 2, f. 9. — Dbkay, New York
Fauna, Moll. p. 123, pi. 7, f. 45.
„ Groetdandica, Bkck (1842) in MOllbr, Index Moll. Oroenl. p. 7 (from

type). — Hanl. Brit. Marine Concb. p. xxxiv. fig. 55. —
Kino, Annals Nat. Hist. vol. xviii. p. 243. — Aldxr,
Moll. Nortbumb. and Durh. p. 69. — Sbarlbs Wood,
Crag Mollusc, vol. i. p. 146, pi. 12, f. 5.
yt livida, Bban, Brit. Marine Concb. p. 265.
„ alUif " Lov^N," Philippi, Neue Concb. vol. i. p. 17, Nat. pi. 1, f. 13.

We are not quite certain that this is the species that
Say intended by his Natica pusilla ; it is assuredly, how-
ever, the shell identified as such by Dr. Gould.

342 NATIGIDiE.

The shell has a subglobose form that is rather longer
than broad, and Is about eqaally narrowed at each extre-
mity. It is moderately strong, quite smooth, and covered
with a rather dull pale ash-coloured or yellowish horn-
coloured epidermis, beneath which it is pure white. The
body is very large, simply yentricose, not at all flattened
in the middle, and is well rounded both above and below,
yet rather more gradually so anteriorly. The short blunt
spire is somewhat dome-shaped, and is usually eroded at
the apex ; it only fills a fifth of the dorsal length, and is
composed of three or four very short quickly tapering com-
pressed, yet convex (not scalar) volutions, that are divided
by a fine but profound suture, and are of rather slow longi-
tudinal increase. The aperture, whose basal recedence is
rather less than is usual in the Naiicte^ is of an uniform
polished white, of a suboval figure, and rather large,
since it occupies at least three-fifths of the ventral length,
and measures in a line with the umbilicus quite one-half
of the transverse diameter: the throat is quite smooth.
The outer lip is thin, sharp, and simple ; it projects at right
angles to the body, and its sweep is almost a semicircle.
The enamel of the inner lip, though not broadly, is rather
thickly spread ; the pillar lip is wide, and its simplicity is
not disturbed by any callous projection or indentation.
The umbilical perforation is so narrow as to be scarcely
more than a linear chink. Seven lines long, and six broad
are the dimensions of the individual specimen measured by
us, but we believe that this is not the extreme size that
the species attains to.

This very rare species (the animal of which is a deside-
ratum) was taken first by Mr. Bean ofi^ the Yorkshire coast.
Mr. King has dredged it alive in fifty fathoms on the coast
of Northumberland, where it has also been taken by Mr.

NATICA. 343

B. Howse. A dead specimen was dredged iu forty-five
fathoms off Rasa (M^Andrew and E. F.) but this may
possibly have been a pleistocene fossil. It occurs fossil in
the Bridlington beds. It now ranges northwards to the
seas of Greenland.

N. EiNGii, Forbes and Hanley.

Very small, imperforated, coyered with a strong dark yellow
epidermis, deyoid of markings; whorls not scalar; spire ex-
serted.

Plate CI. fig. 1, 2.

Our description of this strange looking Natica (?) is
solely derived from an unique example now in the collec-
tion of Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq. Its dorsal aspect reminds
one of L<icuna pallidtda^ its ventral of an Anculotus. It
is ovate-acute, oblique, strong enough for its size, not
translucent, and clothed with an olivaceous yellow lustrous
epidermis, that fits it so tightly as to seem rather an
external layer of colouring matter. Beyond mere wrinkles
of increase, that are frequent and rather conspicuous, no
sculpture either external or internal varies the entire sur-
face. The prominent spire, which is not placed laterally
as in the Lucutm palUdula, terminates in a small and not
peculiarly blunt apex, occupies nearly a third of the dorsal
length, and is composed of rather more than three much
tapering rounded volutions, that are short, of very quick
longitudinal increase (the penult being large in propor-
tion to the earlier turns), and clearly defined by a simple
sutural line. The peculiarly broad body is ventricose, yet
becomes slightly flattened towards the outer lip ; it declines
anteriorly in a rather abrupt convex line, and terminates

344 NATICIDJE.

below in a blunt but projecting base that is placed far to
the right. The aperture is very large, rounded oval, being
scarcely contracted above, and rather broadly rounded
below, and of an uniform not much polished white hue ; it
merely fills three-fiflhs, at most, of the entire length, and
about one-half of the transverse diameter : the basal rece-
dence is very considerable. The peristome is continuous.
The outer lip is acute, disposed to expand, and much but
not symmetrically arcuated; it projects both laterally
and anteriorly, but more especially at the latter place.
The inner lip, which is moderately curved below, is
rendered solid by the thickness of the enamel, yet is rather
laterally appressed and bevelled than, strictly speaking,
reflected. There is not even an umbilical crevice.

The specimen, which measures about a quarter of an
inch in either direction, was picked up by our friend
Professor King, from the refuse of a coble that had been
fishing, in the coralline zone, a few miles off Gullercoats,
on the coast of Northumberland.

SPURIOUS.

N. iNTRicATA, Donovan.

Nerita intrioata^ DoNOV. Brit. Shells, yol. v. pi. 167. — Wood, Index Test.

Suppl. pi. 8, Ner. f. 7 (and as Natiea intrioata also).
„ canrena^ Dong v. in Rees^s Encyclop. (1817), Conch, pi. 11, A. — Turt
Conch. Diction, p. 125.— Fleming, Edinb. Encyclop. pi. 203,
f. 17.
Natiea Valenciennerii, Payraud. Cat Moll. Corse, p. 118, pi. 5, f. 23, 24. —

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 162 Dbsh. Lam. Anim.

B. Vert. (ed. Desh.) voL viii. p. 649.
„ intricatOj Flxmino, Brit. Anim. p. 319.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 150. —
Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 25, pi. 13, f. 13, 16.— Phil.
Moll. Sicil. yol. ii. p. 140.

A common Mediterranean species, supposed hy Donovan, who
introduced it into our Fauna, to have been taken at Weymouth,

NATICA. 345

The description of Nerita canrena, in Maton^a catalogue of
British shells {Linncean Transactions, vol, viii, p. 223)^ supposed
hy him to he the present shell, is a mei'e transcript of the language
of the " Museum Ulricce,** in which work three or four exotic shells
are united under that appellation. From its general likeness
to Alderiy it has been included in some of our local catalogues of
species, but the evidence of its indigenoustiess (especially <u a
Northern species) is, to say the least, suspicious.

Two shells, the Nerita tuberosissima of Montagu, and the iV^.
glaJbrissima of Brown, inserted by B6cluz in the genus Narica,
haye been included among our natiye species. The former is
decidedly spurious, a native of the West Indies, and we believe
the fry of the Nar. stUccUa of D'Orbigny.

Neriia tmberonstima, Mont. Test. Brit. SuppL p. 150, pi. 29, f. 5. — Turt.

Conch. Diction, p. 127.
Naiica „ Flxmino, Brit AnimalB, p. 320. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 150. — Brown, IlluBt Conch. G. B. p. 25, pi. 13,

f. 18,20.
Nariea „ R&luz, Rerue Zool. Cuvier. 1844, p. 6 ; Magaainde Zool.

(Qu^rin's) 1845, p. 35, MoU. pi. 125, f. 2.

R6cluz, who believes the species to be possibly identical with
the granulosa of his Monograph, has compiled his description
solely from the descriptions and plates of our British writers.
In like manner his Nariea glaherriTna is entirely derived from
similar sources.

NierUa fflabrisnmtu^ Brown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 532, pi. 24,

f. 12.
„ sulcata, TuRTON (not authors). Conch. Diction, p. 124, f. 56, 57,

and p. 257.
Ndtka „ Flimino, Brit. Animals, p. 320.

„ glabriuima^ Brit Marine Conch, p. 149. — Brown, Illust. Conch. Q. B.

p. 25, pi. 13, f. 12.
Nariea ^aberrima, RfcLUZ, Reyne Zool. Cuvier. 1844, p. 49, and Magasin de

Zool. 1845, p. 65, MoU. pL 135, f. 2.

We feel almost certain that this obscure species does not belong
to the genus at all ; the figures of Brown and Turton look more
like a Lacuna, and the apparent sulci are only designed for " re-
mote longitudinal strice that are very fine.*' (Turt.).

VOL. III. Y Y

346

VELUTINIDiE.

The operculigerous lobe, which in Natica attains each
great dimensions and is reflected upon the shell, is in this
family developed in common with the lateral and anteal
portions of the mantle, so as to be capable of inverting
margins of the shell all around, or to be so completely
reflected oyer the entire shell as to make it *'*' internal ^'
instead of external. The mentum no longer plays that
important part which it has in the Natidda, The
head is flanked by simple tentacula, bearing the eyes
on bulgings at their external bases. The proboscis is
completely retractile. The lingual teeth appear (accord-
ing to Loven) to vary in number, but are always arranged
in a single axile series flanked by from one to three
laterals. There are two branchial plumes. The shell
is always auriform, and is sometimes covered with an
epidermis. Its orifice is always patulous and entire.

VELUTINA. Fleming.

Shell thin, more or less coriaceous, invested with an
epidermis; volutions few, spire short, body whorl ven-
tricose, very large, with an entire patulous aperture : outer
lip sharp, peritreme continuous. No operculum.

Animal bulky, head short, broad, bearing two rather
obtuse subulate tentacula, separated at their bases by the

VELDTINA. 347

breadth of the head ; on bulgings at their origins exter-
nally are the eyejs. Proboscis retractile, mouth armed
with jaws and a denticulated tongue, armed with a single
series of broad, hooked, serrated central teeth flanked on
each side by a triple series of laterals, of which the two
outer rows are simple and eyen edged, and the inner ones
broad, hooked, and serrated. Mantle ample, thick, more
or less reflected on the shell all round. Foot large, obtusely
quadrate in front, rounded behind. Branchial plumes two.
Male organ hamate, reflected.

This excellent genus was constituted in 1820 by Dr.
Fleming for the reception of the Helix lavigata of Lin-
nseus. It was once fancied to be a fresh water tribe, but
this is a great error ; it is among the most strictly marine
of moUusks, occurring often far out at sea and at con-
siderable depths.

V. L^YiGATA, Linnaeus (?)

Pinkish, flesh-oolour, not membranaceous.

Plate XCIX. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate O O. fig. 7.

Helix laviffoia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1250, probably. — Pultbnby, Hut-
chins, Hist Dorset, p. 49. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii.
pi. 105. ^- Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 882. — Maton and
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc toI. viil p. 222. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 56, pL 18, f. 9. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 69. —
Flkming, Encyclop. Edin. pi. 203, f. 14, 15. — Dillw. Recent
Shells, vol ii. p. 971.— Wood, Index Testae pi. 35, f. 183.
Bulla velutina, MI^ller, Zool. Danic. pL 101, f. 1 to 4.
Ifeiije HcUiotoides^ O. Fabric. Fauna Groenhmd. p. 390.
Velutina capuloidiM^ Blainv. Manuel Malacol. pi. 42, f. 4.

„ Utvigata^ Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 324 ; Treatise Moll. Anim. pi. 10,

£ 31. — Forbes, Malac. Monens. p. 29, animal. — ^Johnston,
Berwick. Club, toL i. p. 275, with animal. — Brit Marine
Conch, p. 153. — Sowerbv, Conch. Manual, f. 337. — Gould,
Invert. Massach. p. 240, f. 159. — Rbevjc, Conch. Systemat
pi. 147, f. 1, 2.— Dekay, New York Moll. p. 154, pi. 23,
f. 254.

348 VEL13TINIDJE.

Veluima rupieoioj Conrad, Jomn. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philaddph. toL rl p. 266,

pLll,f. 17,18.
„ Unaia, Macgilliy. MoIL Al)ezd. p. 160.

M HaUotoitUs, MOllbr, Moll. GroenL p. 10.— BIiddxnd. Malaooz. Romic.

pt. 2, p. 104.
GalerictJum lavigatuim. Brown, IBiut Conch. G. B. p. 23, pL 19, £ S5, 38.

This thin and semitransparent shell has a somewhat
obliquely rounded-oyate figure, which in the adult is
broader than it is long ; it is of an uniform pinkish flesh
colour, ncFer banded (as in zonala)^ and covered in living
examples with a rather thickish membranaceous yellowish
brown epidermis, which is often raised in thin equidistant
spiral ridges where it passes over the numerous, but not
crowded, very fine, and little elevated encircling costellar
lines, that, although abraded in worn examples, are always
more or less distinctly present in well preserved individuals.
The volutional increase is of extraordinary rapidity, since
the body occupies nearly the entire dorsal area. The
spire, composed as it is of only two turns and a half,
is not elevated, when the gyration is compact and per-
fectly regular, above the level of the outer lip ; but in the
more aged specimens (whose coils are more loosely and
obliquely disposed) has some little prominence ; it is only
sublateral, as the shell is not so greatly produced towards
the lip as in the genus Otina, The suture is peculiarly
distinct, and often sinks in broadly and profoundly above
the body, into whose crown the spire seems oftentimes
as though it had been forcibly pressed and had drawn in
likewise the margin of the final volution. The whorls,
whose scarcely raised apex is fine and very small, are
really tumid ; yet when the shell rests on its aperture, it
only appears to be an irregular hemisphere. The basal
declination of the body is well rounded, and symmetrically
gradual. The capacious aperture is almost orbicular, and

VELUTINA. 349

fills a large proportion of the yentral area ; it is entirely
devoid of sculpture, but the muscular scars are decidedly
conspicuous. The outer lip is acute, simple, and a little
disposed to expand; it springs out horizontally, or else
rises a little at its commencement, and arching out with a
continuous semicircular sweep, is imperceptibly united to
the pillar lip, which last is extremely narrow and not
appressly reflected, but almost erect. A very slight coat-
ing of shelly matter (usually white or liver-coloured) is
spread over the scarcely convex upper extremity of the
inner lip ; this area is very short in proportion to the
pillar lip, which latter, and likewise the outer lip, recede
considerably towards the anterior extremity of the aper-
ture. On the removal of the epidermis, the inner lip is
usually seen to be slightly severed from the body-whorl,
so as sometimes to look like an umbilical chink ; but
there is no real axial perforation. Fine examples will
occasionally measure almost three quarters of an inch in
length, and nearly an inch across at the broadest part ; but
such dimensions are by no means common.

The young may be readily distinguished from the adult
Otifia by their pallid hue, more orbicular shape, broader
spire, and narrow pillar lip.

The animal is entirely white ; the mantle has a tumid
border which is slightly reflected upon the shell. The
head is short and tumid, and contains a rather short
retractile proboscis. It is flanked by two long subulate
rather thick tentacles, set widely apart and bearing rather
small eyes placed on bulgings at their external bases.
The foot is steep-sided, rather long, obsoletely truncated
and angulated in front, rounded behind, and presenting
neither operculum above, nor medial groove below. The
liver is large and red. The axile tooth of the tongue

350 VELUTINIDJ5.

(which we have compared with Lov^n'^s figure and descrip-
tion) is broadly quadrate and hamate with a serrated apex
and prominent central denticle. The two first laterals are
serrated at their upper hooked borders also, and have a
large tooth at their inner sides. The second and third
laterals are simple and uncinate.

This species is so generally distributed through the
British Seas that to enumerate localities would be super-
fluous. It inhabits various depths of water from the
Laminarian zone to thirty fi^thoms, and is most frequent
on a shelly ground. It has a wide range extending
throughout the Celtic and Boreal Seas, and along the
shores of Boreal America. According to Middendorff it
ranges throughout the Icy Sea, and is found on the coast
of Kamtschatka. It occurs fossil in the mammaliferous
crag.

V. FLExius, Montagu.
Greenish yellow, perfectly membranaceous.

Plate XCIX. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate O 0. fig. 6.

littUa plioutilis, MUllsr, Ppodr. Zool. Dank. p. 2924 ! (teste Lov^n).
„ JUfxilii^ Mont. Teat. Brit. SuppL p. 168. — Laskxt, Mem. Wemer. Soc.
vol. i. pL 8, f. 6. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 25. — Fleming,
Brit. Anim. p. 294.
Veluiina plicaiiiis^ Lov^s, Index MoU. ScandinaT. p. 15. — Alobr, Moll.

Northnmb. and Dnrh. p. 69.
CoriocellaflexUU, Macgilliv. Moll. Abcrd. p. 161.
Sigarettu „ Brown, llliMt. Conch. G. B. p. 23, pi. 2, f. 8, 4.

Though M tiller, as a writer, was long prior to Montagu,
his description of the Btdla plicatilis is so utterly inade-
quate for its identification (four characters only are men-
tioned and no figure referred to), that we have preferred
the epithet bestowed on it by the later but more accurate
naturalist. This strange-looking shell reminds one of

VELUTINA. 351

LameUaria perspicua in shape, and of a Succinea in colour
and texture. It is glossy^ transparent, and so membrana-
ceous as to permit of much indentation without fracture,
though its substance is extremely thin ; and is of a greenish
amber hue, with a slight disposition to nacre internally.
The shell, whose shape is obliquely oval, and broader than
long, appears so much depressed when placed on its mouth,
as to be considerably less than a hemisphere, although the
body is much swollen (the swell diminishing, however,
towards the laterally produced lip), this seeming flatness
results chiefly from the peculiar basal recedence of the
pillar lip. The surface, though not distinguished by any
prominent sculpture, is not quite smooth, but exhibits both
wrinkles and waves of growth, besides some faint indica-
tion of depressed spiral costse, which are most perceptible
in the middle of the final whorl. The spire, comprehending
barely a single volution, whose nucleus is blunt and large,
is scarcely, if at all, raised above the top of the very ample
body, to which it is placed laterally, occupying a very small
portion of the breadth of the shell. Both turns are simple
in their convexity (devoid of any retusion or flattening of
surface) and are divided by a simple but profoundly im-
pressed suture, towards which the margin of the body-
whorl, whose basal declination is not planulate, bends
convexly inward. The aperture is most capacious, filling
more than three-fourths (usually indeed five-sixths) of the
ventral surface, and rising almost to the level of the apex
of the spire. The general contour of the mouth is obliquely
subrhomboidal, the basal portion of the very sinuous pillar
lip is comparatively straight, and forms rather more than a
right angle with the straightish anterior portion of the
outer lip, that runs almost parallel to the upper end of the
inner lip, where the swell of the body is so trifling as

352 TELUTINIDiE.

scarcely to canre it. The posterior or opper edge of the
acote onter lip is more arched and elongated than the rest
(the opposite and snbparallel margin is likewise produced)
sweeps gently downwards, bnt bends abruptly at its termi-
nation, which is rather below the middle of the shell. The
lips are connected by a thin enamel. No vestige of an
umbilicus is visible behind the pillar lip, which is thin, very
narrowly reflected, and greatly receding. The edge of the
aperture is not on a level, but is somewhat incurved in the
middle. A fair-sized example measured almost the third
of an inch in length, and five lines and a half in breadth.*
We have twice been so fortunate as to take this remark-
able animal alive. It is of the brightest orange colour, and,
when brought out of the water had the aspect of a Pleunn
hranehus. The head is lunate and flanked by two linear,
obtuse tentacula, set widely apart, and bearing rather large
eyes on prominent bulgings at their external bases. The
foot is oblong, large but not steep-sided, truncated and an-
gulated in front, rounded behind. The mantle is largely
reflected on the shell, very tumid and pufiy. The branchiae
are pale red. The general orange hue of the body and
mantle is varied by yellowish opaque specks. When last
taken it was adhering to a stone in twenty-five fiithoms in
Loch Fyne (M'Andrew and E. F.) ; we placed it in a
vessel of water, where it, to our surprise, preferred swim-
ming to creeping. The first time we met with it was in
twenty fathoms, Stromness Bay, Orkney (J. Goodsir and
E. F.). It has been taken several times at Northumber-
land (Alder) ; and was originally found on the east coast
of Scotland by Captain Laskey. It ranges through the
Arctic Seas.

* The Helix coriacea of Pallag (Act. PetropoL 1784, toI. ii. pL 7, f. 31,S2«
33), a native of the Kurile lalands, approaches this strange Velutina (?) in most
of its characters, but attains to a comparatively gigantic size.

LAMELLARIA. 353

L AMELLARI A. Montag v.

Shell thin, smooth or striated, auriform, spire depressed
and very small, body whorl greatly expanded and patu-
Ions, pillar lip greatly receding, aperture very large, entire.
No operculum.

Animal with the mantle entirely investing the shell,
emarginate in front ; head rather broad, with two subu-
late tentacles, separated at their bases and bearing the
sessile eyes at their origin externally ; proboscis retractile,
long. Tongue linear, armed with teeth ; axile denticle
with an apical serrated hook, laterals one on each side,
very large, broad, hooked, and serrated. Foot oblong,
obtusely quadrate in front, rounded behind.

The genus Lamellaria as originally constituted by Mon-
tagu included very dissimilar mollusks, those which we
here retain under it and those to which the appellation
PUurobranchus is applied. The original definition was,
" body formed of two fleshy lamellae ; the vitals protected
by a convoluted shell concealed beneath the skin ; foramen
on the right side.'' The two sections of his genus " with,
and without plumes,'' are equivalent to the two genera
just mentioned. As the Bulla Haliotoidea had been pre-
viously described, Montagu does not repeat the account
of it, but simply mentions it first among his species,
as belonging to his new genus. In the descriptions ap-
pended to the paper (which is contained in the eleventh
volume of the ^' Linnean Transactions "), Lamellaria mem-'
Iranaeea^ which is a Pleurohranchus^ comes first. For
this reason Mr. Searles Wood regards that species as Mon-
tagu's type, and rejects the name Lamellaria for the spe-
cies here so called. But Montagu does not seem to have

VOL. III. z z

354 vELrriNiD.*.

eDiertained the notion of considering the animal alluded to
as his type; but rather to have so looked upon Bulla
halioUndea, which is the Lamellaria per^icua of this work.
In common with Lov^n, Alder and Gray, we reserve the
name Lamellaria for that shell and its congeners. In the
Crag mollosca the MSS. genos, Marsenia of Leach, is nsed
in this sense. Corioedla of De Blainville is the same
genus, but was founded through a mistake, the moUnsk
having been supposed to possess no shell.

Lajnellaria is regarded by Loven as the tjrpe of a
family, which in his arrangement, founded on the dental
system, he places between Cypreacea and Velutina. In
Mr. Gray''s most recent classification, that naturalist fol-
lows Loven in the femily arrangement, but places it far
away from Velutina and Natica (which he oddly regards
as Phytophagous mollusks), at the end of his Zoophagous
Pectinibranchiata. For the present we are content to
keep them in the immediate vicinity of Natica^ with which
genus, and with Velutina,^ they have unquestionable affini-
ties. The main mass of mantle which envelopes the shell
is probably equivalent to the opercoligerous lobe of Natica^
developed here to a still greater extent, so as to supersede
the necessity of an extreme development and replication of
the mentum.

The species of this genus are extremely difficult of dis-
tinction, in consequence of the close similarity of the shells.
At present it is impossible to say how many forms there
are even in Europe. A careful examination and deline-
ation of the animals and comparison of the shells made
when both are fresh, will be necessary before we can arrive
at a sound judgment respecting them.

LAMELLARIA. 355

L. PERspicuA, Linnaeus.
Shell more conyez than in terUacuiata.

Plate XCIX. fig. 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate P P. fig. 1.

i/eiijt pertpicua, LiNir. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1250.

Bulla Ilalioloidea^ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 211, pi. 7, f . 6 ; and yol. ii. vign. f. 6,

animaL — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii.
p. 123. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 22, f.5*.—
TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 24.
Sijfaretus Neritoideiu^ Dbllje Chiajb, Memorie Anim. s. Vert. vol. iii. pi. 47,

f. 6, 7.
„ HcUiotoideut, Flbming, Brit. Anim. p. 360. — Brown, Illust. Conch.

O. B. p. 23, pi. 2, f. 1, 2. — Gould, Invert Mossach.

p. 244, f. 158 Dbkay, New York Moll. p. 153.

w KindeliantUf Michaud, Bullet. Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 1828, p. 120

(f. 2), copied. F^rus. Bull. Sc. Nat. vol. zvii. p. 308.
M pertpicuuSy "PuiLiFFi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 165, pi. 10, f. 5; yoL ii.

p. 142. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 154, f. 77.
Oxinoe glabra^ Couthouy, Bost. Joum. Nat. Hist voL ii. pi. 3, f. 16.
Corioeella perspieuoy Kustbr. Chemn. Conch. Cab. (ed. Kust.) vol. vi. pi 2,

f. 5, 6.
LamdUiria „ Aloxr, Cat. MolL Northumb. and Durh. p. 70.

No dif&cnltj can arise in distinguishing this HaliotiS'
shaped shell from any species of the British Fauna (the
next excepted) ; but the discrimination of it from its
foreign congeners is a task of far more uncertainty, and
one in which he who essays it will be more aided by the
pencil of the artist (for it is almost impossible, at least
without verbosity, to express and define with accuracy the
modifications and proportions of form) than by the pen of
the describer.

The shell is very thin, nearly transparent, and of a
shining, snowy whiteness ; although smooth, it is conspi-
cuously marked with numerous fine wrinkles of increase,
which are chiefly apparent beneath the sutures. The
shape is nearly oval, and somewhat oblique ; it is com-

356 VELUTINID^.

posed of not quite three turns, of which the final one
occupies nearly the entire area, since the spire is scarcely
elevated, and the breadth of the penult turn is merely the
eighth of that of the body-whorl, so extremely rapid is
the increase, in both directions, of the volutions. When
resting on its mouth, the shell seems greatly depressed,
not being even hemispherical ; yet this depression is rather
apparent than real (for the surface of the whorls is well
rounded), and results from the extraordinary recession of
the pillar lip. The basal declination of the body is abrupt,
but not at all planulate, and that portion of the ventral
surface, which flanks the aperture on the left, is well
rounded, and though narrow, not so much so as in tentaca^
lafa. The penult turn rises with moderate abruptness and
some slight elevation, and even the tiny apical nucleus is not
quite flattened. The simple suture is well defined through
the convexity of the whorls, and is neither preceded nor
succeeded by any canaliculate retusion. The immense
aperture, which discloses the whole of the internal gyra-
tion, is not very much broader than long. The course of
the outer lip is almost semicircular ; its chief swell is rather
below the middle. There is not the slightest vestige of
any umbilicus, the pillar lip being acute and not at all
reflected. The sinuation of the inner lip is very curious ;
it swellci out a little at first beneath the spire, is then most
profoundly incurved, and finally shelves very slowly down-
wards in a comparatively straight line. Few individuals
mnaHUVO morn than two-thirds of an inch at the greatest
width.

Montagu wan the first naturalist who described and
figured the animal of this species ; and as * considerable
doubt hangs over the determination of its European con-
geners, we transcribe his account. He states that the

LAM£LLARIA. 357

animal is '' oval, reddish or brownish, sometimes nearly
white. The upper part of the body is very convex,
covered with a thick, tough ligamentous skin, that conceals
the shell and extends downwards on each side, where the
edges are thin and detached from the body. On the fore-
part of this margin is a sinus, through which the animal
protrudes an appendage or arm, somewhat flat, a quarter
of an inch in length, the extremity of which is bifid ; the
lower division terminating in a thread-like process. The
body of the animal beneath, or rather the sustentaculum, is
oblong and flat, with a deep depression between it and the
marginal skin ; the head is Aimished with two small white
tentacula, at the base of which are two small black eyes.
It is possessed of considerable locomotive powers, and when
in motion frequently contracts the margin or loose skin
into wrinkles, or folds, exposing the sides of the body. It
is in size three times as large as its shell, and is incapable
of much contraction or expansion.^^ The specimen we
have figured was taken on the west coast of Ireland, and
was nearly white. It was slightly pustulated on the back.
It appears to range throughout the British seas but
very sparingly, inhabiting the laminarian zone and the
belt of nullipore. Montagu had it from Devon and Dorset.
Exmouth (Clark) ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Isle of Man, in
eighteen fathoms (E. F.); Skye (M' Andrew and E. F.) ;
Scarborough (Bean) ; in shallow water, Northumberland
(Alder) ; in seven fathoms, Dudgeon, alive on fuci in
Kirkwell Bay, and in fifteen fathoms, Eda Sound, Orkney
(Thomas) ; Loch Carron (Jeffreys) ; on both sides of the
Irish coast, sparingly (Thompson) ; Dublin Bay (Hassall) ;
Ban try Bay (Jeffreys).

358 velutinidjE.

L. TENTACULATA, MoiltagU.

Shell resembling tbe last, but the whorls less convex, the spire
more depressed, and the portion of the bodj on the left of the
aperture narrower and rather flatter.

Plate XCIX. fig. 10, and (Animal) Plate P P. fig. 2.

LameUaria tentaculaiOj Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xi. (1811) p. 186, pi. 12,

f. 5, 6. — ^Johnston, Mag. Nat. Hiet. vol. ix. p. 229.
— Lov^, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 16.
Bulla „ TuRTON, Conch. Dicdon. p. 25.

Sigaretut tentaculaius^ Fleming, Brit. Anlm. p. 360. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 154, f. 3.
Qnioodla tetUactUata, Johnston, Report Berwick. Club, toI. i. p. 275.

It is from the characters of the animal rather than those
of the shell that the distinctness of this species must be
deduced. For the shell only differs in the smallness of
its size, the lessor elevation of its earlier whorls, the greater
depression of its body, and the greater narrowness, and
perhaps flatness, of that portion of the final whorl which
flanks the aperture on the left.

Montagu described his animal as having a suborbicular
depressed body, convex above, of a yellowish colour,
speckled with bright brimstone, and marked with round
particles, interspersed with a few black spots ; the front of
the mantle with a sinus ; the tentacula two^ long and fili-
form, with two black eyes placed at their external bases,
and conspicuously visible through the transparency of the
covering lamina ; the sustentaculum oval. He mentions a
variety destitute of black spots, and having the yellow
markings most conspicuous. He lays much stress on the
colour, and the long and slender tentacles.

Except that the dark colour runs into cloud-like or
patchy markings, we do not see much distinction between

LAMELLARIA. 359

the species described and figured by Montagu, and that
which we have represented in our plate, from a drawing of
a specimen taken at Swansea, kindly communicated by Mr.
Spence Bate. Loven describes the animal as having a
depressed subverrucose mantle, of a fnlvous hue, painted
with rufous, contrasting these characters with the convex
thick tuberculous mantle of a cineraceous hue, striolated
with black, and spotted with fulvous, which he assigned to
the pertpictia. We are inclined to think that little stress
can be laid on colour alone in this genus.

An examination of specimens of Mr. Bate^s shell, and of
other drawings of his animal, confirm us in this opinion, and
we cannot see any essential difference between the former
and examples of X. tentaculata in Mr. Jeffreys^ collection,
from Devon, procured by Mr. Clark, and regarded by him
as such. Whether a still more depressed form, marked by
Mr. Jeflreys as " Marsenia eomplancUa of Leach,'' be
distinct, is yet to be seen.

Mr. Bate observes, '^ I think they cast their outer shells
like toads; my reasons for supposing so is based on the
following circumstance. After the animals had been kept
a few days, the epidermis around the siphon began to
separate, and continued to do so, until I removed it with
my fingers. The colours beneath were bright and beau-
tiful/'

It seems to have a wide range. Falmouth (Cocks) ;
Swansea (Jeffreys and Spence Bate); Weymouth (Barlee);
Scarborough (Bean) ; among rocks at low- water, Cullercoats
(Alder) ; Arran, in Ireland (Barlee).

360

CANCELLARTADiE.

The genus Cancellaria^ the type of this group includes
numerous and beautiful species, but none of them are
inhabitants of the British seas. They are remarkable for
variety and elegance of outline and sculpture^ and some-
times for colour. They, and all the members of the family,
have shells with very angular apertures, and an attempt at
tlie extremity of the columella towards the formation of a
siphonal canal. The mantles of the animals have a rudi-
mentary siphonal fold to correspond. Their tentacles are
subulate with eye-bulgings, as in the Muricidet^ and their
heads furnished with a retractile proboscis mark their posi-
tion among the GasUropoday in the neighbourhood of the
same family, from which, however, their dentition, which
closely approaches that of Velutina and Natiea definitely
separates them.

The genus Admete^ still existing in the Greenland seas,
had once a representative in Britain, the Admete criqpa, or
Cancellaria viridtOa of authors, still surviving as an inha-
bitant of the Arctic seas, and of the coasts of Boreal
America.

TRICHOTROPIS. Brodbrip and G. B. Sowbrby.

Shell more or less turreted and fusiform, spirally ridged,
covered with an epidermis which is usually setose ; apex of
spire acute ; aperture pyriform, angulated below, so as to

TRICHOTROPIS. 361

simulate a rndimeDtarj canal; columella flattened, per-
forated. Operculum corneous, subconcentric, its nucleus
lateral.

Animal with a short broad head, flanked by subulate
tentacles set wide apart, bearing the eyes at the extremities
of their thickened lower halves (or connate sustentacula) ;
mouth inferior, proboscis long, retractile, tongue with a
single series of hooked and serrated central denticles flanked
by three rows of curved laterals on each side, of which
the innermost only are serrated. Siphon scarcely exserted,
distinct ; margins of mantle simple, not reflected : foot
broad, quadrate in front, rounded but not produced behind.

Of this very curious genus but few species are known,
and those yet discovered are natives of the Boreal Seas.

T. BORBALis, Broderip and Sowerby.

Plate CI, fig. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate II. fig. 1.

Murem earinahu (not of Pennant), Laskst, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. i. pi. 8,

f. 9 (copied by Brown, 111. Conch. 0. B. pi. 5, f. 31 , 32, 33)
probably.
TridiotrapU hormti$^ Brod. and Sow. ZooL Joum. vol. vr, p. 375. — Maclaurin,

Berwick. Club, vol. ii.p. 40.— Aldbr, Cat. Moll. North-
nmb. and Dorh. p. 66. — Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 300,
t 207. — Drkat, New York Moll. p. 137, pi. 8, f. 1 78.
— MioDBND. Malac. Rossica, pt. 2, p. 108.
Futus umhilioaiut^ Smith, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. viiL pt 1, p. 98, pi. 1, f. 2.
Triehotropit cottdUUa^ Couthout, Boston Jonm. N. H. vol. ii. p. 108, pi. 3, f. 2.

—Jay, Cat Shells, ed. 2, p. 113, pi. 1, f. 17, 18.
„ aeuminaia^ Jsfprbys, Malacolog. Magas. pt 2, p. 36 (no descrip-
tion).— Brown, Illast Conch. G. B. p. 126, pi. 57,
f. 15.
y» AUantica^ Bbck in MbUer, Index Moll. Groenl. p. 12, from types.
„ eomca^t MOllsr, Index Moll. Grcenl. p. 12 (from description) pro-
bably.
Fusus Latkeyi, Macoilliv. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 170.

Trichoiropis umhilieatuB^ Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 330. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 209, f. 54.

VOL. III. 3 A

362 GANCELLARIABJS.

The shape of this curious shell, which, although of not
very solid texture, may be termed strong as compared
with its congeners, is of a somewhat turreted oval or
oboval figure, acuminated at both extremities, more
abruptly so in front, more gradually and slenderly so
behind. Its surface, which is of an uniform white, or very
pale fulyous orange, is veiled externally by a membra-
naceous epidermis of a squalid yellow hue ; this becomes
lamellar at regular short intervals, and is there produced
into lanceolate bristles upon the raised spiral sculpture.
Two principal narrow, but much projecting, rounded cord-
like ribs, one medial, the other subbasal, with oftentimes a
rather smaller intervening one, revolve around the volu-
tions of the spire, and are succeeded upon the body-whorl
by about five or six moderately distant additional ones
(each occasionally with a very fine intermediate parallel
costella) ; moreover the entire surface is longitudinally
corrugated by most densely disposed delicate raised thread-
like lines, which are peculiarly oblique beneath the suture,
where two or three very depressed narrow costellsB are
visible above the principal costas. The body, wliich tapers
somewhat retusely at the base to a very sharp point, is
very slightly, if at all, longer than the spire, which consists
of five moderately high rather quickly increasing volutions,
that are divided by a peculiarly broad and profoundly
excavated moderately slanting suture, and are obliquely
subplanulate above, and nearly perpendicularly erect below.
The apex, which is frequently a little arched, is small,
but not very acute ; it is somewhat obliquely coiled, so as
to remind one a little of the nucleus of Odostamia, About
one half of the ventral length is filled by the rather large
aperture, which is usually white, more rarely and only
in such as are tinged with colour externally, of an orange

TRICHOTROPIS. 363

brown; it is ovate-subtrigonal, being broad above, and
acutangular below. There is some disposition to expand
in the acute and simple outer lip, which abruptly juts out
in a straightish line from the body at rather an obtuse
angle, turns down at rather more than a rectangle in a
scarcely convex curve, and eventually slants in an almost
rectilinear direction to the peaked anterior extremity. No
sculpture adorns the moderately incurved inner lip ; the
edge of the compressed and narrowly reflected pillar lip is
not appressed, so that there seems a kind of subumbilical
chink behind it. The operculum is much wrinkled across,
and is small for the size of the aperture ; in the white
examples it is dirty yellow, but becomes darker in the
stained ones. Our British specimens are usually five or
six lines long, and three or four lines broad.

The variety acuminata is an interesting one. The spire
is so peculiarly produced as considerably to exceed the
length of the body, on which latter the inferior keels are
almost, if not wholly, obsolete, so that the conspicuous
carinse alone are present.

Animal entirely white, head lunate, tentacula with
subulate terminations and thickened sides for half their
lengths, bearing the black eyes on the extremities of the
thickenings. Siphon well marked, but not projecting;
foot broad, truncated and angulated in front, obtuse, and
rather short behind. Operculum somewhat polygonal,
corneous, presenting marked indications of the successive
layers which form segments of a circle in the inner side of
the lateral and rather inferior nucleus.

This is one of our rarer and more local British shells,
and is a member of our boreal fauna. It is found in
various depths of water from fifteen to eighty fathoms,
and more, frequenting various kinds of sea bottom. It

364 GANCELLAKIADJE.

occurs throughout the Clyde region and the Hebrides, and
around the Zetlands ; also on the east coast of Scotland,
and as far south as the coast of Northumberland. Mr.
Barlee has taken it on the i?est coast of Ireland. It
ranges throughout the Boreal and Arctic Seas, and dates
in ours from the epoch of the coralline crag.

CERITHIOPSIS. F0RBB8 and Hanlky.

Shell in all respects according with the characters of
Ckrithium. Operculum corneous of concentric elements,
nucleus terminal. Animal widely different : its head rather
broad and short, flanked by two obtusely subulate tentacles,
widening slightly at their bases, and set well apart ; eyes
placed centrally at their origin. Mouth inferior^ furnished
with a retractile proboscis; tongue armed with teeth
which appear to resemble in their arrangement those of
Trichotropis, Mantle not reflected, furnished with a
rudimentary siphonal fold. Foot oblong, subquadrate in
front, where it is furnished superiorly with a mentum,
obtuse behind, grooved for half its length below, the
groove terminating in a perforation : opercoligerous lobe
well developed.

In instituting a distinct genus for the Cerithium tuber'-
culare^ however repugnant the proceeding may be to
conchological notions, seeing that the shell alone will not
enable us to speak even as to its tribe, we feel sure all
malacologists, when once they have looked to the structure
of this remarkable animal, must agree in the course we
have taken. Exotic forms of Cerithiopm will probably ere
long be detected among the crowd of CerUhia*

This genus has distinct affinities with the Pyramidellida ;
but the general assemblage of its characters induce us pro-

GERITHIOPSIS. 365

viBionally to place it with the Caneellariada. It has
probably relations with Terehra,

G. TUBERcuLARB, Moutaga.

Brown, dextral, with three spiral rows of tubercles on each of
the principal whorls of the spire.

Plate XCI, fig. 7« 8, and (Aninial), Plate O 0, fig. 1 and 2.

Murtae ttAercuUirU^ Mont. Test. Brit toI. i. p. 270 ; Suppl. p. 116. — Maton

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yoI. viii. p. 150. — Turt.

Concb. Diction, p. 96 (not var.) — Dillw. Recent Shells,

▼ol. ii. p. 758.
TerAra ^ Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 346.

CeritMum Ivbercutare^ Brit. Marine Conch, p. 193, f. 8. — Sxarlbs Wood, Crag

MoUusca, p. 70, pl. 8, 1 5, a, b.
^ pygmcnan^ Phxlifpi, Moll. Sicil. voL ii. pi. 25, f. 26 (probably).

This shell possesses so much general resemblance to
0. reticulaiumy that it is not easy to discriminate between
worn examples of it and the more slender forms of that
species. It is moderately strong, subulate, subcylindrical
(occasionally, however, more yentricose below and less
produced above), more or less glossy and opaque, and of
an nniform dark or chocolate brown, which changes to
rufous-chestnut in dead individuals. Each of the principal
or lower turns of the spire — which is composed of from
ten to twelve volutions, the three or four first of which
(usually absent, from their fragility) are smooth and semi-
transparent — is adorned with three spiral rows (the supe-
rior with two series only), of large equal-sized concatenated
granules or beads, that are formed by the intersection of
very numerous and perpendicular narrow ribs, and slightly
more distant revolving costellae : their intervals are free
from any other sculpture. These rows are continuous and
fill tlie entire surface of each volution. The body scarcely

366 CAKCELLAKIADiB.

occupies a quarter of the whole length, and is furnished
with a fourth almost plain belt, below which the surface is
more or less flattened and compressed, and at most marked
with one or two remote and not very prominent spiral
riblets. The mouth occupies a quarter of the entire leng^th
of the shell, and when perfect (a state in which it is seldom
obtained) is slightly longer than broad, and has a rounded
rhombic contour, the pillar lip which is dark, broadly
reflected, and devoid of sculpture forming a more or less
marked obtuse angle with the base of the penult turn,
whilst the sharp-edged outer lip, which is disposed to
expand, and advances at the anterior extremity, is pecu-
liarly arcuated. The sinus at the base of the aperture is
rather long ; the canal itself is not particularly so, but is
very distinct. Our largest example measured a quarter of
an inch only in length, and scarcely a line in breadth.

We had once (on the west coast of Ireland) an oppor-
tunity of taking this animal alive, and of making a slight
sketch under unfavourable circumstances. The notes of
Mr. Clark furnish much fuller information, and the ob-
servations and beautiful drawings of Mr. Alder. Through
the kindness of Mr. Clark we have had an opportunity of
re-examining the animal. The head is rather short, com-
pressed, vertically cloven in front, and furnished with a
retractile proboscis. It is flanked by two rather short,
inflated, subrotund tentacula, which are not very divergent
and are somewhat triangular at their bases. Their tips
are obtuse or very slightly clavate ; they are frosted and
hyaline, and as if edged with a line of intense white.
The eyes are placed rather close together, towards the
centre of the tentacle-base. The mantle is loose, plain at
the margin, and has a fold or rudimentary siphon never
extended beyond the shell. The foot is rather long.

CERITHIOPSIS. 367

obtusely triangular, and is often carried (as has also been
observed by Dr. Knapp) considerably beyond the head ;
this, though usual in swimming, we observed not to be so
frequent in walking. Beneath it is marked with a very
deep median groove, terminating in a perforation; dorsally
and caudally it carries on a simple lobe a corneous sub-
unguiculated suboval corneous operculum resembling that
of Eulima polita^ except that the upper angle is rounded
instead of being pointed. The general colour is white,
with dusky markings ; in our specimen the tentacles were
banded, or ringed with lead-colour. The head and anterior
half of the foot are dark. Some specimens are flake white,
except some sulphur-yellow points behind the eyes, and
behind them, on each side of the neck, a band of minute
brownish-red points ; also two sulphur-yellow patches, one
on each side of the operculum.

This shell, which dates as a British species as far back
as the coralline crag epoch, has a similar distribution with
reticulatum^ though it is much scarcer. We have taken
it alive, in from four to ten fathoms among zostera on the
west coast of Ireland (E. F., B. Ball, W. Thompson) in
eighteen fathoms on the west bay of Portland (E. F. and B.
M ^Andrew), and Lieutenant Thomas has found it ranging
from seven to forty fathoms among the Orkneys and Zet-
lands. Mr. Clark found it at Exmouth in the middle levels
of the littoral zone, in quiet sheltered pools on the smaller
algse ; and Mr. Jefireys at Falmouth, Tenby, Fishguard,
Bantry Bay and Cork. Mr. Barlee found it at Guernsey,
also at Oban and Loch Fyne ; north west and south of
Ireland (W. Thompson). It is a lively animal.

It ranges to the Mediterranean.

368 GANCELLlRIADiB.

We haye giyen a drawing, at plate OV. (f. 1), of a
remarkable shell which was taken at Exmonth by Mr.
Clark. It appears to differ from some of the varieties of
tt^erculare in no other respect than in the absence of the
central row of tubercles on each whorl; an important
feature, however, and one that, if constant, is perhaps of
specific value. As the specimen is much worn, and has its
mouth broken, we nevertheless think it advisable to refer it
provisionally to the present species. It is a strong shell,
with the tubercles connected by longitudinal riblets, so
much so, indeed, that the earlier turns might almost be
termed cancellated. In case it prove eventually to be
distinct, we propose to name it CerithiopsU Clariii after its
distinguished discoverer.

369

MURICIDiE.

This important group includes three Gasteropods which
haye spiral shells, often turreted, and always furnished
with a siphonal canal. Many of the largest of testacea are
included in it, and some of the most beautiful shells in the
world, whether on account of their exquisite colouring or
the singularity and eccentricity of their forms. These
Mollusks are all predacious and among the most ferocious
of their class. They have all a lunate head, cleft below
for the mouth, whence protrudes a long proboscis, armed
with a denticulated tongue, the teeth on which are arranged
in triple rows of three in a row : the central tooth is always
angulated and often armed with denticles, the laterals are
usually more or less hamate. They have all two branchial
plumes, and are in most instances provided with a corneous
operculum, the form of which, when taken in relation to
the dentition and the characters of the shell, affords the
most important bases for generic distinctions. The Muri-
cida, though ranging far back in time, are probably much
more extensively developed now than anciently ; the great
majority of members of this family are tropical.

MUREX. LiNNiBus.

Shell strong, variously shaped, always with a tumid
body-whorl, which, with the other volutions is crossed by

VOL. III. 3 b ^

370 MURICIDJE.

foliaceous and rib-like yarices, in some species tuberculated,
in others spinous or fimbriated, often crossed by spiral strise
or sulcations; spire variously elevated, acute. Aperture
round or ovate, terminating in a contracted, often much
produced canal, which is not unfrequently partially closed.
Operculum corneous, unguicular, semi-concentrically lamel-
lated, its nucleus terminal.

Animal, with a broad lunate flattened head, flanked by
two tentacula, having stout bases, bearing the eyes at one-
half or two-thirds of their lengths ; proboscis retractile,
moderately long, tongue armed with transverse rows of
teeth, each row composed of a central transversely and
quadrately oblong axile tooth, with three recurved
denticular processes, and two claw-shaped lateral teeth.
Mantle lax, produced into a siphon which is not extended
much beyond the canal of the shell. Branchial plumes
two. Male organ curved, lanceolate, reflected. Foot
ovate or subquadrate, rather small, posteriorly obtuse.

M. ERiNACEUs, Linnaeus.
BAther large, brownish white ; ribs usually somewhat foliated.

Plate CII. fig. 4.

Knorr, D^Iices des Yens, vol. it. pi. 23, f. 8.
Murejc erinaoeui, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1216. — Psnn. Brit Zool ed. 4,

Tol. iv. p. 123, pi. 76, f. 95. — Pultknxy, Hutchins, Hist.
Dorset, p. 43. — Donov. Brit. Sheila, toL i. pi. 35. — Mont.
Test Brit. Yol. i. p. 259. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. Tol. viii. p. 142. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 46, pL 14,
t 7. — Tdrt. Conch. Diction, p. 87. — Forbss, Malac.
Monens. p. 25, animal. -- Macgilliv. MoU. Aherd. p. 168.
—Brit. Marine Conch, p. 168. — Brown, Ulnst. Conch. Q.B.
p. 6, pi. 6, f. 5, 6. — Born, Test Mns. Cces. Vind. p. 294,
pi. 11, f. 3, 4. — Olivi, ZooL Adriat p. 151. — Dillw.
Recent Shells, toL ii. p. 690. — Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert,
(ed. Desh.) yoL ix. p. 591. — Wood, Index Testaceolog.

MUREX. 371

pi. 25, f. 19. — Blainv. Faune Fian<;. Mol. p. 127i pi- 5,
f. 1, 2, 3.— Ditsu. Encyclop. Method. Vers, toI. iii. p. 905.
— Philippi, Moll. Sicil. yoL i. p. 208 ; toI. ii. p. 181. —
KiBNSR, Coq.Vivant. Murex, pl. 44, f. 1,2. — Rbsvb, Conch.
Icon. Murez, pL 3, f. U. — Middsndorff, Malac. Rotsic.
pt. iL p. 121.
Purpura tealaia, jfo. Martini, Conch. Cab. vol. iiL p. 345, pl. 110, f. 1026,

1027, 1028.
Bueeintim longinuirum poroatum. Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 138, pi. 8, f. 7.
Murem einguUferuB^ Lam. Anim. g. Vert. (ed. DeBh.) toI. ix. p. 597, teste

KiSNXR, Coq. Viyant. Murez, pi. 80, t 2.
„ TarenHnus^ Lam. Anim. b. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. iz. p. 593.~Sowbrby,

Conch. niiiBt Murez, f. 24. — Kibnbr, Coq. Vivant. Murez,
pl. 44, f. 2.
Triton erinaoeua^ Flbming, Brit Animalfl, p. 356.
EncycL Method. Vert, pi. 421, f. 4.

This abundant shell, which is acuminated, and nearly
equally so, at both extremities, has an angulated oblong-
oyal figure, is strong, dull, and either squalid white, or
tinged with warm chestnut or ochre ; it is seldom uniform
in tint, for the colouring is usually disposed lengthways
(and chiefly behind the varices) so as to shade away into
the pallid ground, or is distributed partially on the spiral
ribs; sometimes, yet rarely, it is concentrated in two
spiral bands that encircle the body. From six to eight
varices (most frequently seven) which, in the more charac-
teristic examples alternate in prominence, elevate themselves
on the surface of each of the principal volutions, and are
surmounted by coarse vaulted acute scale-like projections
where they are traversed by the revolving ribs. Each of
these last, which are very numerous upon the body (the
upper three are alone continued, for the most part, upon
the other volutions) has generally a single filiform parallel
raised line intervening, and all the raised sculpture is squa-
mosely decussated by crowded longitudinal lamellar wrinkles
that roughen the entire surface of the shelL About two-
fifths of the dorsal length is usually occupied by the spire,

372 MURIGIDiB.

which is composed of six or seven turns, that are neither
remarkable for length or volutional increase, are more or
less scalariform, being abruptly and perpendicularly elevated
below, and more or less horizontally flattened above, and
profoundly divided by their broad sutural line. The basal
declination of the body is gradual and but little rounded.
In adult individuals, where the anterior extremity of the
mouth is rendered tubular by the confluence of the two
lips, and the broad external varix somewhat contracts the
cavity, the aperture is rather small and simply oval ; in
the young, where the final development has not yet taken
place, it looks much larger, and is acutangular below.
Measuring from the upper corner of the orifice to the
extreme tip of the canal, which is a little recurved and
bends slightly to the right, about four-sevenths of the
ventral length is occupied by the mouth. Rather obscure
dentiform crenations stud the much arcuated inner margin
of the right lip, which is rendered very broad and solid by
the external varix, and is not armed, as in a somewhat
similar looking foreign shell, by any hom-Iike protrusion.
The inner lip, which, as well as the throat, is usually snow-
white (though the latter is beautifully tinged with rose-*
colour or purplish in some few examples), is smooth, nearly
perpendicular, somewhat flattened, and only slightly in-
curved near the middle : the pillar lip is appressly reflected
above, but becomes erect towards the canal. Montagu
has recorded examples that measured an inch and three-
quarters in length, and nearly an inch in breadth, but such
are very scarce in collections.

A somewhat dwarfed variety exists, in which the whorls
are merely subangulately ventricose, the varices do not
foliate at all, but look as if worn down, and the finer scales
are scarcely at all developed.

MUREX. 373

The animal is entirely yellowish-white. The head is
rather broad and sublunate, flanked by subulate tentacula
which are thickened by the union of sustentacula for more
than half their length, where they bear the dark eyes.
The proboscis is rather long, the buccal mass is armed by
corneous jaws, and by a tongue, the axile teeth of which
are broadly and irregularly quadrate, or rather pentangular,
and are armed by three denticles, the central one highest
in position. The mantle is rather lax, and slightly scal-
loped at the margin; its siphonal tube is but slightly
prolonged beyond the canal of the shell. ^' There are two
branchial plumes of unequal size and length, taking their
origin posteriorly on the left, and ascending obliquely to
the right ; the smaller plume is on the left of the larger at
its upper part, and is itself divided by a ftirrow ^ (Clark).
The foot is small in proportion to the shell, ovate, round
when at rest, scarcely angulated in front, and rounded
posteriorly ; it is obscurely grooved along the centre. The
operculum is unguiculated, with its apex terminal, and is
marked by semicircular lines of growth.

Murex erinaceus ranges from five to as deep as thirty
&thoms, and is probably most abundant between twelve
and twenty fathoms on a gravelly or stony bottom. It is
common in most suitable localities all round England and
Ireland, and becomes a little scarcer as we go north. In
the Irish sea it is plentiful. Lieut. Thomas remarks that
on the east coast he found it in seven fathoms, in the
Estuary of the Thames, at the same depths off the Wold
and the Dudgeon, but did not take it to the north of these
localities. In the Northumberland catalogue it is men-
tioned with doubt ; we find it, however, in the Aberdeen
catalogue. We have taken it, though not frequently,
in the Hebrides. It ranges to the Mediterranean, and

374 MURICIDJE.

extends northwards to the coast of Denmark (Lov6n). It
is found fossil in pleistocene drift, and, according to Sir
Charles Lyell and Mr. Wood, was once taken in the
mammaliferous crag.

M. coRALLiNus, Scacchi.
Small, rufous or brown, with rounded unarmed ribs.

Plate CII. fig. 5, 6.

Afurex gifrinm^ Laskky, Mem. Werner. Soc. yoI. i. pi. 8, f. 10, probably.

„ eorailimUf Scaochi, Fauna del Napoli, f. 15.
Funu lavaiuSi Philippi, MolL Sicil. yol. i. p. 203.

Murea incotupicmUf Sowbrby (junior) ; Conch. lUust. Murex, f. 81. — Rbbvb,

Conch. Icon. vol. Murex, pi. 32, f. 64.
Fh9U8 eoraUinuSi Philippi, MolL Sicil. vol iL p. 178, pL 25, f. 29.

M gyrinus. Brown, Illost Conch. G. B. pL 5, f. 12, 13 (no description).
Mureae hadiut^ Rbbvb, Conch. Iconica, vol. iii. ; Murex, pi. 32, f. 1 59 ?

The shell is of a more or less oblong-ftisiform shape,
being attenuated at both extremities, though more acu*
minatelj so above, where it tapers to a fine point ; it
varies as to length, the bodj being sometimes much more
swollen than in ordinary, in which case the usually pro-
duced spire is less elongated. It is strong for its size, and
of an uniform tint of colour, either rufous or dark reddish
brown, which changes in the large dead or very aged
examples into reddish yellow. There are no true varices,
but the principal whorls are longitudinally traversed
throughout by broad prominent shelving rounded ribs,
that are least raised beneath the sutures and at the
anterior extremity. The intervals of these ribs, of which
there are usually about eight upon the body-whorl, are
about equally broad, and both alike are ridged by dense
spiral costellse, that are sometimes smooth and rounded.

MUREX. 37 5

sometimes very delicately and closely squamiferous. The
spire is composed of about six or six and a half yolutions,
which are of rather fast longitudinal increase, and are
strongly defined by a simple but profoundly impressed
suture ; they are rather shelving and flattened or even sub-
retuse above, and somewhat ventricose below, of moderate
height in the more elongated examples, and rather short in
the more stunted forms. In the ordinary-sized examples
about four-sevenths of the total length is filled by the body,
but as the spire is produced in the larger and more aged
individuals (and these are rarely taken with the mol-
lusk tenanting them) the usual proportion is reduced
to one half; it is only moderately ventricose above, and
rather narrowly peaked below, the attenuation or basal
declination commencing rather early and being tolerably
convex. The aperture barely fills one half of the total
length, is of an oval-oblong figure above, and terminates
below in a tolerably straight and rather long canal, that is
oflen partially closed over above. It is sometimes white,
sometimes liver-coloured, sometimes dirty violet or lilac,
and is greatly contracted in the more mature specimens by
the solidification of an outer lip, that is guarded inter-
nally by fromi five to seven dentiform tubercles, which
vary as to size, sharpness, and approximation in different
individuals. The lip, however, is levelled to a tolerably
sharp edge, is unarmed externally, has but little promi-
nence, and is moderately arcuated. The pillar lip is
unsculptured, rather broad, not much incurved, and con-
siderably flattened. There is no perforation. The average
of size may be stated at half an inch for the length, and a
fifth of an inch for the breadth, but here and there a dead
individual is obtained that is at least half as large again
as those taken alive.

376 MURIGIDJE.

The animal is entirely of a brilliant scarlet colour. The
tentacnla are rather long, obtusely subulate at their points
and thickened for one third of their lengths to bear the
dark eyes. The foot is short and squared in front. This
shell profusely covers the rocks of the little islet of Herm
near Guernsey, towards low-water-mark. On heaving
them over we have found it in company with Fissurella^
Emarffintda and Chiton diserepam (S. H.) In the Medi-
terranean we have taken it abundantly among seaweeds in
the second region of depth (E. F.) It is essentially a
southern species, and, like Haliotis^ reaches the Channel
Isles though it does not extend its range to the coasts of
England.

Note, — In the collection of the late Dr. Turton, is preserved a specimen re-
garded by him as the Murex gyrinus of Montagu, which fairly enough agrees
with the brief description of that shell in the ^* Testacea Britannica,^ from which
work his own account is manifestly transcribed. Hence, as no proof exists that
the example referred to was obtained from Laskey (on whose testimony the
species was introduced into onr Fauna), and, indeed, is very different from his
delineation of it, it cannot be valued as a typical specimen. We feel assured
that the same shell did not supply Montagu with his description, and Laskey
with his figure. Turton^s example, is neither the gyrinus of Gmelin, nor a
RaneUa at all, but is in so worn and imperfect a state, that we have fiuled in
identifying it with any adult and perfect shell ; it bears a general resemblance to
Kiener^s figure of Purpura fragum^ but is certainly not that species. We have
no doubt that the M, gyrinus, as described, was not indigenous, and from its
very inadequate definition and erroneous identification, do not consider it worth
the attention of Conchologists.

LACHESIS. Risso.

Shell strong, turreted, many-whorled, body-whorl not
very large, surface crossed by longitudinal ribs and spiral
striae. Apex of spire mammillated. Mouth oval, canal
very short, straight, not recurved. Operculum unguiform.

LAGHESIS. 877

Animal with converging tentacles ; siphon very short ;
foot short ovate.

The above characters are quite insufficient, yet must be
adopted provisionally until more is known about the very
puzzling little shell, commonly called Buccinum minimum.
It clearly does not belong to any of our well characterised
genera of British Muricida^ and even its position in this
family is doubtful. The Lachesis of Bisso is evidently this
shell. His Anna to which Mr. Gray has assigned it, was
founded for a fossil possibly nearly allied. The genus is
probably a littoral and laminarian group.

L. MINIMA, Montagu.

Plate CI. fig. 7, 8.

Buednum minimum^ Mont. Test Brit p. 247, pi. 8, £ 2 ; Sappl. p. 109.—

Maton and Rack. Tnms. Linn. Soc. vol. viil. p. 1 39.
— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 18. — Macoilliv. Moll.
Aberd. p. 344. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 639.^
Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 24, f. 122. — Blaik villi,
Faune Franq. Moll. p. 1 75. — Philippi, MoU. Sicil. toI. i.
p. 222, and toL ii. p. 189, pi. 27, f. 9.
„ brtammnn, Donov. Brit. Sheila, yoI. ▼. pi. 179, f. 2.
Netaa granuUxta^ R188O, H. N. Europe M^rid. vol. ir. p. 223, f. 67.

n mamiUatay R188O, H. N. Europe M6rid. vol. iy. p. 223, f. 69 ?
Murea McuaenOf Dbllb Chlajb, Memorie Anim. b. Vert. toI. iii. pi 49,

f. 17. 18, 19.
Fiutu mimnuUf Flsmino, Brit. Animals, p. 350. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 204.
„ turriidlatuBy DxsH. Ezp^d. Mor^e Zool. p. 174, pi. 19, f. 28, 29, 30, 43,

44, 45 ; Anim. sans Vert. vol. ix. p. 473.
Bwoeinum ruhrum^ Potibz and Micu. Oal. Donai, MoIL p. 381, pi. 32, f. 17, 18.
Nasta minima^ Brovitn, Illuat. Conch. O. B. p. 5, pi. 4, f. 25, magnified.
Fusus iubniffris. Brown, lUust. Conch. 0. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. 58, 59, probably.

This little shell has the general aspect of a Cerithium.
It is turreted above, abbreviated semifusiform below, is
strong, a little shining, and both within and without is of
an uniform blackish chocolate colour when the animal is
alive, but turns rufous after death. The strong and

VOL. III. 3 c

378 MURIGIDJB.

rather distant ridges (of which there are about nine on
the principal whorls) that traverse the shell lengthways
(the apical coil excepted, which is merely striated in a
spiral direction), do not quite extend to the extreme base.
They are surmounted and rendered slightly nodose by the
very closely disposed and greatly depressed costae (of
which there are four on the principal turns of the spire
and about ten on the body) that encircle the entire shell
(the nucleus excepted). The spire, which gradually at-
tenuates to a blunt mammillary apex, is composed of five
rather high volutions, that are simply and moderately
rounded, of rather slow longitudinal increase, and divided
by a fine but profoundly impressed suture. The body fills
from two-fifths to three-sevenths of the dorsal length, is
convexly rounded, but not ventricose, and attenuates
gradually to a bluntly acuminated extremity. The
mouth, which at times does not exceed one-third of the
ventral length, and at others occupies nearly two-fifbhs
of it, is not peaked posteriorly ; its shape is an oval, that
is produced below in a short and rather suddenly formed
canal, that does not lean to either side, and is not recurved.
The outer lip is more or less strengthened externally, is
moderately arched, simple, and neither lobated, nor sinn-
ated : it is armed within by short coarse raised lines or
crense, which are rarely present except in perfectly ma-
tured individuals. The inner lip does not swell out above,
is very concave in the middle, and has no sculpture, not
even a posterior pad ; the larger portion of it is occupied
by the almost perpendicular pillar, whose lip, though in-
conspicuous, is distinctly apparent. There is no vestige
of an axial perforation. The ordinary breadth of indi-
viduals is only a single line ; the usual length is the
fifth of an inch.

PURPURA. 379

The animal is noticed by Philippi. He describes it as
entirely black ; with long tentacles converging at an acute
angle ; a short siphon : a foot shorter than the shell, retuse
in front, narrowed and obtuse behind ; operculum entire.

It is an inhabitant of the littoral and especially of the
laminarian zones. In Britain it is confined to the
southern coast. Alive, at Jersey, creeping on rocks at
low- water, in company with Rissoa ; dredged at Wey-
mouth, on weedy ground, in three or four fathoms, along
with Fhasianella (S. H.) Torquay (Mrs. Richard Smith).
South of Devon (Rev. Dr. Goodall). Whitesand-bay
(Jeffreys). Cornwall, dead in twenty fathoms (M'Andrew
and E. F.)

It ranges to the Mediterranean, and is essentially a
South of Europe species.

PURPURA. Adanson.

Shell strong, ovate or suborbicular, more or less tur-
reted, body whorl very large : surface sculptured with
striations, or sulcations, usually spirally, often forming
fimbriated ridges, and sometimes broken up into nodules or
tubercles. Aperture ovate or rotund, more or less dilated ;
the outer lip usually crenated or denticulated ; the colu-
mella often flattened or subexcavated ; base with a short
and strongly notched canal. Operculum corneous, sub-
quadrate, lamellar, with a lateral nucleus.

Animal with a broad lunate flattened head, flanked by
two tentacula, which have broad and stout bases, composed
of the shortened eye-pedicles united with the true ten-
tacles for nearly half their lengths ; beyond the eyes the
tentacles are stoutly subulate ; proboscis reticulate, mode-
rately long, tongue long, armed with teeth, which are

380 MURICIDJfi.

raDged three in a row, the middle or axile one broadly
quadrate and tridentate, the laterals claw-shaped; jaws
linear, corneous. Mantle lax, produced into a short
siphon, which is rarely projected far beyond the canal of
the shell. Branchial plumes, two. Male organ curved,
linear lanceolate, reflected. Foot ovate, oblong, or sub-
quadrate, posteriorly obtuse, anteriorly emarginate.

The species of this genus, like many other MoUusks of
the family, secrete a fluid which, when exposed to the air,
becomes of a rich purple ; and the name Purpura^ applied
by the ancients to Murex trunculuSy the creature that
furnished the famous Tyrian dye, was assigned by the
moderns to the generic group now under consideration.
Much interesting information on the subject of the purple
fluid and its sources, will be found by the reader in Dr.
Johnston^s delightful Introduction to Gonchology.

P. LAPiLLUs, LinnsBus.

Plate CII. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate L L. fig. 4.

Lister, Anim. Angl. pi 3, f. 5, 6 ; Hist. Concb. pi. 965, f. 18, 19. — Knorr,

D^licea dea Yeox, Tol. ri. pL 29, f. 4.
Buocinum lapUltu, Linn. Syst Nat. ed. 12, p. 1202. — Pinn. Brit. ZooL ed. 4,

Tol. iv. p. 119, pL 72, f. 89. — Pultbniy, Hutchins, Hist.
Dorset, p. 41.— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pL 11. — Mont.
Test. Brit. yol. i. p. 239 ; Suppl. p. 104. — Maton and
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 135. — Rack. Dorset
Catalog, p. 44, pi. 15, f. 1 to 4, 9, 12, — Titrt. Conch.
Diction, p. 14. — Brookxs, Introd. ConcL f. 78. — Dillw.
Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 613.— Wood, Index Testaceolog.
pi. 23, f. 62.
Utriculus^ 4fc. Martini, Conch. Cab. yoL iil p. 428, pi. 121, f. 1111, 1112 ;

p. 433, pi 121,11113,1114.
Buccinum oanalieulatum purpuro-lnteeiMumy Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 125, pi. 7,

f. 1 to 4, 9, 12.
Xaisa, bwcinum, lapillui, ^c, Chrmnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. iv. pi. 122, f. 1128,

1129.

PURPURA. 381

Bueoinum jUotum, Gmklin, Sjst. Nat. p. 3486.— Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii.

p. 614.— Wood, Index Teataceolog. pi. 23, f. 63.

Purpura hpUlut^ Lam. Anim. b. Vert. (ed. Desb.) vol. x. p. 79. — Flkmino,

Brit. Anim. p. 341. — Peach, Annals Nat. Hist. vol. xiii.
p. 203 (nidus). — Couch, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 62. —
Johnston, Berwick. Club, toI. i. p. 239, with animaL —
Macgilliv. MoU. Aberd. p. 166. — Brit. Marine Conch,
p. 213.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 5, pl. 4, f. 4, 6, 6, 7.
— Blainv. Faune Franq. Moll. p. 146, pl. 6, t 3, 4. —
KiBNBR, Coq. Yivant. Purp. pl. 29, 30, 31, figs. 77 (c, d, e,
f, k, 1, m, o, p, q, r, s). — GrouLD, Inrert. Massach. p. 301. —
Dekat, New York Fauna, Moll. p. 135, f. 175. — Rbevb,
Conch. Icon. vol. iii. pl. 10, f. 47. — Miodbnd. Malac Ros-
sica, pt. 2, p. 113.
„ imbrieata^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. x. p. 80. — Dbkat, New
York Fauna, Moll. p. 136, 1 173.
huonalis^ Lam. Anim* s. Vert. (ed. Deah.) vol. x. p. 88 (teste Kiener,
Desh. &c.) — Dekay, New York Fauna, MoU. p. 136, f. 174.

»»

So manifold are the guises in which this shell presents
itself, that, were it not that its great abundance and the
facility with which it is acquired, have enabled naturalists
to perceive the connecting links of the very different look-
ing specimens, their specific individuality would assuredly
have been denied. These causes, indeed, render the
species of much interest to all who strive to ascertain
the co-existent conditions by which form, sculpture, and
colouring are modified (for it is variable in all these
points); and the data obtained by the careful study of
a few such species might go far towards the establishment
of a sound theory for determining the nice limits of
varietal and specific distinction.

The shell is solid, not lustrous, sometimes of a dusky
chocolate brown, but generally white or very pale ochre
colour, either uniform in tint or stained in the intervals of
the ridges with the darker hue (more rarely the converse)
or else banded with yellow, brown, or chestnut ; in the
last case a single moderately broad zone usually winds
along the upper part of each whorl, a broad medial and

;

382 MURIGIDA.

a rather smaller basal one additionally encircle the body.
The form, though yery yariable, being sometimes narrow
and elongated, sometimes squat and broad, is more or less
oyal, swells out nearly in the middle, and attenuates con-
siderably and nearly equally at both extremities. The
spire^ occupies on the average about two-sevenths of the
dorsal length, but does not preserve an elevation in exact
proportion to the increased or diminished length of the final
whorl ; it is usually remarkably short where the body is
broad, and often is much produced when the body is
peculiarly narrow : similarly the aperture in the former
will occupy nearly five-sevenths of the length, in the latter
merely one-half, or even less. The entire exterior is
covered with not much elevated narrow convex spiral
ridges (there are generally three or four of these on the
penult and preceding volution, and about fifteen — but the
number is uncertain— on the final whorl), that are so
closely disposed as only to be separated by a broadish
sulcus (for, where the space permits, it is filled up by a
narrower costella). In general the suriace is merely
obscurely traversed lengthway by almost obsolete wrinkles,
or indistinct waves of increase, but occasionally the corru-
gations rise in numerous fringe-like imbricating lamellsd
that form vaulted scales where they overhang the re-
volving ridges. A fine and simple suture divides the
whorls, which taper above, are of fast longitudinal in-
crease (the penult is moderately high for the most part),
are more abruptly perpendicular below, and much more
shelving above, where in some of the more produced forms,
especially upon the body-whorl, the surface is flattened or
even retuse : sometimes the projection of an upper ridge
causes the smaller volution to appear angulated. The
apex is small, and is somewhat irregularly twisted. The

PURPURA. 883

body is more or less ventricose above, and is gradnallj and
conyexly attennated in front to a rather sharp peak. A
rather narrow nearly straight and perpendicular canal,
wliich occupies from scarcely two-fifths to nearly half of
the orifice, terminates the aperture of adult examples,
which in that stage of growth is small and suboval, being
much contracted in its dimensions by the breadth of the
outer lip. The mouth, and more especially the throat,
exhibits many diversities of colouring ; if not white, it is
usually stained with yellow, pink, flesh, purplish, or brown,
but these tints are rarely vivid (the first excepted) but
have usually a somewhat livid cast ; the darker the ex-
terior, the more intense in general will be the internal hue,
and when bands adorn the outer surface, they are usually
limned on the interior likewise. The only sculpture
which the aperture displays consists of five or six small and
rather distant tubercles (the first of which rises at some
little distance from the posterior extremity) that guard
the entrance of the throat, at the point where the very
thick outer lip, which is moderate in curvation and pro-
jection, begins to bevel gradually to a tolerably sharp
edge. In immature individuals, however, the outer lip is
simply acute, and merely displays the external folds at its
margin, instead of being tuberculated internally ; the aper-
ture, too, is much larger, and the canal not being com-
pleted, somewhat pyriformly oval. The inner lip is
smooth, appressly or even retnsely flattened, and broadly
repand ; its edge almost vies in concavity with the opposite
margin. The average length of adult specimens is only
an inch and a quarter ; they sometimes, however, attain
to fully half an inch more ; the breadth is rarely above an
inch.

The animal is entirely yellowish white or cream-coloured.

384 MURICID^.

The ejes are black and conspicuous. The head is lunate ;
the tentacula thickened for more than half their lengths,
to carry the eyes on the extremities of their external bulg-
ings, or, in more strict language, combined ommatophori.
The mantle is yellowish, with slightly scalloped margins :
the edges of its siphonal fold are turned in. The foot is
oblong, and when at rest has its anterior part contracted
and unfolded. The broad and angular operculum is of a
bright tawny colour, and overlaps the membranous rounded
short operculigerous lobe. The receptacle of the creamy
secretion which furnishes the purple dye lies behind the
animaPs head, and Montagu observes that it appears
whiter than the rest of the animal. The purple hue is
not developed until after exposure to air and light, when
it passes through successive phases of yellow, green, and
blue before exhibiting its royal tint. It appears to be
easily fixed, and to become more brilliant by use. It
was formerly employed for dyeing fine linen in Ireland
(in 1684), but is not applied to any such purpose
at present. Beaumur found that its egg-vesicles yielded
the dye with less trouble than the parent Mollusk.

These egg-vesicles are little oblong urn-shaped cups, of
tough though membranous texture, and yellowish colour
tinged often with pink. They are shortly pedunculate and
stand erect in considerable numbers, rising from a common
membrane which is attached to the surface of rocks or
stones, or sometimes on the parent shells themselves.
Each contains many embryo Purpura. Mr. Peach has
bred them, and has observed that they change form as the
included young ones ripen, the apex of the cup becoming
thinner and more convex. He found that so long a time
as four months elapsed before the vesicle opened, and then
the included whelklings did not quit their cradle all at

PURPURA. 385

once, but took their time in coming out, according to their
individual dispositions; doubtless the quick-minded and
more curious commencing their travels first, whilst those of
slow and studious constitutions would remain as long as a
fortnight before resolving to see the world, which, with
young PurpuT^i, is no very dangerous adventure, since the
neighbouring barnacles enable them to look about with
safety, before making a long journey from their birth-place.*
When the Purpura grows up, it makes its constant
residence in rocks and stones in the middle sub-region of
the littoral zone, inhabiting that part of the space between
tide-marks, in which Fucm articulaius is the charac-
teristic seaweed, when it is the companion everywhere of
Littorina littorea and Patella vulgata^ and on the west
coast finds itself in company with Trochus umhilicatus^
on the south with Trochus lineatus^ all of which, if they
had a vote in the matter, would prefer its room to its
company, for it is extremely voracious, and when it
gets hold of a neighbouring Mollusk, seldom leaves it
before at least attempting to swallow it. We have seen
a Purpura devour a periwinkle in the course of an after-
noon when placed in the same vessel of sea-water, sucking
its prey as it were out of the shell, after placing the orifice
of its own body-case against that of its victim. It per-
forates shells sometimes also, probably, as Mr. Hancock
suggested, by means of its armed tongue. We have a
sketch in our possession, drawn by Mr. Spence Bate, of a
Purpura devouring a mussel. " The whelk,'^ writes our
valued correspondent, ^' attacked the mussel, but it bored
where there was no epidermis. I pulled it off, and turned
the mussel upside down (the other valve having more
epidermis upon it), but in a short time I returned and

* Peach in AnnalB Nat. Hist vol. xi. p. 29.
VOL. III. 3 D

386 MURIGIDJE.

found that the whelk had turned over the mussel and had
resumed its operation at its old bore. This I did twice or
thrice, with the same result. Giving up the idea of its
boring at any other point, I next thought I should like to
see how it managed to devour its prey. For this purpose
I divided the muscles of the mussel, so that the valves
parted, so as to enable me to observe the work of gorman-
dizing as it proceeded, but to my surprise the animal gave
up all idea of boring when there was an easier method of
obtaining food, and so passed its proboscis between the
valves. I think this shows that the whelk, when it
attacks its prey, seeks out for the part most suitable for
its operation, and I believe invariably chooses a point from
which the epidermis has been removed previously. A
section of the bore, taken during the operation, shows that
it is convex, and contradicts the received notion of the
operation being performed by the action of the riband,
which, being in the centre of the proboscis, would perforce
wear the middle of the bore deepest ; but this is not the
case. The animal makes no movement of a rotatory kind
or otherwise during the operation. It takes about two
days to get through the shell, when it eats about two-
thirds of a moderate sized mussel, which seems to satisfy
hunger for about three weeks."

This whelk is called Dog-periwinkle on many parts of
the coast. It rarely lives below tide-marks ; when it
is so found, it is subject to great variation of form and
sculpture, in some places becoming more elongated and
thinner, in others having the furbelowed laminae beauti-
fully developed. It is indeed a most variable shell, and
recent conchologists would do well to look at Plate IV. of
Mr. Searles Wood's Monograph of Crag Mollusca, and
see what strange modifications of form a single species

NAS8A. 387

may present. It is as variable in colour as in shape. It
ranges all round the British shores, and extends, in the
European seas, as far south as the north-west coast of
Spain, though not continuously, so that its presence there
is probably only as an outlier. It commenced to appear
within our area during the red-crag epoch, and was pro-
bably difiiised from the American side of the Atlantic.
At present it inhabits both sides of the north Atlantic,
and ranges through the Icy Seas.

NASSA. Lamarck.

Shell usually strong, ovate, rotund or Neritiform, always
with a tumid body-whorl, variously sculptured, smooth,
ribbed, decussated or striated, rarely with varices : spire
acute or obtuse. Aperture ovate, with a short and con-
stantly reflected, and as if truncated canal ; outer lip often
denticulated within, columellar lip reflected, often expanded
and callous, and sometimes toothed. Operculum corneous,
unguiculate, nucleus terminal.

Animal with a lunate not very broad head, bearing two
long acute tentacula, filiform beyond the eyes, which are
placed in the hind portions (united ommatophori), extending
for about a third of their length ; proboscis long, retractile,
with corneous jaws, and a tongue armed with triple rows
of teeth, of which the axile one is broad and sublunate, with
numerous serrations, the laterals large and hamate. Mantle
lax, produced into a long recurved siphon, which extends
for a considerable distance beyond the canal of the shell.
Foot extensive, expanded, oblong, truncated, and angulated
in front, bifnrciited at its posterior extremity. Branchial
plumes, two. Male organ long, tapering, geniculate^
reflected.

388 MURICIDiS.

This extensive genus, abounding in pretty shelb, the
majority of which are of small dimensions, is one of the
best marked and most easily recognised groups, both as to
shell and animal, among the Muricida^ though some con-
chologists strangely persist in mingling it with Bucdnum.
Its members have a wide range in depth, but the majority
are inhabitants of the shallower zones. They are lively
and active animals, and, when confined in vessels of sea-
water, show themselves freely.

N. RETICULATA, Linuseus.

Whorls not rounded ; mouth whitish ; no labial varix ; no
dark spot at the canal.

Plate CVIII. fig. 1, 2, and (Animal) Plate L L. fig. S.

Bucdnum reHculaium^ Linn. Syst. Nat Hist. ed. 12, p^ 1205. — Pbnn. Brit.

Zool. cd. 4, voL iv. p. 122, pi. 72, f. 92. — Pultbnby,
Hntcbins, Hitt. Dorset, p. 42. — Donov. Brit. Shelli,
ToL iiL pi 76. — Mont. Test Brit. toL i p. 240. —
Maton and Rack. Trana. Linn. Soc vol viii. p. 1 37.
— Rack. Donet Catalog, p. 45, pL 15, f. 10. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 14. — Pbach, Annalt. Nat Hist
vol. xiii. p. 203 (nidas) ; vol. xy. p. 446. — Brit. Marine
Concb. p. 21 1. — Born, Test Mus. Vind. p. 260, pi. 9,
f. 16. — SchrOt. Einleit. Conch. toI. i. pL 2, £. 5.—
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 637 (not ▼ar.)— Wood,
Index Testae, pi. 23, f. 117* — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed.
Desh.) vol. z. p. 161. — Blainv. Fanne Fnmq. MoU.
p. 172, pi. 7»a, f. 1; Man. MalacoL pi. 24, f. 2.—
KiENER, Coq. Yivant Buc pi. 23, f. 91 ; transl. Storsr,
p. 65.— Encycl. Edin. pi. 203, f. 12.— Dxlli Chiajb,
Poll, Test. Sicil. toI. iii. pt 2, pi. 47, f. 1, 2.— Pbiuppi,
Moll. Sicil. Tol. i. p. 220; vol. ii. p. 188.
„ puUus, Pbnn, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. ir. p. 118, pi. 72, f. 88 (young,

teste aathors).
„ recurvirottrum retieulatum^ Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 130, pi. 7, f. 10.

N<u$at 4'c* CuBMNiTZ, Conch. Cab. toI. iv. p. 42, pi. 124, f. 1 162.

Bueeinum Ussulatuniy Ohivi, Zool. Adriat p. 144.

NA8SA. 389

Nofsa reticuUUat Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 340. — Brown, lUutt. Conch. G. B.

p. 4, pi. 4, f. 22. — Lov^N, Index MoU. Scandin. p. 14.
Tritonium reiicuiatum^ Middend. Malac. RoBsic. pt. 2, p. 175.

This abundant shell has an oval-conic shape, is thick,
has but little lustre, and is of a yeiy pale brown colour,
becoming white towards the outer lip, the back of which
is for the most part stained with two dark brown splotches
like the commencement of a medial and a basal zone ; a
narrow fillet of bluish grey winds beneath the sutural line.
Numerous convex pliciform ribs, that vary greatly as to
number and approximation, but which, however straight
and crowded elsewhere, generally become flexuous and
rather distant towards the inner lip, uninterruptedly
traverse the shell lengthways, and are decussated through-
out (divided as it were into beads) by equidistant spiral
sulci, of which there are four or five on the principal turns
of the spire, and about thirteen or fourteen usually on the
body-whorl. Of these grooves, which traverse ribs and
intervals alike, that which runs over the coloured fillet is
usually distinctly broader than the rest. The spire, which
ends in a tolerably fine point, is composed of seven or
eight tapering volutions ; these, although only slightly and
simply convex, are strongly defined; they are not very
high, and of moderately rapid longitudinal increase. The
body, which is moderately ventricose in the middle, vies
with or slightly exceeds the spire in length ; the broader
it is the shorter does the spire become ; the basal declin-
ation is gradual but convex. The mouth, which fills about
one-half of the entire length, is somewhat oval, but is
acutely contracted above, and ends below in a short and
broadish canal.

A white enamel lines both lips, and occupies a moderate
portion of the ventral side of the body ; the throat, how-

390 MURICID.£.

ever, whose entrance is guarded on the right side bj
several (from eight to twelve generally) tubercular crenae
that are frequently produced into short spiral lyrae, or
raised strings, often exhibits traces of the external colour-
ing. The outer lip, which is solid, though not varicose, is
bevelled to a sharpish edge; it is not much arcuated
above, but is well rounded below, where, although not
prickly, it is somewhat scalloped by the external sulci ;
when prominent — which is not usually the case — it is
disposed to become patulous, otherwise it is simple. The
canal tube or basal exposed portion of the columella is
merely corded in a spiral direction. The pillar lip seems
to vary as to its reflection ; sometimes it stands almost
erect, sometimes (and more generally) it is flatly appressed :
the posterior pad, so usual in this genus, is almost obso-
lete. A few scattered inconspicuous nodulous elevations
may be traced on the pillar lip. '' The largest shells are
an inch and a-half long, and nearly three-quarters wide at
the base.**' (Mont.)

The animal is of a general yellowish hue, speckled with
tawny and black, especially on the siphon, and mottled
also with flaky ochraceous and white spots. The head is
crescentic, with long acute filiform tentacula bearing the
eyes on the thickenings at rather more than a third from
their bases. The foot is broad and much expanded, reach-
ing to the middle of the second whorl, anteriorly truncated
with reflexed angles, posteriorly deeply emarginate and
produced into two caudal filaments of moderate length,
which, when the animal creeps, are reflected or borne
upright. The operculum is somewhat lanceolate.

This species, which is generally distributed through the
European seas, is too common around our shores to require
an enumeration of its localities. It inhabits the verge of

NAS3A. 39 1

the littoral and the upper part of the laminarian zones.
Its nidi, as observed by Mr. Peach, are compressed mem-
branous capsules, shaped like the spade in playing cards,
opening above, and borne on a short pedicle. They are
usually deposited on the leaves of Zostera.

«t

N. INCKASSATA, MuUer.

Whorls rounded ; a labial varix ; mouth whitish, with a dark
spot at the base of the canal.

Plate CVIII. fig. 3, 4, and (Animal) Plate L L. fig. 1.

Buoeinum inerasaatum, Mt>LLBR, Prodrom. Zool. Danic. (1776) p. 244 (from

GuNNERUs, Acta NidroB. toI. iv. pi. 16, f. 25.)
^ minutum, Penn. Brit Zool. ed. 4, yol. ir. p. 122 (badly) pi. 79, lower

left hand fig. of central group.
nanum, Qmelin, Syst. Naturae, p. 3497 (from Chemn. Conch. Cab.

vol. ir. pi. 125, f. 1176) probably.
A9canuUj Bruouibrb, Encyl. M^th. Vers, vol. i. p. 275. — Lam. Anim.
8. Vert. (ed. Deah.) vol. x. p. 173. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil.
vol. ii. p. 188.
„ coodneila. Lam. Anim. 8. Vert. (ed. Deah.) vol. x. p. 176 (probably).

—KiENER, Coq. Vivant. Bucc. pi. 20, f. 77, 78.
„ Lacepedii, Payraud. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 161, pi. 8, f. 13, 14 (fide

Philippi).
M macula, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. i. p. 241, pi. 8, f. 4. — Maton and
Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 1 38, pi. 4, f. 4. —
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 45, pi. 15, f. 8. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 15 (var. B ?) — Brit Marine Conch, p. 21 7. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, voL i. p. 638. — Wood, Index
Testaceolog. pi. 23, f. 119. — Blainv. Faone Franq. p. 174,
pi. 6,c, f. 7, 8. — Patraud. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 157, pi. 7,
f. 14.— Costa, Test. Sicil. p. 80.
M riparium, Delle Chiaje, Memorie Anim. s. Vert. vol. iii. pi. 48, f. 2,

3 ; Test. Sicil. vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 30, pi. 47, f. 12, 13.
Nassa incrastaia, Fleming, Brit. Ann. p. 340 (not var.). — Johnston, Berwick.

Club, vol. i. p. 238. — Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 165.
Buocinum asperulum, Philippi, MolL Sicil. vol. i. p. 220.
Nassa macula, Forbes, Malac Monens. p. 24, animal.— Brown, Illnst. Conch.

0. B. p. 5, pi. 4, f. 23.
Buccinum incrassatumf Brit. Marine Conch, p. zlviii.

392 MURIGIDiE.

BueemMm breve f CouoH, Comiah Fanna, pt. 2, p. 64 (fry).«>JoHNBTON, Bei^

wick. Clnb, toL i. p. 238 (from type).
Tritomum Aaecunae, Middxno. Malacoz. Ross. pt. 2, p. 177.

The swollen penult volation of this solid little shell
distinguishes it at once from the preceding; its coarser
sculpture, paler aperture and anterior spot, render its dis-
crimination from the succeeding species a task of equal
easiness, even where it exhibits, as is exceptionally the case,
a varix similar to the characteristic one of that shell.

It is more or less opaque, a little glossj, of a shape pass-
ing from oval-conical (the ordinary form) to ovate-acute
(the stunted form), and of very variable painting. On the
peculiarly broad and prominent white varix that strengthens
the outer lip of the adult, and contracts the size of the
aperture, are to be traced, though at times somewhat
faintly, the commencement of three chestnut or brown
sometimes interrupted bands, one at a little distance from
the suture, one just below the middle, and the third one
basal ; of these, which do not always even traverse the
body throughout (for sometimes the entire exterior, the
varix excepted, is of an uniform brown or orange hue ; the
ground of the ordinary or banded variety is impure white)
one or both of the upper ones wind, wholly or partially,
round the spire, whose fine apex is sometimes purple. The
more or less curved abruptly prominent fold-like ribs, that
traverse the shell lengthways, and extend to the base of
the body-whorl, are rendered somewhat nodulous by very
numerous depressed spiral costellse, which are so closely
disposed, that the intervals at times seem mere sulci ; the
intervals of the ribs, which are also numerous, and have a
tendency to dilate, in some specimens, below the middle of
the smaller turns, are of moderate width, and often, indeed,
are broader than the ribs themselves. The spire is about

NASSA. 393

tbe length of the body-whorl, but more frequently sur-
passes, than is inferior to it, in length ; it is composed
of seven rounded turns that are divided from each other
by a fine but strongly pronounced suture ; the penult
volution is more or less tumid, and of rapid longitudinal
increase. The body-whorl is rather broad for its length,
and moderately ventricose ; its basal declination is convex,
and not particularly sudden ; a deep and abrupt groove
severs it from the very short recurved whitish canal, which
latter is stained internally with chocolate-brown. The
aperture, which in mature examples is very small for the
size of the shell (yet the outer lip itself, for the varix rises
a little above the body, occupies from two-fifths to almost
half the entire length) is of a suborbicular or rounded oval
shape, is contracted, but not acutely so, above by the slight
projection of the base of the penult whorl into the mouth,
and terminates anteriorly in a short and abruptly oblique
narrow canal. Both lips are white or pale yellow ; the
enamel is not very thickly spread or widely difinsed upon
the body ; there is a more or less distinct narrow pad on the
inner lip, at the upper comer of the aperture. The throat,
which usually participates more or less in the external
colouring, but is sometimes whitish, sometimes of a livid
purplish tint, is guarded at its entrance, on the right, by
about half a dozen tubercular crense. The outer lip, though
solid, is bevelled to a fine edge ; it is moderately prominent
above, well arcuated and not prickly below. More or less
perceptible, somewhat horizontal, raised corrugations cross
the pillar lip, which latter is straightish, very solid, and
appressly reflected. The columella is simply corded in a
spiral direction. Our largest example measured two-thirds
of an inch in length, and about half as much in breadth.
The animal is white, speckled with brown, and some-

VOL. III. 3 E

394 MURICIDJE.

times with black, most strongly so at the head and siphon.
The head is crescentic with linear acute tentacala, bearing
the ejes on thickened portions at a third of their length :
the anterior angles of the foot are shortly recarred; its
caudal extremity is yery shortly bifiircated, almost as if
notched, and just above the furcations are two cirri, or short
processes. The operculum is somewhat pyrifbrm and
broader than in pygmaa. According to Loven, the
axile tooth of the tongue is of more ample proportional
dimensions than in retictdaia^ and the broad hamate uncini
have a denticular process near their bases externally.

This shell is so universally and abundantly diffused
around the British shores, that an enumeration of localities
would be superfluous. It ranges from near low- water-mark
to as deep as fifty fathoms, preferring stony and gravelly
ground. Its colours are most brilliantly displayed in
southern examples. A variety, with a white varix on the
centre of the whorl, has been found by Mr. Alder at Whit-
bum, and by Mr. Barlee in Galway. It is a Celtic Mollusk
in the main, but ranges northwards to the Arctic Circle,
and southwards to Madeira. It is found fossil in the red
crag, and in the glacial drift.

N. PYQM^A, Lamarck.

Outer lip thickened bj an external varix ; mouth more or less
stained with purplish red ; dorsal edge of the canal not spotted
with blackish brown.

Plato CVIII. fig. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plato L L. fig. 2 (aa varicosa.)

Buodntim rftMatmHf purpU-moutked, var. Mont. Tbst. Brit voL i. p. 241 ?

Bamlla pjfjfmaa^ Lam. (1822) Anim. i. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. is. p. 550. —

BLAiNV.FaaneFran^.Moll.p. 121,pl.4,e.f. 3. — Dbsratbs,
Encyclop. Method. Vers, toI. iii. p. 881. — Kibnbr, Coq.
Vivant Ranel. p. 83, pi. 10, f. 2.

NASSA. 395

Buccmum ttiberaUaiumf Turton, Conch. Diction, p. 16 (tette Jeffrey • from type).
Tritonia varicota^ Turton, Zool. Joum. vol. ii. p. 365, pi. 13, f. 7.
Nasaa mcrttstata^ var. Flbming, Brit. Anim. p. 340.
Bucdnum incrasaatumj var, Brit. Marine Conch, f. 47.
Natsa fxuicosa^ Brown, lUoBt. Conch. 0. B. p. 5, pL 4, f. 24.

It is strange that a shell so well marked in its characters
should not have been distinguished as a species by the
earlier British writers : it appears to have been passed over
as a variety of the preceding species.

The shell is oval-conic, not very thick, never shining,
often semitransparent, and painted on a dirty ochraceous
or mud-coloured ground, with a dark livid very narrow
fillet that winds below the suture ; besides which two or
three rarely entire (or uninterrupted) pale chestnut bands
(one basal, one medial, and the third, which is rarely visi-
ble, between the last and the infrasutural dusky line) par-
tially encircle the body, but are chiefly evident on the few
solid riblike white varices, which at irregular intervals (two
at most on each turn ; indeed the labial varix is occasion-
ally the sole one) protrude from the general surface. Nu-
merous, but not crowded, narrow longitudinal ribs (they vary
as to number, but twelve at least appear on each larger volu-
tion) are somewhat cancellately decussated by more closely
disposed spiral costellae, of which last there are somewhere
about ten rows on the body, four or five of which are conti-
nued upon the smaller turns : their intersectional points
are slightly nodulous. The sharply pointed spire is com-
posed of seven or eight short whorls, that increase rather
quickly in length, are simply convex (not ventricose), taper
rather quickly above, and are deeply divided by the not
much slanting sutural line. The body is moderately
ventricose, and decidedly, though not considerably, shorter
than the spire : its basal declination is somewhat abrupt,
but well rounded. From two-fifths to three-sevenths of the

396 MURIGIDJE.

ventral length is filled by the small month, which is more
or less stained with liyid purplish red, especially on the
inner lip, and at the edges of the short canal, which last is
never painted with the dusky dorsal blotch that characte-
rises the preceding shell. The outer lip, which is strength-
ened by an external variz, arches out boldly from the
body, and sweeps in a continuous rounded curve to the
anterior extremity ; its inner edge is armed with several
small tubercular crense. The inner lip is deeply incurved
in the middle ; its enamel is not very widely diffused, and
is usually rather thinly spread : the pillar lip is almost
appressed, and is studded below with two or three horizon-
tally compressed granules. Fair-sized examples are usually
six lines and a half long, and a quarter of an inch broad.

The animal is similar in colour with that of incrassata,
but differs conspicuously in having longer and more slender
tentacula, a rather longer siphonal tube, the anteal angles
of the foot larger and more recurved, and above all, instead
of very short caudal processes, in this species these organs
are considerably developed, filiform, and diverging.

We have dredged it abundantly at Torbay and Wey-
mouth ; our Devon specimens, by far the finest, from a
pure sandy bottom at only from four to five fathoms ; our
Dorset, more solid, and intensely coloured from a rubbly
bottom of more than twice that depth (S. H.) The
animal figured was taken in twelve fathoms off Dartmouth
(E. F.) Mr. Clark has taken it at Exmouth, and Mrs.
Richard Smith at Teignmouth (Jeffreys). Falmouth
(Cocks). It is essentially a southern and Lusitanian form.
A varicose variety of incrassaia has been occasionally con-
founded with it, and led to the belief that it occurred in
the north of Britain.

NASSA. 397

SPURIOUS.

N. LiNEATA, Pulteney.

Nassa, ^c. Martini, Conch. Cabinet, toI. ir. pL 125, fc 1186, 1187.
Buccinum recurvirostrum lineatuTn^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 130, pi. 8, f. 5.
„ strtgosum^ var. d. Omelin, Syst. Naturae, p. 34 88 (from Martini).
„ Uneatumf Pultenby (not Qmelin), Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 41. —

DoNov. Brit. Shells, yol. i. pi. 15. — Mont. Test. Brit,
vol. ii. p. 245. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.
voL viii. p. 135. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 45, pi. 14, f. 5.
— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 17. — Fleming, Brit. Animals,
p. 344. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 216. — Dillw. Recent
Shells, YoI. ii. p. 626. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 23,
f. 92.
„ pedtcularey Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) yoL z. p. 177. —

KiENBR, Coq. Vivant. Bacc. p. 72, pi. 25, f. 102 ; transl.
Storer, p. 70. — Hanl* Young Conch, p. 109.
Planautia lineata, Thompson, Annals Nat. Hist. yol. ziii. p. 433 ; Brit. Associat.

Report, 1842, p. 256.

A mo8t abundant West Indian shell, introduced by Da Costa as
from Cornwall,

N. ambigua, Pulteney.

Btkxinum ambiffuunij Pulteney, Hntchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 42. — Mont. Test.

Brit. yol. ii. pp. 242, 585, pi. 9, f. 7. — Maton and Rack.

Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. yiii. p. 138, pi. 4, f. 5. — Rack.

Dorset Catalog, p. 45, pi. 18, f. 19.* — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 15. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 218. — Dillw.

Recent Shells, yol. ii, p. 638. — Wood, Index Testaceolog.

pi. 23, f. 118.— KiENEft, Coq. Viyant. Buccin. p. 14, pL

21, f. 81 ; trans. Storer, p. 81,— Hanl. Young Conch.

p. 108.
Nassa ambiyua^ Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 340.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B.

p. 5. pi. 4, f. 20, 21.

A West Indian shelly introduced by Pulteney as from the Dorset
coast

N. HEPATiGA, Montagu.

Bttccinnm hejxtiicum, Pulteney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 41. — Mont. Test.

Brit. yol. ii. p. 243, pi. 8, f. 1.— Maton and Rack.

398 mubicidj:.

Traiu. Linii. Soc. toI. riii. p. 1 3J.— Rack. Donat CaUli«.
p. 4*, pi. 16, r. 13 — TuBt. Conch, DicliMi. p. IT.— BriL
Marine Conch, p. 216. — Dillw. Recmt Shelli, toI. ii-
60i,— Wood, Indei Teitac. pL 22, f. <2.
Monoeeroi ktpaticiu, Flihing, Biit. Animali, p. 312.

BMeinum mmiiU, Kunbr, Coq. Vlvuit. Bnec p. 6B, pL 1 1, f. 40 ; tnuid. Stoier.
p. 66P
„ JackKmiamm, Kibnbb, Coq. Vinnt. Boce. p. S4, pi. 19, (. 73 ;
tranil. Storer, p. 63P
Kaaa iepatioa. Brown, Illnit. Conch. G. B. p. fi, pi. 4, f. 19.

Oval-conic, stroDg, shining, indiBtinclly zoned vith olive and
pale fulTouB (more rarel; and chiefly when vorn or young, with
vhicish and chestnut brown), the darker colouring, chiefly
present on the body-whorl, in three bands, of which the middle
one is moderately broad, and moat conspicuous, the infrasutural
one is, at the least, equally as broad, but less defined, and
only separated from the former by a pale narrow fillet, whilst
the basal is hardly Tisible till the shell is held up to the
light : the penult whorl olivaceous with a paler spiral fillet ; the
rest of the turns are more or less light coloured. A narrow
retuse or indented area runs beneath the fine suture; and is
studded at the top with small isolated uodules that are not in
the same line with the longitudinal ribs with which the re-
mainder of the surface is adorned. These lut, generally about
fourteen or fifteen on each of the larger turns, are usually some-
what flexuous and oblique upon the body, and much narrower
than their interrals ; the reverse holds good upon the apical
coib. Two stron^y incised spiral lines (occasionally a third
obscure one above them) wind round the base of the body-whorl,
which, as well as the principal turns of the spire, is otherwise free
from spiral sculpture. The spire, which tapers to a very fine
point, is composed of seven or eight volutions, the lower one of
which (whose breadth to its length is usually as five to three) is
about equal in height to the rest united. They are of rather
fast longitudinal increase, not much rounded ■ and, at least, the
lower ones, subangulated above. The body, which fills about
four-sevenths of the dorsal length, is moderately broad, but not
ventricose, the surface being merely convex ; the basal attenua-
tion is inconsiderable, and the basal declination very gradual :
the very short beak, whose spiral sulci are few in number, is not

BUGGINUM. 399

spotted intemallj. The aperture is rounded oral, with its sym-
metrj disturbed above bj the prominence of the posterior pli-
ciform pad ; it ends below in a short canal. Both lips are
white. The outer one is convex above, arcuated below, strength-
ened externally, armed at the edge with a few anterior sharpish
denticles, and guarded within by numerous raised spiral lines.
The inner lip is much incurved, and has only a few obscure
pimple-like elevations near the base. The callus or enamel is
not very broadly spread upon the body. Length nearly an inch ;
breadth fully half an inch.

A not uncommon species, of which we have seen examples from
the Philippine Islands (Cuming), dhc. ; it was introduced into our
Fauna as dredged at Weymouth I Montagu, whose description of
it is excellent, states that he had received it from Dr, PuUeney, in
whose Catalogue of the Shells, dtc. of Dorset it was first indicated
as British. Rackett, who copied the diagnosis in his second
edition of the same scarce work (p, 44) has figured a very different
shell (j>L 15, f 13) which looks more like a worn shell of the 'S.
reticulata, var. paucicostata {Kiener, Coq, Viv. Bucc* pi. 19,/. 7),
of which we have seen an example, of questionable indigenousness,
once owned by Mrs. Loscomhe.

BUCCINUM. LiNNAUs.

Shell ovate, more or less yentricose, tnrreted, surface
smooth or spirally striated, spirally grooved or longitu-
dinally plicated, invested with an epidermis. Aperture
ovate, emarginate, or very shortly canaliculated below,
canal wide, truncated, dorsally more or less tumid ; colu-
mella smooth, inner lip expanded, outer lip usually thin
and smooth within. Operculum corneous, oblong, its nu-
cleus lateral.

Animal bulky, head broad, depressed, bearing two
somewhat flattened tentacula, set well apart, their tips
subulate, their bases thickened for half their lengths by
the connate sustentacula, which bear the rather small
eyes ; proboscis ample ; tongue armed with teeth, ranged

400 MURIGIDli:.

three in a row, the axile one hroad and quadrate, with
many crenations, the laterals scythe-shaped, with denti-
culated bases. Male organ very large, sickle-shaped.

We retain the old name Buccinum^ originally applied
to whelks in general, for that group of shells, of which
the common Buccinum undatum may be regarded as the
type. They constitute a very natural assemblage, though
one of no great extent, and are mainly inhabitants
of the boreal and arctic regions of both northern and
southern hemispheres. The relation of the distribution
of this form of Mollusk to climate is strikingly shown
when we compare such a shell as the Buccinum cyaneum
of Greenland, with the Buccinum antarcticum of the
Falkland Islands, one of the most striking instances that
can be cited of the representation of species by similar
species in regions far apart, but subject to similar physical
conditions.

Several zoologists have of late united the Buccinum
wndaium and its allies with Fums antiquus^ and similar
shells, under the old generic name of Tritonium^ originally
proposed by Otho Frederic Muller. Independent of the
very serious objection which applied to this name on ac-
count of its having become obsolete, whilst the too simi-
lar word Triion, and even Tritonium itself, were used
in the meantime for a very different assemblage of Mu-
ricida, and one presenting good natural marks of dis-
tinction, we are inclined still, provisionally at least, to
keep up the distinction between the JFusi of the north
and Buccinum^ since shell, animal, and operculum, pre-
sent marks of distinction, which, though in the end they
may prove to be of no more than sectional value, yet in
the present state of our knowledge deserve to be con-
sidered of importance.

BUGGINUM. 401

Unfortmiately the name Buccinum has even of very late
years been applied to such a heterogeneous assemblage of
shells that it is difficult to disentangle those to which
we restrict the name from a number of very different
forms having no true generic affinity with them.

These moUusks appear to have commenced their exist-
ence during the later tertiary epoch. At present they
have the power of enduring very variable conditions of
depth and locality, though the geographic range of the
group is limited, however widely may extend the areas of
some species.

B. UNDATUM, Linnaeus.

With more or less coarse spiral 8tri», and usually with broad
longitudinal folds ; beak short.

Plate CIX. fig. 3, 4, 5, CX. fig. 4, and (Animal) Plate L. L. fig. 5.

List. Anim. AngL pi. 3, £ 2, 8 ; HisL Conch. pL 963, f. 14,

15. — SsBA, Museum, pL 39, f. 77, 78, 79. — Knore,

Ddioes des Yenz, pt. 4, pi. 19, 1 1.— EncycL M^th. Yen,

pL 399, t I.

Buccmum undaUtm^ Linn. Syet Nat. ed. 12, p. 1204 — Pbnn* Brit. Zool. ed. 4,

ToL iY. p. 121, pi. 73, £ 90.— PuLTBNST, Hutchina, Hist
Donet, p. 42. — Donoy. Brit. SheUt, toI. lii. pi. 104. —
Mont. Test. Brit. toL L p. 327. — Maton and Rack.
Tiana. Linn. Soc. toL viiL p. 137. — Rack. Dorset Catalog,
p. 45, pi. 17, f. 6. — TcTRT. Conch. Diction, p. 12. —
Flucino, Brit. Anim. p. 342. — Foilbss, Malac. Monens.
p. 60. — Couch, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 63. — Johnston,
Berwick. Club, toI. i. p. 237.— Macgilliy. Moll. Aberd.
p. 162. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 214.^ Brown, Illust.
Conch. G. B. p. 4, pL 3, f. 1, pi. 4, f. 8, 9, 10. — Kino,
Annals Nat. Hist. toI. xyiii. p. 248, and toI. adx. p. 347.
— Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. toL xiz. p. 150. — Aldbr,
Cat MolL Northumb. and Durh. p. 66. — Martini, Conch.
Cab. Tol. iy. pL 126, f. 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209.— Born,
Test. Mus. Vind. p. 259, pi. 9, f. 14, 15. — Brookes,
Introd. Conch, f. 79. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. ii.
p. 632, chiefly. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi 23,
f. 107.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toL z. p. 154.

VOL. HI. 3 F

402 MURICIDJB.

— Blainv. Man. Malacol. pL 22, f. 4; Fsii]i« Fmnq.
Moll. p. 169, pi. 6, c, f. 2, 8.— SowsRBT, Genera Shells.
Bucc. f. 1, 2. — KiBNEB, Coq. ViTont Bucc. p. 3, pi. 2,
f. 5 ; tnmtL Storer,p. 3.-— Sowvrbt (Jiin.), Conch. Man.
f. 421.~SwAiNBON, Malacology, f. 71, c, at p. 301. —
OouLD, InTert. Maasach. p. 305. — Dbkay, New York
MolL p. 130, f. 161.— CuyiBR, Regno Anim. (ed.Croch.)
pi. 53, f. 1. — Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. toI. iu.Bac. pi. I, f. 3.
Buccinum Btriaium, Pbnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, yoL ir. p. 121, pi. 74, f. 91.

„ eaua/tcn/a/icm, vulgare^ Da Co9ta, Brit. Conch, p. 122, pi. 6, f. 6.
Tntonitim untdatum^ Mt>LLBii, Zool Danic pi. 50. — Middbnd. Malac Rota.

pt 2, p. 151, pi. 4.f. 1,2,3.
Buccinum Bomianum^ Crbmnitz, Conch. Cab. voL ix. p. 57, pi. 105, f. 892,

893 (from Bom, Teat. pi. 9, f. 14, 15) ainistnl.
n earinaiumj (not of Phipps, Gmel. Dillw.) Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 13,

f. 94, from which Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 343, and
Blainv. Faone Franq. MoU. p. 171 (deformed). —
Brown, III. Conch. G. B. p. 126, pi. 57, upper f. 18.
„ acuminatum (abnormal varibtt), Brodbrip, Zoolog. Jonm. yol. y.

(1830), p. 44, pi. 3, f. 1, 2. ~ Brit. Marine Conch,
p. 215.— Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 4, pi. 3, f. 5, 6.
—Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. yol. iii. Buc pi. 1 , t 4.
„ Anglioanumy Flbming, Brit. Animala, p. 243. — Macgilliv. Moll.

Abcrd. p. 164. — Brown, HI. Conch. G. B. p. 4, pi. 4,
f. 1 1 ; and pi. 3, f. 2, 3.
„ from Zetland, Forbbs, Mag. Nat. Hist. yol. yiii. p. 593, f. 62.
„ Labradorense^ Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. vol. iii. Bac. pL 1, f. 5.
M imperiaie^ Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. yol. iii. Bnc pL 2, f. 8 (deformed),
n pyramidale^ Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. vol. iii. pi. 13, f. 104.
DrUonimn Humpkreynanum, Lovi^N, Index Moll. Scand. p. 12 (from specimen).
Murem undatut, Clark, Annala Nat. Hist. 2nd Series, vol, yii. p. 1 14
Buoemum tentrum (Fossil), Sow. Min. Conch, pi. 486, f. 3.

The common whelk is one of the most variable of
Atlantic shells, as well as one of the most widely distri-
buted, and is not the less interesting on either account.
Its general outline is ovato-conical, passing through va-
rious degrees of elongation, from a short, squat, ven-
tricose shell to one remarkable for slendemess and grace-
ful curvature. These differences in contour may depend
on the greater or less ventricosity of the body-whorl,
or on the degree of production of the spire. The num-
ber of whorls in all the forms is about six, seven, or

BUCCINUM. 403

eight. They may be variously rounded, and are very
rarely flattened; they are always spirally and minutely
striated, and usually more or less conspicuously spirally
grooved as well; in the most typical examples, all the
whorls exhibit tranverse undulations, few or many, weak
or strong, always oblique and obtuse, crossing one half
or two-thirds of the sutural side of the body-whorl, and
the whole breadth of the upper whorls ; in other forms
these become entirely obsolete on the body-whorl, and
evanescent on the spire. The aperture of the shell pre-
sents constant characters. It occupies two-thirds of the
length of the body-whorl, its upper angle uniting with
the latter just below the greatest tumidity of the body.
It is always ovate and ample; its outer lip thickened,
sinuated, and sub-reflexed above, projecting and patulous
below, where it retires and becomes sinuated and some-
what reflected to form the very short and wide canal.
The pillar lip is concave and twice cdnuated and obliqudy
contorted on the columella, over which it forms a polished
expansion ; at its extremity it is truncated, with a slight
obliquity to form the inner wall of the siphonal canal ;
dorsally, the convexity of its upper sinuation is con-
tinued as a strong, rounded, oblique fold, to the truncated
notch of the canal. The surface of the Axell is usually
invested with an epidemois, often soft and pilose, some-
times glabrous and membranous, less frequently altogether
wanting. Its colour varies, being white, or yellowish, or
brownish, without bands, or of the same ground-colours,
with chestnut spiral bands, or wavy blotches. A variety
occurs with chestnut bands, alternating with broad white
intermediate spaces. The interior of the mouth also
varies from pure white to yellow, and various degrees
of intensity of purple.

404 MURIGID^.

The varieties of this species have received especial
attention from Professor King, Mr. Albany Hancock, Mr.
Howse, and other naturalists, to whose papers we must
refer for details of greater length than can be included
in our space. Within the littoral zone, usually at its
lowest verge, and mostly on the northern coasts, extend-
ing its range sometimes into the laminarian zone, is the
smallest form, that to which the term littorale has been
applied. It lives equally on mud, sand, and rock, and
we have met with it abundantly on all these grounds in
the Frith of Forth. It is a ventricose dwarf shell, with
a short spire, sometimes strong, sometimes thin, undulated,
or without undulations ; in the former case usually living
on rocks or hard shores, and then its surface is without
an epidermis ; in the latter, living on sand or mud, and
having an epidermis, which is frequently highly pilose.
In deeper water, ranging from the middle of the lami-
narian zone to as deep as thirty or more fathoms, where
the ground is hard or roughish we find a very strong,
often ponderous shell, with prominent and often angulated
undulations, and the surface unprotected by an epidermis.
This is the variety crtMSum of King, who mentions
his observation of its passage into his variety maffnum.
The spire is moderately produced, the spiral sulcations
strongly marked, and the colour of its aperture usually white.
The variety into which it passes has the epidermis more
or less developed and often quite glabrous, the substance
not so thick, and the undulations not so strongly marked,
diminishing in intensity, indeed, until at length, usually
in comparatively thick shells, they disappear entirely on
the body-whorl, when we have the striatum of Pennant,
a form which is common, and grows to a large size on
the scallop banks off the north of the Isle of Man. This

BUCCINUM. 405

second fonn Is the yar. 2 of Hancock. In deep water, from
forty fathoms, or thereabouts, downwards to eighty, is a
third principal variety, in the main a thinner and slenderer
shell with ronnded volntions, more delicately sculptured, and
covered with a soft pilose epidermis; the aperture yel-
lowish or tinged with purple. The undulations are not
so strongly marked as in the former variety, and even
in specimens of considerable dimensions, the whole texture
is lighter and thinner. The body-whorl is ample in its
tumidity, although the spire be produced. This is var. 1
of Alder and Hancock, pektgicum of King. The dis-
tinctions drawn by these gentlemen from Northumberland
specimens are very important, as we have had an op-
portunity of seeing when examining northern collections,
among others a very full series collected with much care
by Mr. Embleton of Embleton.

Still more produced, is a variety not uncommon in
deep water in the Zetland seas and off the Hebrides, a
form which approaches in outline and elongation the B,
fatiforme. It inhabits deep water, and exhibits two va-
riations, the one with a purple aperture, nearly ribless
whorls, and a moderately thin shell, covered by an epi-
dermis; the other with a stronger shell, well marked
undulations, banded colouring, and a white or yellowish
aperture. This last is the/omia eUxtior of Middendorff.

The remarkable shell described and figured by Broderip
as B. acuminatum^ and now contained in the collection
at the British Museum, appears to us to be an abnormal
variety of undatum^ with very flattened whorls, and con-
sequently an imperfectly angulated base. Of other ab-
normalities, or rather distortions, we are acquainted with
a reversed form ; another having a very ventricose body-
whorl and a short spire, the whorls of which are can-

406 MURICIDiE.

Dated ; an extremely elongated shell with strong ribs and
no epidermis, bat remarkable for haying a groove en-
circling the upper part of the body-whorl. The two last
are in Mr. Alder^s collection.

Mr. Jeffreys has a carinated form from the month of
the Thames procured by Mr. Sowerby, a pleurotomatons
monster taken by Mr. Barlee on the west of Scotland,
and a scalariform Itmu taken off South Devon.

Buccinum undatum varies considerably in colour through
various shades of plain white, to a general purple tint,
or chestnut banded on a white ground, or blotched with
brown, or entirely brown. It grows to the size of six
inches long by three wide.

The general colour of the animal is yellowish white,
sometimes with a tinge of tawny, and usually mottled
with irregular blotchings, or specklings of black, which
are especiaUy conspicuous on the sides of the foot, head,
tentacula, and siphon. The head is broad, rather small
in proportion to the body, and flanked by two lanceolate,
flattened, rather obtuse tentacula, with thickened and
widened bases, on which on bulgings, externally, are borne
the blue-black eyes : the tentacula are distinctly separated
irom each other by a frontal slightly bilobed space. The
siphon is long, and recurved when exserted. The male
organ is massive, very large, elongato-pyriform, with a
short lanceolate mucro on its upper extremity ; the foot
is vast, when creeping much expanded, obscurely trun-
cated in front, rounded behind, and bearing the opercn*
lum on a rounded lobe without process. The operculum
is strong, corneous, brownish yellow, and composed of
subconoentric elements round a sublateral nucleus. The
proboscis is long and ample; the axile tongue-teeth are'
broad and serrated, with many denticles below; the

BUCCINUH. 407

denticular processes of the lateral teeth are few, large, and
strong; their limb narrow and blade-shaped. The nidus
is a rounded mass of wrinkled cartilaginous yesicles, each
containing usually two or four young ones, packed alter-
nately in opposite directions.

The common whelk is uniyersally distributed around
the British shores, varying, however, greatly in its cha-
racters according to locality. It is collected and taken in
lobster-creels, or baskets for bait or food ; great numbers
are constantly exposed for sale in London, simply boiled,
to be eaten with a little vinegar and pepper ; a poor man^s
delicacy, but by no means a wholesome morsel. Dr.
Johnston mentions that at the enthronization feast of
William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1504,
no fewer than eight thousand whelks were supplied, at five
shillings for a thousand.

This species first appeared in the British seas during
the age of the coralline crag, and persisted through all
succeeding epochs, becoming more and more abundant.
It is found from low-water-mark to as deep as one hundred
fiitfaoms. It has a wide latitudinal range, now extend-
ing throughout the Oeltic, Boreal, Arctic and Icy seas,
and along the coast of Boreal America, firom Gape God
to Greenland. According to Middendorfi*, it finds its
way through the Siberian seas into the Sea of Ochotsk.
This great range in time and space accords with its
capacity for variation and adt^tation to circumstances.
During the pleistocene epoch it had found its way into
the Mediterranean, and occurs fossil in the Sicilian newer
pliocene beds, but is now extinct in that region.

408 MURIGIDiB.

B. Dalbi, J. Sowerbj.

Polished white, smooth to the eje, never with folds ; body
half as long again as the spire.

PUte CIX. fig. 1, 2.

Buocinum Dalei, (Fossil) J. Sow. Min. Conch. pL 486, £. 1, 2.— S. Wood,

Crag MoU. p. 34, pi. 8, f. 10.
^ ovum, TuRTON, Zoolog. Joam. toI. ii. p. 866, pi. 13, f. 9. — Fleming,
Brit. Anim. p. 343. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 215. — Brown,
niust. Conch. O. B. p. 4, pi. 4, f. 15. — King, Aim. Nat.
Hiat. vol. zix. p. 840. — Aldbr, Cat. MoU. Northnmb. and
Dorh. p. 67. — ^Blainv. Fanne Fnnf. Moll. p. 172. — Rbsvk,
Conch. Icon. vol. iii. Baccin. pi. 4, f. 25.
„ fiuiformef Kibnrr, Coq. Viyant« Bnodn. p. 5, pi. B, L 12 ; tranal.

Storer, p. 6 (probably).
HtUia Fleminffiana^ Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 189, copied. Brown, Illuflt*

Conch. Q. B. p. 182 (Young, teste Jbffrkts, from
type).
Triionium omim, Miodsnd. Malacos. Ronica, pt. 2, p. 174, pL 4, ^ £ 12, and

pi. 6, f. 1 to 4 ?

This Bhell, whose form is rather obliquely subovate,
being somewhat rounded and moderately broad below,
and tapering rather quickly above to a very blunt apex, is
not so strong as most of its genus, a little translucent, yery
glossy, and of an uniform ivory white that is obscurely
stained with pale yellowish streaks at the stages of
increase. The epidermis has a greenish hue (King).
Not the slightest vestiges of any folds are perceptible be-
neath the very fine and but little oblique suture ; but the
surface, although smooth to the eye, is seen, when closely
examined, to be most obscurely striated with minute
spiral lines. The spire, the apical coils of which are sym-
metrical and greatly depressed, only fills about one-third of
the dorsal length ; it is composed of five simply but much
rounded quickly increasing volutions that taper above,
whereof the penult is not much more than half as high
as it is wide. The basal declination of the body-whorl,

BUCCINUM. 409

which is ventricose or even tumid, is moderately rapid, and
much rounded. The pure white aperture, which is totally
devoid of all sculpture (it has not the columellar fold of
dliatum to which in some respects it is allied), occupies
about four-sevenths of the ventral length ; it is of a sub-
rhomboid-oval figure, contracted above to a curved acute
angle, and but little narrowed below until the formation
of a short and remarkably wide canal, that bends to the
left. The more or less prominently arcuated outer lip
(the swell being continued almost to the anterior extre-
mity) does not exhibit any posterior sinuation, recedes
moderately below, and is somewhat patulous, the edge
being acute, and very gently reflected ; this reflection pro-
duces the appearance of an abbreviately recurved beak at
the basal emargination. The enamel of the inner lip is
more apparent from its brilliant whiteness than its solidity.
The upper part of the inner lip swells into the aperture,
and forms an obtuse angle with the columella, which
scarcely, if at all, exceeds it in length (being shorter than
the outer lip), is rounded, rather broad, and straightish,
but much curved at the anterior extremity. The pillar lip
is appressly reflected. The beautifnl specimen we have
figured from Mr. Jefireys' collection measures twenty lines
in length, and thirteen in breadth.

The animal is unknown. The shell is very rare ; it is
marked in Turton'^s collection as from Torbay, and we ven-
ture to hazard a conjecture that it found its way to that
quarter through the agency of Newfoundland fishermen.
The species is, however, unquestionably British, though
exceedingly rare, having been procured by Mr. Humphreys
from the stomach of a haddock caught off Cork, by Mr.
King, from the Dogger Bank, off the Northumberland
coast, and by Mr. Macgillivray off Aberdeen. It pro-

VOL. III. 3 o

410 MURICIDJS.

bably lingers, the individuals few and far between, on
the boreal outlines of our seas, the relicts of an ancient
fauna ; for, though rare in the coralline, it was abundant
in the red crag seas. It is now chiefly an inhabitant
of the icy seas, and ranges from Greenland to Behring^s
Straits.

B. HuMPHRETSiANUM, Bennett.

Faintly variegated, almost smooth, never with folds ; body
longer than the spire.

Plate ex. fig. 1.

Buecinum Humfhreydanum, Bknn. Zool. Jonm.Tol. i. p. 398, pi. 22, top fignies.

— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 215. — Brown, Illust.

Conch. G. B. p. 4, pi. 4, f. 14. — Bullet. Sciences

Nat vol. TJi. p. 259.
Tritonium „ Middxnd. Malac. Rossica, pt. 2, p. 163 ?

This rare and elegant Buecinum has an oval-acute figure
is more or less thin, a little transparent, and of a pure
and delicate creamy flesh or very pale fawn colour, on
which are painted, though often obscurely, various wavy
markings of brown or Ailvous. These which upon the
spire are usually arranged lengthways in flexuous streaks,
seem disposed upon the body in spiral bands, of which
there seem two narrow twin ones, one basal, one infra-
medial, besides a broader upper one (perhaps composed of
two confluent ones), on which they sometimes form an
irregular kind of network. The surface does not exhibit
the slightest trace of riblike undulations, but is most
closely encircled with fine sulci (whose intervals are scarcely
broader), and crossed lengthways, at least on the prin-
cipal turns, by most minute regular close-set lines, that
beneath a powerful lens are perceptibly, though very
slightly elevated. No substantial angularity or retusion
disturbs the simple roundness of the volutions, which are

BUCCINUM. 411

seven or eight in number, moderately ventrieose, taper
above, are of tolerably fast longitudinal increase, end in
a very blunt apex, and are divided from each other by a
simple yet strongly pronounced suture. The spire is
somewhat exceeded in length by the much rounded body-
whorl, which is gradual but very convex in its basal de-
clination, and ends anteriorly in a rather projecting and
gently recurved short canal. The mouth occupies about
one-half of the entire length, is acutely subovate, sharply
contracted above, nearly twice as long as broad, is flesh
or horn-coloured, and devoid of all sculpture whatsoever.
The posterior enamel of the inner lip appears to be but
thinly spread, but this probably depends on local circum-
stances. The outer lip is moderately prominent, slightly
thickened and reflected at the margin, greatly arcuated
somewhat receding anteriorly ; the edge itself is a little in-
curved or retuse in the middle. The body swells out above
into the mouth ; the rest of the columellar lip is tolerably
straight, as the medial concavity is but trifling. There
is not the faintest indication of any axial perforation.
The shell is said to attain to two inches in length, and one
inch in breadth, a size superior to the dimensions of any
example we remember to have examined.*

The animal is unknown. Like the last species, this ap-
pears to be an arctic form lingering in our fauna. It was
found off Bearhaven, Oork harbour, by Mr. Humphreys,
and has been taken off Skye by Mr. Barlee. Mr. Jef-
freys informs us that it was taken in Bantry Bay by
Mrs. Puxley and Dr. Armstrong.

* Althongh the extreme rarity of this shell preyents us firom tracing the links,
it is by no means impossible that it may form one species with the B. eiliatum of
Gould, Inv. Mas8. p. 307. 1 209 (as of 0. Fabric.) from which Dekay, New York
Moll. p. 134.— Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. iii. Buc. pi. 1, f. 1, from B, ventricosum,
Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 3, f. 7.

412 MURIGIDJS.

B. FusiFORME, Broderip.

Oblong-subfusiform, pure white, decussated bj narrow^ longi-
tudinal ribs and spiral costellae : beak rather long, recurred.

Plate ex. fig. 2, 8.

Baccituim/Mt^orme^ B&od. (not EIibnkb) Zool. Journ. toL ▼. p. 45, pi. 3, f. 3. —

Brit. Marine Conch, p. 216. — Brown, lUiut. Conch.
O. B. p. 4, pi. 8, t 4, — Rkbvk, Conch. Icon. toL iiL
Bnc. pi. 5, fl 81.

Futm/eneitratm, Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. yii. p. 851 ; copied, Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 207.

This shell, which has an oblong subfusiform shape
that is more produced and tapering above than below,
is clothed with a dirty olivaceous yellow epidermis^ be-
neath which it is moderately strong, nearly opaque, and
of an uniform white. The very numerous narrow rib-
like folds that traverse the shell lengthways, but do not
extend to the lower half of the body-whorl, and usually
cease towards the outer lip, are somewhat nodulosely
decussated by very close-set spiral costellae, which become
more prominent and sharply defined on the base of the
shell. Of the former, which are slightly but regularly
arcuated, and are separated by intervals that are as wide
or wider than tliemsel?es, we counted about twenty on
the penult volution of the delineated example, where
seven or eight of the latter were also present. The spire,
which exceeds the body in length, and ends in a small
and apparently blunt point, is composed of nearly seven
turns, that are of slow longitudinal increase, and merely
separated by a simple suture ; they are nevertheless very
clearly defined from the abruptness with which they swell
out from the divisional line, near which they evince a
slight disposition to horizontal flatness: the penult turn

BUCCINUM. .413

is about twice as broad as it is long. The body is pe-
culiarly rounded above, and rather contracted below,
where it ends in a recurved beak that is rather long for
the genus Buccintim. There is no vestige of any axial
perforation. The mouth is pure white, totally devoid of
sculpture, fills about three-sevenths of the ventral length,
and is of a rather narrow pear-shape, yet a little angular
above, and much attenuated anteriorly, where the broad
canal bends slightly to the left. The outer lip, whose
marginal contour is concave in the middle, is acute,
simply but considerably arcuated, yet not peculiarly pro-
minent. The course of the inner lip is sinuous; it is
much incurved above, then convex, and finally slants to
the left, in nearly a straight line. Just before the com-
mencement of the canal the pillar is convex and rather
broad, elsewhere it is flattish. An example that mea-
sured an inch and a half in length, was scarcely five-
eighths of an inch in breadth : another is recorded by
Mr. Jefireys as being three-quarters of an inch broad,
and an inch and a half long.

This rare shell, the specific relations of which are still
somewhat obscure, was procured from the neighbourhood
of Cork by Mr. Humphreys, and from off the Wexford
coast by Mr. Stutchbury.

SPURIOUS.

B. GLACIALS, Linnseus!

Buccmum glaeiakf Linn. Syst. Nat ed. 12, p. 1204; Fauna Snedca, ed. 2,

p. 523 (probably). 7- DoNov. Brit Sheik, yol. y. pi. 154.
— Maton and Rack. Tram. Linn. Soc vol. yiii. p. 136
(from Linn.).— Mont. Test Brit Soppl p. 109.— Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 13. — Flbmino, Brit Anim. p. 343. —
Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 4, pi. 4, f. 12, 13.

414 MURICIDJB.

Bwedimm Dtmovamj Gray (Reeve?) Zoology to Beechey^B Voyage, p. 129. —

Brit BCarine Conch, p. 214. — Gould, InTert. Maaoch.
p. 304, f. 208.— DiKAT, New York Molluica, p. 134.
„ ttAmlotiimj Rbiv>, Conch. Icon. vol. iii Bacc. pL 13, f. 105 (probably).

A boreal species ; introduced as a native of the Orkneys by
Donovan, whose specimen still exists in Mr. Hardey^s cabinet, and
is precisely identical with the species figured and delineated by
Gould as the DonoTani of Oray, who pronounces it distinct from
the B. glaciale, of Lamarck^ of which Chemnit^s figure (Conch,
Cab. vol. x.pl. 152, f 1446, 1447 ; B. carinatum, Phipps) may
be regarded as the type. The description in the Fauna Suecica^
however, applies far better to DonovarCs shell, than to the coarsely
ridged individual delineated by Chemnitz.

Note. — The four following shells are eridently the fry of a species of Buccimmm
(the two first probably of undatmm) or of some allied genus : they are so imper-
fectly chaFscterised and wretchedly drawn, that we hesitate to refer them to any
definite species.

Buccinum breve, Adams^ Trans. Linn. Soc vol. iii. pL 13, t A, from which Mont.

Test. Brit. p. 250 ; Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.
▼ol. Tiii. p. 140; Tubt. Conch. Diction, p. 19 ; Flbm.
Brit Anim. p. 844 ; Browh, IlL Conch. G. B. p. 4, pi. 4,
f. 16, 17.
M nunutum, Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iii. pL 18, £ 5, 6, from which

Mont. Test. Brit p. 250; Maton and Rack. Trans.
Linn. Soc. toI. riii. p. 140 ; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 19 ;
Flxm. Brit. Anim. p. 844 ; Casndaria mimUa, Brown,
III. Conch. G. B. p. 5, pi. 4, f. 2.
„ l<gve, Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc toI. iii. pi. 13, f. 7, 8, from which
Mont. Test. Brit p. 251 \ Maton and Rack. Trans.
Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 140 ; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 19 ;
Flxm. Brit Anim. p. 344 ; Outidaria Usma, Brown, 111.
Conch. G. B. p. 5, pi. 4, f. 1.
„ oUwtisfimum, Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. yol. iii. pi. 18, f. 9, 10, from

which Mont. Test Brit p. 251 ; Maton and Rack.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 140 ; Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 19 ; Flxm. Brit. Anim. p. 344 ; Qun-
(laria obturisiima. Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 5,
pi. 4, f. 3.

Fusus. 415

FUSUS. Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, usually strong, solid, and often invested
with an epidermis, spire produced, body-whorl ventricose,
surface ribbed, sulcated, spirally striated, or rarely nearly
smooth ; aperture ovate, produced below into a more or
less elongated canal ; pillar lip smooth. Operculum cor-
neous, unguicular, its nucleus terminal.

Animal ample, its head flanked by rather thick subulate
tentacula, bearing the eyes on bulgings on their outsides
not very far above their thickened bases, which internally
are separated from each other by a capital lobe : proboscis
long, tongue armed with transverse rows of teeth, each
row composed of a quadrate axile loop, flanked on each side
by a hamate or scythe-shaped lateral ; mantle even-edged,
siphon not very much produced beyond the canal ; branchial
plumes two, unequal ; male organ large, falcate, flattened ;
foot large, oval, sub-truncated in front, obtuse behind,
bearing the operculum on a very short rounded lobe.
Nidus of one or more corneous capsules.

The Fmi which occur in the British seas belong to that
section upon which Mr. Gray has revived the genus
Chrysodamus of Swainson, and which along with Buccinum
undatum and its allies, constituted the old genus Tritonium
of O. F. Miiller ; a name that might be used, as several
naturalists have proposed of late years, with advantage,
were it not that it has unfortunately been adopted into
general use for a very distinct assemblage of Muricida,
Mr. Searles Wood includes the JPiMi in Trophon^ and
Agassiz has proposed to call them Jtractus,

The sectional group is mainly composed of species from
cold or temperate regions. They inhabit all depths of
water between the laminarian zone, and one hundred or

416 MURICID^.

more fathoms^ but are mainly characteristic of the coralline
region.

F. IsLANDicus, Chemnitz.

Fusiform, more or less narrow, smooth, sulcated, or fl&tlj
costellated, but not geniculatedlj or nodoselj corded ; apex not
symmetricallj coiled: outer lip thin, not expanded.

Plate CIII. fig. 1, 3, and (Animal) Plate S. S. fig. 2.

LuTBR, Hist. Anim. Angl. pi. 8, £ 4; Hut. Conch, pi. 913,
f.5.
Mureat eomeut (not of Linn.), Psnn. Brit Zool. ed. 4, voL ir. p. 124, pi. 76,

f. 99. — PuLnNsr, HatehinB, Hist. Dorset, p. 48. — Donov.
Brit. Shells, vol. ii. pi. 88.— Mont. Test. Brit. yoI. L p. 258.
— Maton and Rack. Tnns. Linn. Soc. toI. viiL p. 147 (not
diagnosis). — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 47, pL 17, f. 5. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. iL p. 733.— Wood, Index Testa-
ceolog. pi. 27, 1 107. — Flbming, Edinh. Encydop. pi. 203,
17.
„ Itlandieui^ Qif blin, Syst Nat. p. 3555.
Bueemum oanalieuiatum graeUe^ Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 124, pi. 6, f. 5.
Pumu lilandioui, CiilMNtTZ, Conch. Cah. vol. it. p. 159, pi. 141« f. 1312, 1313.

— KiNo« Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xriii. p. 246. — Lam. Anim.
s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) yol. ix. p. 450. — Dbsh. Encjclop. M^th.
Vers, vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 160. — Hanl. Toong Conch, p. 83. —
OouLD, Invert Massach. p. 284. — Dbkay, New York Moll,
p. 144, pi. 8, f. 185.
M antiguus ! Cnoticu, Introd. Lam. Conch, pi. 17* £ 8.
„ comeui^ Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 348. — Fobbbs, lilalac Monens. p. 26,
animal. — Johnston, Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 235. — Macgil-
Liv. Moll. Aberd. p. 169. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 200. —
Brown, ninst Conch. O. B. p. 8, pL 6, f. 7, 9. — Say, American
Conch. pL 29, larger fig. — Kibnbr, Coq. Vivant Fosus, pL 7,
f. 2 (apex ?) — Rbbvb, Conch. Icon, vol iv. Fasns, pi. 11, f.43.
M lAiUri^ Jonas, Hamburgh Nat Hist Trans, vol. i. pi. 10, f. 13.
TriUmium Itiandieum^ LovISn, Index Moll. Scand. p. 11. — Middbnd. Malacosool.

Rossic. pt. 2, p. 144.
„ gmeUe^ Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 11.
Fuiut graeUit, Aldbr, Cat. Moll. Northamb. and Durh. p. 63.
TVetpAon graeile^ Sbarlbs Wood, Ctag Mollnsca, p. 46, pi. 6, f. 10, bt—c.

We are aware that of late years the ordinary British
specimens of this elegant shell have been separated from the

FUSUS. 417

Fu8U8 Islandictu of Ohemnitz as a distinct species ; we
believe, however, that Middendorff, who has laboriously
investigated the laws that regulate the extent of varietal
distinctions, has correctly reunited the two forms.

Beneath a glossy and smoothly attached conspicuous
epidermis, that is yellow, or brownish yellow on the pale
examples, and brown on the darker ones, this graceful shell,
which is fusiform or oblong-fusiform in figure, is of an
imiform tint, that ranges from pure white to pale vinous
red, or ochraceous flesh-colour. It is adorned with frequent
and very depressed spiral costellse, which are generally, but
not always, so closely disposed on the earlier turns, that the
volutions should rather be termed sulcated, but on the final
whorls are inferior in breadth to the intervals between
them : there are some faint and minute longitudinal
wrinkles, but no regular series of them, as in the larger
allied species. Of the eight volutions that compose the
shell, the apical coil in the typical forms is usually dis-
torted, mammillary, and larger than the succeeding one ;
the rest are of moderate longitudinal increase, are convex
or subventricose (sometimes even rounded), taper gradually
above, and are peculiarly well defined, not merely by a
profound sutural line, but by the almost perpendicular
abruptness with which they rise from it ; sometimes they
convexly shelve above to the suture ; sometimes they sub-
angnlately project there beyond each other : the latter is
usually the case in those examples, in which the blunt-
pointed spire, which is always gradual in its attenuation,
is shorter than usual. The body slightly exceeds the rest
of the whorls united, and usually occupies five-ninths of
the total length, it tapers below rather suddenly, and very
considerably, to a more or less curved and somewhat
twisted, but neither slender nor much produced tail, so

VOL. III. 3 H

418 MURIGIDJB.

that the left basal outline is deeply incurved : the anterior
declination is rounded, but rather gradual. The mouth,
which fills one-half of the entire length, and is generally of
a shining porcelain white, and devoid of all sculpture, is
acutely contracted above, and of an oblong-oval figure that
is produced below in a rather broad and gently reflected
oblique canal. The outer lip is simple, very sharp-edged,
not at all patulous, only moderately projecting, gently
arched above, and slightly retuse or straightish anteriorly.
The pillar is smooth and lustrous, has rarely a very thick
layer of enamel, is of a rich flesh-colour in the darker
individuals, and is sinuous in outline, being deeply concave
in the middle, but bending off obliquely and subrectilinearly
at about one-third of the distance from the tip of the

canal.

The average size of examples is from about two inches
and arhalf by thirteen lines, to three inches in length, and
one and a^quarter in breadth. We have chiefly drawn up
our description from the beautiful slender form that is most
commonly preserved in cabinets. There are, however,
many varieties of this interesting shell, among which two—
in which the outer lip is peculiarly arcuated, and the enamel
thickly spread on the columellar lip — ^may more particularly
be specified ; the one, a large thin ventricose form, dredged
from the Doggerbank, at a depth of fifty fathoms ; the other,
a very coarse and solid-ventricose form from Brixham, in
which the costellee of the smaller turns are well raised, and
the whorls are nine in number : this we take to be the
typical IslandietM figured in Chemnitz.

The animal is of a general dull yellowish-white hue ; the
sides of the foot, when at rest, are greatly corrugated ;
its anterior extremities are obtusely angulated, the caudal
one rounded and bearing the operculigerous lobe very far

FDSUS. 419

back. The head is broad, the neck narrow, and the
tentacles linear-lanceolate and mnch flattened. The hinder
edges of the tawny-jellow operculum overlap its lobe
considerably. The male organ is lanceolate and falcate.
The axile denticles of the tongue are either obscurely or
not at all serrated below, the laterals have two small
serrations at their inner side, one large one outside.

This species is distributed all round our shores, though
sparingly in the southern districts. It ranges from five to
eighty or more fathoms. A ventricose variety occasionally
occurs, and a very slender form has been taken by Professor
Macgillivray, off Aberdeen. It ranges from the British,
throughout the boreal seas, and along the coasts of North
America, from Massachusetts to Greenland. . As a fossil,
it dates its British history from the coralline crag epoch,
and is abundant in the red crag.

F. PROPiNQuns, Alder.

ResembliDg the last, but the apex of the spire symmetrically
spiral.

Plate cm. % 2, and (Animal) Plate S. S. fig. 1.

Fvsu3 eornetUj var, p^gnueuSf Gould, Invert. Maasach. p. 284, £ 199 ? ?
„ n » Brown, Illast Conch. O. B. pi. 6, f. 11, 12 ?

„ I^andicuSy hispid var, HowsB, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xix. pi. 10, f. 5.
„ propinquiUy Aldxr, MolL Northmnb. and Dnrh. p. 63.
„ (no name), Rxxvx, Conch. Icon. toL ir. Fas. pi. 20, f. 82.
„ Sabini (not of Gray), Forbxs, Mem. Geol. Sorr. G. Brit vol i. p. 25.

" This species very much resembles F. gracilis (Islan-
dicfM var. gracilis)^ but never grows to half the size, and
may readily be distinguished from it by an examination of
the apex. The nucleus of F. propinquw consists of two
or three small compact whorls, while that of F. gracilis
has only about a whorl and a-half, which are large and
rather produced at the top, giving the apex a mammillated

420 MUSICIDA.

appearance. The embryos of these two species most there-
fore differ as mnch from each other as those of F. TurUmi
and Noroegiem. The shell of F,prapinquu8 is rather more
tumid, and the whorls rather flatter in the middle, and
more raised towards the snture than in F.grctcUis: the
strise also are closer, the aperture more contracted towards
the canal, and the latter a little more bent ^ (Alder).

'^ A variety from deep water (Ann. Nat. vol. xix.
pi. 10, f. 5), is shorter in the spire, and more tumid in the
body-whorl, and has the canal very much twisted to the
left side. The epidermis is thin, pale yellowish horn-
coloured and hispid. The apex is frequently incrusted
with black. The animal is white ^"^ (Alder).

Our description of the preceding species will apply like-
wise to the present one, except in regard to the apex,
which is not oblique and distorted, but symmetrically
spiral : the whorls, too, are shorter, scarcely taper above,
but are, as it were, more square-cut, standing out from
each other in a slightly scalar fashion : the basal declin-
ation of the body, likewise, is more flattened. It is much
smaller in size, measuring only an inch and a-half in
length, and but little more than half an inch in breadth.
The ash-coloured epidermis, though spirally ciliated, for
the most part, in the young, does not clearly exhibit this
feature in adult examples.

The animal, of which we have given a figure from a
drawing by Mr. Alder, is very similar to that of IslandicuSy
but has slender tentacula, and is of a much whiter colour.
Its dentition differs; the axile teeth bear three equal
denticulations below; the laterals have two large nearly
equal inner denticles, and one very large outer one.

We have taken this shell, alive, on sandy ground, in
eighty fathoms, off the west coast of Zetland, and it is

Fusus. 421

found usnallj in deep water all around those islands
(M'Andrew and £. F.). According to Mr. JefiCrejs, it
occurs at Bantrj, in Ireland. On the Northumberland
coast it is found in the same situations with IslandicuSj
but is rare (Alder) ; in sixty &thoms off Northumberland
(Howse). It is probably essentially a boreal species. In
the northern drift it is a common fossil.

F. Berniciensis, King.

Fusiform, encircled with oordfl and threads, which are ren-
dered more or less nodulous by fine raised longitudinal wrinkles :
apical coil not distorted ; outer lip somewhat thickened, a little
expanded.

Plate CV. fig. 1, 2, and CVI. fig. 1.

FmuM Bermdeiuu^ King, Annals Nat Hlit. toL zriii. p. 246.
„ Idandieutj Aldsb (not of Chemnitz), Cat Moll. Northomb. and Durh.

p. 64.

The extreme rarity of this beautiful shell renders it
probable that certain of the features indicated in our
description may prove rather to appertain to the specimen
than to the species. Although allied in form to the two
preceding shells, the peculiarities of its sculpture and
aperture readily distinguish it from either. It is of a
fusiform shape, which is rather more attenuated above
than below, and is chiefly swollen a little below the
middle. It is moderately strong, yet not quite opaque,
and is clothed with a somewhat shining shaggy brown epi-
dermis, which is not thick and level, but so disposed
in longitudinal flakes and reflected, where it passes over
the riblets in fringe-like filaments, as partially to reveal
the decussated sculpture beneath it. The surfisuse is of
an uniform more or less glossy white or pinkish white,

422 MUBICIDiE.

and is both encircled tfaroughont with narrow prominent
cord-like costellse, and traversed lengthways by very closely
disposed and somewhat slanting raised wrinkles. The
former, of which there are generally six on each of the
principal tarns of the spire, and which are very numerous
on the body-whorl, on whose lower half they become
less elevated (elsewhere they are about equal in pro-
jection), are separated from each other by broad intervals,
with, for the most part, on the larger turns, an inter-
vening spiral thread or raised stria ; both cords and threads
are crossed and geniculated by the ridge-like wrinkles.
Four-sevenths of the dorsal length is occupied by a spire,
composed of eight ventricose whorls, which, although
merely separated by a fine suture (of moderate obliquity),
are very distinctly defined, being more rounded below,
more flatly shelving and taper above ; they are of mo-
derate height, and of rather quick longitudinal increase ;
the apical coil is blunt^ regularly spiral, and very de-
pressed. The body is somewhat pear-shaped ; it is occa-
sionally, if not always, a little retuse near the suture,
is ventricose posteriorly, and rather abruptly attenuates,
with a moderate and convex basal declination, to a gently
recurved somewhat tapering slightly twisted shortish beak,
that fills the anterior fourth of that volution. The mouth,
which is of a reversed flask-shape, being oval above, and
produced below into a moderately long and very broad
canal, occupies half, or rather more than half, of the
entire length; it is destitute of any peculiar sculpture,
is of a pinkish flesh-colour, and is more than twice as
long as it is broad. The more or less expanded outer
lip is usually somewhat thickened, but is neither marginated
nor ribbed behind ; for more than two-thirds of its sweep
it is prominently arcuated, and then at the commence-

FU8US. 423

meot of the canal rather suddenly slants with comparative
straightness towards the axis. The edge of it is indent-
ed by the external cords, is very sinuous in its course,
being a little concave near its junction with the body
(which latter generally occurs at nearly a right angle),
then arching forwards (swelling out more especially below
the middle), it again becomes subretuse at the beginning
of the beak, and finally convexly and considerably re-
ceding. The enamel, though apparently not thickly spread
on the pillar, is rather widely diffused upon the body.
The columella is narrow, and by no means solid ; the left
side of the canal is rather loosely coiled. The homy
operculum is not particularly strong, is of a yellowish
brown, and is marked with indistinct longitudinal ridges,
in addition to the wrinkles of increase : it is of a some-
what elliptic form, that is attenuated at both extremities,
but much narrower at the curved and lustrous end than
at the other. The adult example delineated in our
engravings measured three inches and a half long, and
twenty lines across at the broadest diameter.

This very rare shell was found in fishing-boats on the
Northumberland coast by Mr. King.

F. ANTiQuus, Linnaeus.

Oval-subfusiform^ densely and strongly striated ; nucleus not
large ; mouth longer than spire : a prominent siphonal ridge.

Plate CIV. (fig. 2 a little redaced).

LiSTKR, Hist. Anim. Angl. pi. 3, f. 1 ; Hist. Conch, pi. 913,
f. 4.— Encycl. Method. Ven, pi. 426, f. 5.
Mure* atUiqutUf Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 754; ed. 12, p. 1222. — Donov.

Brit Shells, vol. i. pi. 31 (changed from detpectm). — Maton
and Rack. Trans. Linn. See. toI. yiii. p. 145. — Rack.
Dorset Catalog, p. 47, pi 17, f. 4. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 88. — Mt^LLBR, Zool. Danic pi. 118. — Dill w. Recent

424 MUBIGIDJE.

ShelU, Tol. ii. p. 724. -— Wood, Index Tettaoeolcig. pi. 26,
f. 89.
Mureae detpedut (not Linn.), Pbnn. Brit. ZooL ed. 4, toI. iv. p. 124, pL 78,

f. 98. — PuLTBNXT, Hutchina, Hist. Donet, p. 43. — Donot.
Brit. Sheila, vol. i. pi. 31.— Mont. Test. Brit vol. I p. 256;
Suppl. p. 111. — Born, Test. Mus. Vind. p. 314.
„ decoUatuB (fry), Pbnn. (not Linn.) Brit. Zool. ed. 4, toL W. p. 125,

pi. 79 ?— Don. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pL 86.
Buoeinwm oanaUetdatum nu^ffmm. Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 120, pL 6, f. 4.

„ 4fo. jc Chbmnitz, Conch. Cab. toI. It. pi. 138, f. 1292, 1294.
TrUomum amUqtmiim^ 0* Fabric. Fanna Qroenlandica, p. 397.
Mureae earuiahw, Turton, Conch. Diction, p. 88, f. 95.

Futta awUquutj Lam. Anlm. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. ix. p. 447. — FLBXiNO,Brit.

Anim. p. 348. — Forbbs, Malac. Monens. p. 26, animal. —
Johnston, Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 234. — Macgilliv. Moll.
Abeid. p. 169.~Brit. Marine Conch, p. 200. — Brown, lUnst.
Conch. G. B. p. 8, pL 6, f. 8. — ^Kino, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xm.
p. 243.— -Aldbr, Moll. Northnmb. and Dnrh. p. 65. — Blainv.
Fanne FnuKj. Moll. p. 80, pi. 4, a. f. 3. — Dbshatbs, Encycl.
Method. Vers, toI. ii. pt. 2, p. 158.— Kibnbr, Coq. Vivant.
Fusos, p. 28, pL 18, 1 1. — Hanl. Toong Conch, p. 83. —
Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. toI. It. Fusos, pi. 11, f. 44.
„ carinaiMBy Brit. Marine Conch, p. 200. — Brown, Illnst Conch. O. B.

p. 127, pL 57, f. 20 (erroneously marked 18).
„ BtA^omoHMy Brown, IllusL Conch. O. B. p. 127, pL 57« f. 19 (mon-

strositj).
TrUommm de§peetmny oar. amtiqwxtOy Middxnd. Malac. Roiiie. pt. 2, p. 185.
Murea flonfmrtaw (posaii.), Sowbrbt, Min. Conch, pi. 23.
Trqpkon atUigmum (fossil), Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Mollu8ca,p. 44, pi. 5. f. 1 .

It is chiefly in shape that the yariation, penaitted to
each species, displays itself in the present shell. The
ordinary form of medium-sized specimens is oval-fusiform,
with the spire occupying about two-fifths of the dorsal
length (and a still more slender variety is likewise oc-
casionally taken) but the greatest diversity of figure is
that presented by the large swollen Irish (deep water!)
example, delineated in our engraving, wherein the body
is not merely more tumid than usual, and twice as long
as the spire, but the area of it is vastly more extended
than in general, and the outer lip is extraordinarily pro-
minent and patulous.

Fusus. 425

Although the substance of the shell is thick, yet at
times there is a slight degree of translucency ; the colour
is usually of an uniform tint that ranges from pure white
to orange-brown ; occasionally the stages of increase are
indicated by indistinct broadish streaks, of a more intense
shade than the general tint. The depressed costellar
striae, with which the principal volutions are encircled
throughout, and which are often rendered wavy (fre-
quently, indeed, interrupted) by coarse wrinkles of in-
crease, are so closely disposed that finer intermediate ones
start forth wherever the space permits. They are ge-
nerally of about equal magnitude throughout, somewhat
finer beneath the sutures, somewhat coarser on the extreme
base ; occasionally, however, a few of them, chiefly on the
upper third of the body and near the middle of the larger
turns of the spire, become more elevated than the rest (as
in the earinatus of Turton), yet never assume that coarse
ridge-like appearance that is characteristic of the more
distantly striated earinatus of Pennant. Besides the
smooth apical nucleus, which consists of two coils, the first
bluntly mamillary and swollen, the second narrowly cylin-
drical, the spire comprises four other whorls that are of
fast longitudinal increase, of moderate height (at least half
as long as broad, often indeed in the slender forms the
length is to the breadth as three to five), moderately
ventricose,| often subangulated rather above the middle,
much tapering above, and in that case shelving with some
little retusion (not deeply concave) towards the fine yet
profoundly impressed moderately slanting suture; more
perpendicular below. The body, which is swollen above,
and thence attenuates to a shortish and scarcely recurved
beak, is of a curved and truncated fig-shape ; its basal
declination is not abrupt, but is convex or rounded.

VOL. III. 3 I

426 MUBICIDiE.

The capacious aperture, which is entirely devoid of
sculpture, and occupies on the average four-sevenths of the
ventral length, is sometimes of a rich orange colour (chiefly
so in the externally colourless examples, sometimes of a
pure porcelain vrhite ; it is of an oval shape that is pro-
duced below as a broad and somewhat patulous canal that
bends but slightly (except in a variety which we have not
seen in England) to the left. The outer lip, the angle
formed by which with the body-whorl, is nearly a right
one, is more or less prominently arcuated, until nearly
parallel with the posterior junction point, when it some-
what suddenly slants, for the short remaining space, in a
straightish line: it is simple, acute, a little disposed to
expand in the more aged examples, and does not recede
much at the anterior extremity. The course of the inner
lip, though a little sinuated, is tolerably perpendicular on
the whole, the concavity is not profound ; the straightish
lower portion fills about one-third of the length. The
enamel is rather thickly spread on the pillar where it
very gradually narrows to a fine extremity. The siphonal
fold-like ridge is often made rugged by the coarse scale-
like projections which arise from the stages of increase.
The larger of the specimens delineated measured six inches
in length, and nearly three inches and a-half in breadth,
and a nine-whorled example, taken by Professor King, was
seven inches long and five broad.

The capsules are only half an inch in diameter, are
convex outwardly, and concave in the inner side, coarse
and corrugated, and piled one upon another in a conical
heap, three inches or so high. '' Previous to exclusion,^^
writes Dr. Johnston, " the young are perfectly formed ;
the eyes, tentacula, and operculum of the animal are very
distinct, and the shell, which is of an uniform flesh-colour,

Fusus. 427

has three or four whorls, and is ftilly four lines in length.
They ultimately make their escape by a dissolution or
rupture of the cells, for there is no aperture in the inner
coat, and the slip in the outer one seems intended merely
to admit the water necessary to their covering.

The animal is white, or yellowish-white ; its head is
rather broad, its tentacula flattened and broad-band, the
eyes small. The siphonal tube is marked with black
specks, and in few are sometimes present in the head.
The foot is ample, and below is of a deeper yellowish
colour than the body.

The axile denticles of the tongue are broadly oblong and
three-toothed below, the laterals have two or three large
serrations on their peduncles below.

The shell, according to Dr. Fleming, is used by the
Zetlander as a lamp, and forms a by no means inelegant
one, as its outline is exceedingly gracefol.

The Fusus antiquus has a range of from five to thirty
fathoms, living on various kinds of ground, but preferring
shell banks. It is very rare on our southern shores, but
becomes common as we go north, and in some parts of the
Irish sea is a very abundant shell. Of its varieties, the
subcarinated form is taken in abundance off the south-east
of Ireland, as at Dungarvan (Dr. Farran). On the Manx
coast, a small yellow-mouthed variety is most abundant.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby procured a reversed specimen from off
the mouth of the Thames, and also a scalariform mon-
strosity, both of which are in Mr. Jeffreys^ magnificent
collection. The range of this species is, typically, boreal
and arctic.

428 MURICIDJE.

F. NoRVEGicusy Chemnitz.

Oral, or fusiform-oyal, smooth, or nearly bo; mouth much
longer than the spire ; canal short and wide ; no siphonal
ridge.

Plate CVII. and CVIII. f. 7, 8, 9-5

Sirombus Norveffictu, Chbmnitz, Conch. Cab. vol., x. p. 218, pi 157, 1 1497,

1498. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, toL ii. p. 675 — Wood,
Index Teataceolog. pi. 25, t 87.

Futus „ TuRTON, Mag. Nat. Hist. toI. yii. p. 351. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 207. — Kino, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xyiii. p. 244.
— HowsK, Ann. Nat Hist, vol xix. p. 162, pi. 10, f. 1,
2, 8, 4. — Aldxr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. and Durh. p. 65.
— RKB7B, Conch. Icon. toI. iv. Fusus, pi. 12, f. 47.

TriUmum Norvegiettmy Middbnd. Malacoz. Rossic. pt. 2, p. 147.

The only British shell with which it is possible to
confound the present is F, antiquus^ from which its much
larger apical nucleus, smoother surface, shorter and wider
canal, and the absence of a siphonal ridge, suffice to dis-
tinguish it.

The shell is of an oval-ftisiform shape, rather more
attenuated above than below, more or less solid, yet rarely
quite opaque, not very glossy, and smooth or nearly so,
being only obsoletely and rather closely sulcato-striated in
a spiral direction, and chiefly on the smaller turns. The
light brown epidermis, from its extreme tenuity, is rarely
preserved, except), in patches. The external colouring
ranges from pinkish flesh to fawn-colour ; the aperture in
the younger specimens is merely of the same hue, but more
intensely painted; in aged individuals it is tinged with
bluish pink. The smooth distorted orange-tinted apical
nucleus consists of at least two coils, '' as large as in some
of the mamillated Volutes ''^ (King) ; the upper one is the
more bulbous, the lower rather the flatter. The longitudinal

FU8US. 429

increase of the three next whorls (the remainder- of the
spire) is rapid ; they taper and become very slightly retuse
near the moderately slanting suture (which is profoundly
impressed, and slightly overlapped, as it were, by the
successive coils), and swell out considerably rather below
the middle. The ventricose, but not abruptly tumid, body,
which is fig-shaped, occupies about three-fifths of the
dorsal length; it gradually attenuates below, with a gentle
convex declination, to a broad short round- tipped beak, which
is not distinguished by any siphonal fold-like ridge. Owing
to the marked ascent of the acute and much expanded
outer lip, which is simply but prominently arcuated (not
displaying that basal interruption of its sweep that is usual
in beaked Fusi)^ the capacious aperture, which is devoid of
all sculpture, is enlarged so as.to fill two-thirds or more of
the ventral length : it is of an oblong oval shape, is acutely
peaked above, and more bluntly so below, where it termi-
nates in a remarkably broad short canal. The enamel of
the inner lip is rather widely diffused, and often of a whiter
cast than the rest of the surface. The course of the left
lip is at first gently convex, then moderately concave, and
finally curves slightly to the left. The pillar is solid
enough, but is somewhat loosely coiled. Four inches and
a-half for the length, and half that measurement for the
breadth may be considered the average dimensions of fine
examples. The operculum is very small, and somewhat
ovate.

Of the spawn of this rare and interesting shell, the
following account is given by Mr. Howse, in the Annals of
Natural History : — " Only two were taken ; they are of a
subhemispherical form, about one inch in diameter, and are
agglutinated separately by a very thin, produced marginal
rim to the inside of odd valves of Cardium echifMtum.

430 MUBICID^.

The envelope is coriaceous, of a horny appearance, very
transparent, smooth, glossy, and of a yellowish colour;
one of the capsules contained three, the other only two
embryos. The last were &r advanced, and apparently
ready to leave the case. Through the transparent covers
ing, when first dredged, I could see them moving about
and adhering to the inner surface of the capsule by the
expanded foot, the sides of which were of a faint lilac
colour. The thin operculum, the flattened tentacles, the
diminutive spot-like eyes of these beautiful and interesting
creatures were also distinctly visible. The young shell is
very thin, brittle, pellucid, brilliantly glossy, and of a pale
amber-colour, nipple formed, and perfectly resembles the
nucleus or upper whorl of the adult individual, as will be
seen by referring to the accompanying plate. Those most
advanced in growth have two whorls, and are half an inch
in length, by a quarter in width.**^

Of the animal of this species, we have seen a pre-
served specimen in Mr. Alder's collection, exhibiting traces
of purplish markings on a white ground. According to
Professor King, the macro of its male organ is very much
produced and spirally disposed, measuring as much as an
inch and five-eighths in length ; and the mantle is much
thickened on the columellar side of the body-whorL

This very rare and very fine shell was added to our
fauna by Mr. Bean, at Scarborough, Professor Eling, too,
procured it from the Doggerbank. Mr. Howse has dredged
it in sixty fathoms water off the Durham coast. It ap-
pears to be found fossil in the pleistocene beds of Sweden.

Fusus. 431

F. TuRTONi, Bean.

Oblong-subfusiform^ more produced aboYe than below, simply
and flatlj costellated ; nucleus large ; mouth rather shorter than
the spire ; outer lip dilated ; a siphonal ridge.

Plate CV. £ 3, 4, and CVI. f. 2, 3, 4.

F^imu J)tf1om^ Bsan, Mag. Nat. HistTol. yii. p. 493, f. 61.— •Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 208. — Brown, lUuat. Conch. O. B. p. 8, pi. 7. f. 1.
—- Kino, Ann. Nat. Hut. toI. zviiL p. 245. — Howsb, Ann.
Nat. Hilt Yol. ziz. p. 163, pL 10, f. 6 to 10. -^ Rnvx,
Conch. Icon. yoL It. FoBas, pi. 20, t 83.

This rare and elegantly-formed Bpecies bears more resem-
blance to the Buecinum undatum than to its own congeners.
It is of a somewhat fusiform shape, that is produced above,
and abbreviated below, and beneath a transparent yellowish
horn-coloured epidermis is of a rather dull and squalid
white, that is apt to become liver-coloured toward the
apex. The principal whorls are encircled throughout with
somewhat depressed broadish cords, which grow fainter
posteriorly; these are more or less interrupted by coarse
wrinkles of increase, but there is not the slightest appear-
ance of any longitudinal folds. A blunt-topped triple-
coiled apical nucleus terminates the spire, which comprises,
in addition, four or five other volutions, which are of mode-
rate height, tolerably fast longitudinal increase, more or
less ventricose in and beneath the middle, and more flatly
shelving and clearly tapering towards the broadish suture,
which latter is moderately slanting and strongly impressed.
About one> half of the dorsal length is filled by the body,
which is ventricose in the middle, subretuse above (more
especially when that part is bounded anteriorly by a riblet
that is more projecting than the rest), and of gradual and
not much rounded basal declination ; it tapers rather quickly

432 MURICIDJE.

below, where a distinct siphonal fold crowns the rudimen-
tary beak. The aperture is slightly surpassed in length by
the spire, is devoid of sculpture, and of a more or less oval
shape, that is angulated above, and not much attenuated
below, where it terminates in a rather open canal. The
less exposed portion of the throat is of a reddish-brown in
the young, and changes to purplish-brown in the more
aged examples : towards the outer lip, however, it is, as is
likewise the not much spread enamel of the inner lip, of a
pure white. The outer lip, which does not recede much
anteriorly, and usually juts out from the body at nearly a
right angle to the left lip, is thickened, expanded, and
prominent : it runs at first in a straightish or sub-retuse
line, is somewhat perpendicular and convex in the middle,
and slants towards the axis below with but little convexity
and hardly apparent rostral sinuation. The course of the
inner lip is peculiar, being but little concave in the middle,
and slanting to the right anteriorly. The columella is
solid, much twisted, somewhat rounded, and provided with
a distinctly reflected pillar lip. The operculum is large
and pyriform (King). An eight whorled specimen that
was five inches in length, measured two inches and three-
eighths in breadth; another of nearly five inches and
a-half in length, measured only two inches and a-sixth at
the broadest part.

Mr. Howse has drawn up the following account of the
ova-capsules, from three examples fished up on the Nor-
thumbrian coast : — '' They difier completely from those
of F. Norvegicus in shape, in being double, in number of
embryos, and in mode of attachment ; but agree with them
in being solitary. They are ovate, compressed, lentiform,
and are supported on a short flattened peduncle. This
peduncle is a production of part of the maigin of the

Fusus. 433

capsule, and is considerably spread at its base over the
surface to which it is attached. The capsule is composed
of an inner and an outer case ; the latter is of a pale
yellow colour, opaque^ not very glossy, coriaceous, and has
a few raised lines across the upper surface ; the former is
very thin, and separated from the latter by a parallel,
fibrous, silky layer. One of the capsules is nearly an inch
in greatest diameter, and contains six embryos, the largest
of which is half an inch in length, by one-fifth in width,
and has three volutions which perfectly resemble the apex
of the mature individual. They are almost cylindrical,
coarse, opaque, the last whorl faintly spirally striated, and
of a reddish-brown colour.^'' (Ann. Nat.)

The animal appears to be white, with purple markings.
Like that of Norvegicm^ it is a true Fums in all its
characters.

This is one of the rarest and most beautiful of British
shells, and was added to our fauna by Mr. Bean, who
obtained it from deep water on the Doggerbank off the
Yorkshire coast. Mr. Howse dredged it off the Nor-
thumberland coast, in sixty fathoms water, whence it has
also been procured by Mr. King.

Plate CIII. figs. 4, 6, enlarged.

The fragment, delineated in our engraving, and which
has been considered by us as too important to omit, yet in-
sufficient to describe from or determine by, was dredged by
Mr. M' Andrew, at Zetland, from a depth of eighty fathoms.
The Trophon cmtiquum^ var, jugosa^ of the " Crag Mol-
lusca,""' exactly agrees with it, but of recent species it bears
most resemblance to a pigmy specimen of the JF. deeemr

VOL. III. 3 K

434 HURIGIDiE.

coBtatus of Say,* and the F. despectus, var. carinata of the
present work.

SPURIOUS.

F, DESPECTus, LInnseus.

Linn. Iter Westgothic pL 5, t 8.— Enc M6th. Ven, pL 426,
f. 4.
Mww despeelut^ Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 754; ed. 12, p. 1222; Fauna

Suedca, ed. 2, p. 524.
TrUonium detpeciumj O. Fabric. Fauna Gnsnlandica, p. 396.
Buccina^ j^o. Chbmn. Conch. Cab. toI. It. pi. 138, f. 1293, 1295 (the last copied.

Wood, Index Testae, pi. 27) f. 92, as Munx fomieaUu).
Mure* aiUiquvs^ Mont. Test Brit. p. 257 ; Sappl. p. 115.
Futut detpeotus, Flbmino, Brit Anim. p. 349.

Simply keeled form.

Mure* carinaiui^ Pbnnant. Brit Zool. ed. 4, toL iv. p. 123, pi. 77, f. 96

(badly). Frontispiece (well). — Donov. Brit. Shells, toI. W.
pi. 109. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. Tiii.
p. 147. — Lasket, Mem. Wenier. Soc. toI. i. p. 400 (not
supposed young, nor figure).
M /omiocUuSf DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 725.
Funu carinatui^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) toI. iz. p. 449 ? — Dbsr.

Encycl. Method. Vers, toI. ii. p. 159. — KiBirBR,Coq. Vivant
p. 30, pi. 19, f. 1. — MOllbr, MoU. Oroenl. p. 14, probably.
Tritonium despectum^ var, carinatOj Middbnd. Malac Rossic. pt. 2, p. 136.

Stunted form,

MuTM despecius, DoNov. Brit. Shells, toI. y. pi. 180. — Dillw. Recent Shells,

ToL ii. p. 726.

Plicato^earinated form,

Driionium fomicahim^ 0. Fabric. Fauna Oroenl. p. 399, probably (copied as

Mure* fomieaiutt Qmxl. p. 3547 ; ^Putus /ormcatu$^
Rbxyb, Conch, loon. toI. It. Fus. pi. 10, £ 39).

* Joum. Ac. Philad. toI t. p. 214 ; Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 287, f. 202 ;
DxKAY, New York MolL p. 145, pi. 9, £ 186; Philippi, Neue Conch. yoL i.
p. Ill, Fusns, pi. 1, f. 12. — F, muHiearinahUy Potibz and Mich. Gal. Donai,
Moll. Tol. i. p. 438, pi. 34, f. 5. — F, lyratu»^ Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. toI. It. Fus.
pi. 10, f. 40 (probably). — TriUmum deoemeotiaiumf Middbnd. Fauna Ross, pt 2,
p. 138.

TROPHON. 435

Murea despedus^ Shr5t. Einleit, Conch, vol. i. p. 523, pi. 3, f. 5.

„ duplioaiusy DoNOV. (changed from anHquut), Brit. Sheila, toI. It. pL 119,

copied in Recs' Encydop. pL Elem. Conch. 1, f. 10; copied,
Wood, Index Testae. pL 27, f. 93, as M. despeOua; copied.
Brown, lUutt. Conch. G. B. pL 6, £ 10, 13, as M. can-
naiua,
„ tubantiquatusj Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 147.—

DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 727.
Fimu detpedut. Lam. Anmu s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toI. ix. p. 448. — Dbsh. En-

cycl. Method. Vera, vol ii. p. 159. — Kdbnbr, Coq. Vivant.
Fusns, p. 29, pL 19,f: 2.
TVUommn dupeetum^ var. txtrieoM-oarinata^ Middxnd. Malac. Ross. pt. 2,

p. 138.

A boreal BpecUs (from Oreenland, ^c.) included among our
native skelU in ike various compilatums of British Conchohgy.
The carinatus appeared without any cusigned localUy ; the ori-
ginal specimen, still preserved in Mr. Jefreys' cabinet, is well
delineated as the frontispiece to Pennant's fourth volume, where
the incipient folds (omitted in Donovan's representation) are cor-
rectly indicated. The last named author candidly avowed thai his
drawing of M. despectus was taken from a Oreenland example
(a sadly worn on>e still in existence in the sam^e important col-
lection), but mentions the remark of a friend, that he had seen
a shell like it a few miles off the Orkneys. Similarly the dupli-
catus, whose shape is nu>re elongated than any specimen we have
ever met with, is figured as a boreal species, to illustrate the
difference between it and carinatus*

TROPHON. (Name) Ds Montpobt.

Shell rather strong, ftisifonn, spire produced, whorls
rough, with lamellar varices, their interstices often spirally
sulcated ; mouth produced below into a narrow canal ; no
teeth or plaits on pillar lip. Operculum corneous, ungui-
cular ; its nucleus terminal.

Animal rather short from the size of the shell, its head
narrow, and bearing two^ subulate tentacula, with unse-
parated bases; the eyes placed on thickened connate

436 MURIGIDJE.

peduncles, extending nearly half the length of the tenta-
cles. Foot rather short, truncated in front, obtuse poste-
riorly ; operculigerous lobe simple ; siphon rather short,
seldom projected far from the canal of the shell. Tongue
armed with triple rows of teeth, the axile one transversely
elongated and quadrate, armed with denticuli, the laterals
simply uncinate or hamate.

For this small but natural group of Muridda we have
reserved the name Trophan^ though it is used by several
authors in a wider sense. The species are inhabitants
chiefly of deepish water, and for the most part belong to
arctic and boreal seas.

T. cLATHRATus, Liuuseus.

With longitudinal lamellar riblets, but no regular spiral
sculpture.

Plate CXI. figs. 1, 2, and (Animal) Plate S. S. fig. 3.

Mure» daiiratiu, Linn. Syst. Nat ed. 12, p. 1223 (firom type).
7)rUomum claikratum^ Mt^LLBR, ZooL Dan. Prod. No. 2941. — O. FABRia Fanna

Onenland. p. 400. — Loy^n, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12. —
MiDDSND. BCalac Ross, pt 2, p. 125 (partly).
Murat BamJUuj DoNov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pi. 169, £. 1. — Mont. Test Biit.

Sappl. p. 117. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.
▼oL Tiii. p. 149.— Pxnnant, Brit. ZooL (ed. 1812), p. 285,
pL 82, 1 2. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 95. — ^Brown, lUnst
Conch. Q. B. p. 7, pL 6, £ 1, 4. — Dillw. Recent Shells,
vol. ii. p. 742.— Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 27, £ 126.
Ftaus Bamfiua^ Flemino, Brit. Anim. p.351.— .Forbxs, Malac Monensis, p. 27,

animal. — Johnston, Berwick. Club, toI. i. p. 235. — Brit.
Marine Conch, p. 206, £ 96.— Dbkay, New York Moll,
p. 148, pL 36, £ 339.
„ Bamffiusy Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 289, £ 198.
Pkurotoma Bat^um (not Trophon Banffii of M5llbr), Macgilliv. MoIL

Aberd. p. 171.
Fmua Bat^ffius, Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. vol. iv. pl. 21, £ 91 (for 90).

The shape of the shell is ftisiform or oval-fusiform, being
more or less swollen just below the middle, and abruptly

TROPHON. 437

attennated at both extremities, tapering above to a very
fine point, and contracting below to a moderately long
and somewhat twisted beak, that fills about a third of the
length of the body-whorl. When young it is thin, moder-
ately glossy, and of an uniform reddish or brownish flesh-
colour ; when aged it changes to a squalid white, but is
never very solid. Numerous arched and simple (not fim-
briated nor laciniated) longitudinal lamellse or riblike-
plates, which are not erect, but are somewhat pressed
down, as it were, with the edge inclining towards the
aperture, traverse the entire whorls ; they range from
twenty crowded and thin ones to only twelve compara-
tively strong and remote ones. The intervals of these
lamellsB (which are not spinous nor angulated above) are
not distinctly clathrated, yet occasionally a few obsolete
revolving ridges are here and there perceptible, and aged
specimens usually exhibit some fine spiral striulse ; usually,
however, these intervals are quite smooth. The spire, the
apical coil of which is twisted and not symmetrical, is
composed of nearly seven rounded (not scalar) volutions,
that are of moderately fast longitudinal increase, and in
general are rather short than otherwise. The body occu-
pies at least four-sevenths of the dorsal length ; it is fici-
form or fig-shaped, being swollen above and abruptly
attenuated below ; the basal declination is rounded and
more or less sudden. There is no vestige of an axial per-
foration. The mouthy which is devoid of sculpture, and
of an oboval shape, that is produced below in a narrow
curved and somewhat elongated canal, which is usually
about half as long as the upper part of the aperture, fills
from half to four-sevenths of the total length. The pro-
minent outer lip, which has a slight tendency to expand, is
thin, simple, and arcuated, but abruptly contracts below

438 MURICIDJB.

in forming the canal; it oftentimes projects almost at
right angles to the body. The upper half of the inner lip
is moderately incurved, the lower half bends rather sud-
denly in a straightish or scarcely curved line to the left.
The largest specimen we have seen measured three quar-
ters of an inch in length, and a third of an inch across ;
in general, however, examples are only five-eighths of an
inch long and about half as broad.*

The animal is entirely white or yellowish white. Its
tentacula are rather short in proportion to its size. Its
foot is truncated and ungulated in front, triangular and
obtuse behind. The axile denticles of the tongue have
obtuse angles, and two rather small, closely set denticuli
on each side of a larger central one.

This species is very rare, or absent, on our southern
sliores, but abundant from the southern entrance of the
Irish sea northwards to Zetland. It is frequent also on
our eastern coasts, and is found all round Ireland. It
ranges from five to fifty fathoms. It is distributed
throughout the boreal and arctic regions of the North
Atlantic.

* A fingment (the first four whorls) of a much huger shell (that mut ha^e
vied in dimensions with the larger figure of Bamffiw in Donovan) has been taken
in the North by Professor MacgiUiviay. From the sise of its yolntions, and the
remoteness of its lamells, it appears to belong to the tcalari/ormis of Gould
(Invert. Massach. p. 288, t 203; Murae lameOaiui^ Philippi, Neue Conch,
vol. iii. p. 41, Mur. pi. 2, t 2), which Lovin and Middendor£f consider to be
merely a large boreal variety of dathraiuti from which, indeed, it differs in little
else than size, its more capacious mouth, more arcuated lip, slightly longer spire,
and rather straighter, longer, and abruptly slender beak ; the first of which fea-
tures, though all are present in the more characteristic examples, alone seems
permanent. It is so common and characteristic a shell in British pleistocene
water, that the fragment in question may have been part of a fossil.

TROPHON. 439

T. MUKicATus, Montaga.

Usuallj ooloored, decussated by spiral costellsa and numerous
longitudinal ribs, the former of which are decidedly conspicuous ;
whorls bluntly subscalar.

Plate CXI. fig*. 8, 4, and (Animal) Plate & S. fig. 5.

Mwna murftoo^, Mont. Teit Brit toL i. p. 262, pi. 9, f. 2. — Maton and

Rack. Tzana. Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 149. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 95. — Bbown, lUiist Conch. O. B. p. 6, pi. 5,
f. 28. — Dill w. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 746. — Wood,
Index Testaceclog. pL 27, t 138. — Clabk, AnnaU Nat.
Hist. 2nd ser. vol. vii. p. 112.

Fuiu$ „ Flkming, Brit. Anim. p. 351 . — Forbbs, Malac. Monene.

p. 27, animal. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 206, f. 97. — Hanl.
Young Conch, p. 84. — Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 293. —
Dbkay, New York Moll. p. 149. — Rbbvb, Conch. Iconica,
Tol. IT. Fufos, pi. 21, f. 88.
„ 0o&t«a<ift, J. SowBRBT, Min. Conch, pi. 199, fig. 4. — Prilippi, Moll. Sicil.

YoL ii. p. 178 (from type).

Tnphonmuricatum (possil), Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Mollaaca, p. 50, pi. 6,

fig. 5.

The general shape of this shell is acutely fusiform, as it
tapers from the somewhat swollen middle to a fine point, at
either extremity. The substance is not thick, and the co*
louring is simple (not variegated) ranging from pure white
(in the boreal form) to pinkish or rufous brown, which latter
is the usual tint. The exterior is subcancellatedly decus-
sated throughout by spiral costellae and longitudinal narrow
sublamellar ribs; the latter, which are not much raised,
are numerous (in general from thirteen to fifteen on each of
the principal turns), yet not so densely disposed as the former,
which are square-sided, convex topped, usually geniculated
or nodose where they cross the ribs, and having their
intervals sometimes mere sulci, sometimes as broad as the
riblets themselves. Very rarely (as in the variety eckinata)
short prickles start up in lieu of nodules, at the intersection

440 HUEICIDJL

of the longitadinal ribs with the first oostelia that distinctly
reyolyes beneath the satnre. A yeiy fine but not symme-
trically coiled apex tenninates the spire, which is composed
of seven shortish yolntions that are well roonded in the
middle, yet are more or less horizontally flattened above so
as to be bluntly subscalar ; the sutnre is fine, and bnt little
slanting. The body, which is moderately yentricose above,
attenuates rather abruptly with a rounded declination,
to a slender tapering tail, that is almost invariably at least
half the length of the body, and sometimes, even, forms
nearly half the length of the final wborl. The aper-
ture, which is of a reversed flask-shape, being produced
below into a scarcely recurved narrow canal (which, is des-
titute of a siphonal ridge), vies with, or even slightly ex-
ceeds the spire in length ; it is not at all peaked above, as
the outer lip, which, although jagged at the edge by the
external riblets, is simple and acute, juts out almost at
right angles, and is prominently arcuated until it rather
abruptly changes to sub vertical at the commencement of the
canal. The throat of most adult examples is spirally
roughened by raised sulci ; the pillar, which is moderately
incurved above, and provided in aged specimens with
a thin appressod lip, is destitute of any sculpture. A
fine example, three quarters of an inch in length measured
three-eighths of an inch in breadth.*

• Under the lume of P. HtcuwUmt, Brown (lUutt Conch. O. B. p. 7, pi 5,
f. 53, 65) has given two diMordont delineations of a ihell, which, nnlets intended
for muricatutj we cannot assign to any.es isting species known to be a natire of our
coasts. Figure 58 indeed, is not so unlike it, but more resembles the nsiratus of
Oliri, which may prove indigenous, as a broken individual has been picked up by
Mrs. R« Smith at Tenby. Figure 55 reminds one rather of a miniature F.
pyndaiut of Reeve, The description, which does not well suit either of these
two species, runs at follows : ~

*^ Shell (Visifonn i spire short, conusting of 6ve well rounded abruptly tapering
volutions, separated by a deep suture, and little more than a third the length of
the body ; twelve strong longitudinal ribs cover the shell from the venter to the

TROPHON. 441

The animal is entirely white. The tentacula are much
longer and slenderer than in its congeners, and their eye-
bearing bases not so thick. The foot is rather narrower,
and more produced caudally.

Montagu, and other observers, notice the frequency with
which this shell is invested with a crust of red sponge. We
have often taken it with this coat upon it.

Though by no means a common shell, this species is
found through the greater part of the British seas, occurring
chiefly on our western coasts, and from the Channel Isles
(Barlee) to Zetland. On the east coast it appears to be
rare. It has a great vertical range, from fifteen to fifty
fathoms off the English, and from fifteen to seyenty on
the Scottish shores (M'Andrew and E. F.). It extends
round the Irish shores (Thompson).

It has a wide range in the North Atlantic, and has been
taken on the western coasts of Spain by Mr. M'Andrew.
It ranges throughout the Mediterranean, usually inhabiting
very deep water. As a fossil its history dates from the
epoch of the coralline crag.

apex, croated by distant strong spiral strisB, jiving the shell a canceUated appear-
ance; body abruptly acuminate beneath; aperture sabovate, terminating in a
very long narrow and pointed canal, equal in length to the body, the opening in
front being very straight ; outer lip somewhat thickened and entire, and conti-
nuous along the columella, on which it is nairowly reflected ; colour cream white.
Length one inch fire-eighths ; breadth an inch. We found this shell at KiUougb,
county of Down, Ixeland.**

VOL. III.

442 MURIGIDJE.

T. Barvicbnbis, Johnston.

Snow-white, with ahout twelve longitudinal lamellae that are
fimhriated hj inconspicnons spiral costelln; whorls abrnptlj
scalar.

Plata CXI. 6g. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate S. S. fig. 4.

Pium$ BarviomsiMt Johnston, Edinb. Phil. Jooni. yoL xtii. p. 221 ; Berwick.

Clnb, Yol. i. p. 235. — Flbmino, Brit Anim. p. 351. — Brit.

Marine Conch, p. 206, f. 2. — Rnvi, Conch. loonica, yol. it.

pi. 21, 1 86.
TViiomiuM Barvioetuej Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 12.

This very beaotiful shell most closely approaches the
preceding species. It is always, however, both within and
without, of a pure snow-white, and in place of a nodose
decussation of more or less close and numerous longitu-
dinal sublamellar ribs, by equally prominent revolying
costellee, is armed lengthways with highly elevated and
rather distant reflected lamellae (rarely above twelve in
number on any of the volutions), which are fimbriated by
comparatively obsolete and somewhat remote spiral cos-
tellse, and are usually raised posteriorly in a curved lance-
olate prickle, so as to coronate, as it were, the angulated
edge of the abruptly scalar volutions, which from this
circumstance, perchance, appear broader there than at
their lower suture. The body and tail (on which latter
the lamellae are scarcely developed) seem slightly shorter
in proportion to the spire than in muricaius, to which,
both in size and other respects, there is the strongest
resemblance.

The animal is entirely white. The form of its head and
tentacula much more closely resembles that of clathratus
than of murieatus. The tentacula are rather short, thick,
and obtuse. The foot is short behind, and not much pro-

TROPHON. 443

duced beyond the operculam. The denticles and angles
of the axile teeth are acute and produced.

This pretty and distinct species was first noticed by
Dr. Johnston of Berwick, who found it in deep water in
Berwick Bay. It is an inhabitant mainly of our northern
seas, inhabiting various depths of water, from eighteen to
sixty fathoms. We have taken it alive in the Hebrides.
It has been dredged also in Loch Fyne, and elsewhere
on the west coast of Scotland by Mr. Barlee. Mr. Jef-
freys has a specimen procured off Cork by Mr. Hum-
phreys. In sixty fathoms water off the Northumberland
coast (Howse).

It ranges to the Arctic seas, but does not extend south
of Britain.

Triton elboans, Thompson.

Triton degcuu^ Thompson, Annak Nat Hist toL xy. p. 317, pi. 19, £. 1.

Oval-oblong, subventricose near the middle, acuminately
tapering above to a very fine point, moderately attenuated
below ; strong, pure white, with two indistinct narrow
tawny bauds upon the body-whorl, one almost in a line
with the top of the aperture, the other halfway between it
and the suture. Exterior roughened throughout by coarse
and rather distant longitudinal ribs (not continuous from
whorl to whorl), that are subnodosely decussated by more
closely disposed, yet not crowded, revolving costellae ; in-
tervals of the former, of which there are from ten to twelve
on the two principal volutions, broader than the ribs them-
selves ; interstices of the latter, of which we counted five
or six on the penult turn, about equal to the costellse, and
divided on the body by an extremely fine parallel thread.
A single strong varix, that is somewhat removed from the

444 MUEIGIDuE.

final rib, projects at a little distance from the outer lip, the
intervening area is decussated by longitudinal raised lines
or narrow wrinkles. Body slightly longer than the spire,
its basal declination gradual, yet rounded : spire of about
six rather yentricose moderate sized volutions, that are
profoundly divided by a simple suture. Mouth filling half
the total length, oval, produced below in a rather narrow
canal, that is almost equal to a third of the length of the
aperture, and dilates anteriorly. Throat with numerous
spiral raised lines, that are not so broad as the intervening
sulci. Outer lip acute at the edge, simple, not much
arched, not at all expanded. Pillar lip reflected, but
appressed ; peculiarly incurved, with one or two subgra-
uular projections at the upper corner, and at the com-
mencement of the canal, between which the surface appears
to be sh'ghtly and finely corrugated. Length seven lines ;
breadth three lines and two thirds.

A unique specimen of this remarkable shell was found
by our indefatigable friend Dr. Farran at Portmamock,
and was communicated by him to Mr. W. Thompson,
who described and figured it. Although when taken it
appeared to be fresh and to exhibit traces of an animal,
all our knowledge of its nearest allies {Triton carduus and
other shells constituting the genus Hindsia of Adams)
would lead us to refer its original habitat to a tropical
province, most probably the West Indian seas.

SPURIOUS.

GoLUMBBLLA PIGTA, TurtoU.

Pwrpura ptda (not of Scaccbi), Turt. Zool. Joum. vol. ii. p. 365, pi. 13, f. 8.
Buocinum pidum^ Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 344. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 216.
„ puleheUumj Kibnbr, Coquilles Vivant. Bucc. p. 51, pi. 18, f. 68; trans.

Storer, p. 59.
Nasiapicta, Bbown, IlloBt. Conch. O. B. p. 5, pi. 5, t 65,
Columbella pulcheUa, Sohtkrby, Thenar. Conch. toI. i p. 131, pi. 39, f. 121,

122.

A common West Indian shell; irUrodv^d hy Turion as dredged

TBOPHON. 445

in the British Channel. The peculiar ^ntu of the outer lip sepa-
rates it from the more typical GolumbellsB.

GOLUMBELLA HTALINA, MontagU.

Voluia l^aUnay Mont. Test. Brit. SuppL p. 101, pi. 30, f. 1. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p, 253.
Cttneeliaria „ Fleming, Brit AnimalB, p. 334.
Comima „ Brown, Illust Conch. O. B. p. 22, pi. 8, f. 9.

MoifUagtCs specimen of this shell is stUl preserved in our No-
tiorud Museum. As a species it is undeserving of cUtention, being
an immature specim^en of (as tve believe) a Columbella that has
been v>om smooth, but which stUl retains some indistinct traces of
sculpture. It was one of the many exotic species stated to have
been taken by Laskey near Dunbar, and came probably from the
West Indies.

CoLUMBBLLA CINGTA, MontagU.

Bucdmm oinetum, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 246, pi. 15, f. 1 — Maton and Rack.

TranA. Linn. Soc. toI. riii. p. 139. — Rack. Dorset Catalog.

p. 45, pi. 14, f. 17. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 17. — Brit.

Marine Conch, p. 218. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yoI. i.

p. 639. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 24, f. 121.—

Blainv. Faune Fianq. Moll. p. 175.
NasM cuKto, Flbhivg, Brit Animals, p. 340.

„ Bryerut Brown, Illast Conch. O. B. pi. 4, f. 26 (not description).

Shell minute, oYal-conic, rather strong, jellowish white, en-
circled on the body-whorl by two not very wide rufous brown or
chocolate coloured zones, the lower one of which is basal and
stains the anterior tip of the aperture ; the upper, which is con-
tinued upon the smaller turns below their middle, only divided
from the suture by a pale strip of about its own breadth. Sur-
face adorned throughout with very numerous longitudinal nearly
perpendicular costellse or narrow ribs, whose intervals, which are
about equally broad, are crossed by moderately close-set spiral strias,
which, always strong, become especially so at the lower extremity.
Spire composed of about six shortish turns, whose suture is simple,
but which are clearly defined, tapering above, and simply convex ;
body more or less ventricose and convex, not attenuately produced

446 MURIGIDiE.

nor beaked anteriorly. Mouth not very narrow^ soarcelj bo long
as the spire. Outer lip thickened externally, denticulated within ;
usually with a brown spot and subsinuated posteriorly. Length
rather exceeding the fifth of an inch ; breadth only a line.

A West Indian shell allied to the parva of Sowerby^s Mono^aph
of the ColumbellaB {Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 142, pL 40,/. 170), but
distinguished by its sculpture. It was well described and fairly
enough delineated by Montagu, who introduced it as a Weymouth
shdl on the authority of Mr. Bryer.

Triton cutagbub, Linnaeus.

MwetB cutaceuiy Linn. SyBt. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1217. — Born, Test. Mas. Vind.

p. 299. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 697, not var.

DoliuM^ ^c. Martini, Conch. Cab. vol. iii. pl. 118, f. 1087.

Trikm eutaoeunij Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) toL ix. p. 640. — Titrton,

Mag. Nat. Hist toI. yii. p. 352. — Sowrrbt, Genera Shells,
Triton, f. a— Dmh. Encyd. M6th. Vers, vol. iii. p. 1032,
pL 414, £ 2. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil. yoL i. p. 213; toI. ii.
p. 184. — KiBNBR, Coq. Viyant Trit pL 13, f> 1. — Sowbbbv,
Conch. Man. t 399. — Rbbvb, Conch. Syst vol. ii. pl. 244,
f. 3 ; Conch. Icon. toI. ii. Trit pL 11, f. 39 (euiaoeuM).

TriUmia cutaeea^ Turt. ZooL Jonm. toL ii. p. 567.

RaneUa tuUreulata^ Risflo, H. N. Europe M6r. vol. ir. p. 203, f. 123.

TrUomum cutaoeum^ Blainv. Faune Fian^. Moll. p. 115, pl. 4, B. f. 5.

A Mediterranean species introduced into our Fauna by Turton^
as having been cast ashore in a worn state at Fadstow and
Guernsey.

DoLiuM PERDix, Linnseus.

LiSTBR, Hist Conch. pL 984, f. 43.
Buocmum perdue^ hum. Syst Nat. ed. 12, p. 1197. — Pultbnbt, Hutchins,

Hist Dorset, p. 41. — Mont. Test. Brit p. 244, pl. 8, f. 5.
— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toL yiii. p. 134. —
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 44, pl. 15, f. 14.— Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 12. — Wood, Index Testaceolog. pl. 22, t 3.
Dolmmy fc. Martini, Conch. Cah. vol. iii. p. 393, pl. 11 7, f. 1079.

„ perdisB^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. x. p. 144. — FLBMiNG,Brit.
Animals, p. 342. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 213. — Blainv.
Fanne Franq. Moll. p. 192, pi. 7, B. f. 2. — Kibnbr, Coq.
Vivant Dol. p. 4, pl. 5, £ 9; transl. Storer, p. 4. — Rbbvb,
Conch. loon. toI. t. DoL pL 6, f. 9.

^Mi

TROPHON. 447

IfUrodueed by PuUeney^ <u from Weymouth. As some doubU
exia about the identity of the American and Oriental specimens, it
may be as weU to observe, that the Jamaica form is the shell intend-
ed by our British writers.

Ptbula oarica, Gmelin.

Knorr, D61iceg dea Yeox, pt 6, pi. 27» f. 1. — Martini, CoDch.

Cab. vol. iii. pi. 67, f. 744 ; pi. 69, f. 756.
Murt9 carioa, Omblin, SysL Nat. p. 3546. — ^Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 86, f. 26.

— DiLLW. Recent Shells, toI. ii. p. 722.
Pyrula „ Lam. Anim. i. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. iz. p. 505. — Flkhino, Brit

Anim. p. 347. — Thompson, Report Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 257.

-— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 208. — Desh. Encyl. M6tL Yen,

Tol. iii. p. 866. — Kixnsr, Coq. VIt. Pyrola, pL 3, £ 1 . — Oould,

Invert. Massach. p. 296. — Dbkay, New York Moll. p. 141,

pi 9, f. 192, 193.
„ JrueutOj Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. toI. It. pi. 5, f. 16.

From the southern coast of the United States ; introduced into
our Fauna <u Irish by Turton, who was deceived by the party
from whom he procured it.

Cassis.

Bwocmum deeutaatumj Pbnn. Brit. ZooL ed. 4, yoL iv. pL 79, bottom figures.
„ bilineatum (not of Gmklin, from List. Hist. Conch, pi. 998, f. 63,

only), Rack. Dorset Catalog, pi. 17, f. 8 (copied from
Penn.).

A y(mng exotic Cassis, in aU probability an immature stage of
the West Indian testiculus (JTi^n^, Coq, Vivant, Cos. pi. 9,f 17),
was introduced by Pennant as from Weymouth. Pulteney, who
added it to his Dorset list, on the authority of Pennant (as B. porca-
tum, Hist, Dorset, Appx, p. 41, copied as bilineatum by Montagu,
Test, Brit. p. 244 ; Maton and Back, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii.
p. 134 ; Back. Dorset Catal. /?. 44 ; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 17;
Cassis bilineata, B'nt. Mar. Conch, p. 211), appears to have de-
scribed, as its adult state ("inner lip rugose and grantdate^J, a
distinct species, possibly the recarrirostruin ofBeeve^s **Ioonica.'^

CONIDjE.

To a person nnacqnainted with exotic, and at the same
time unYsraed in fosail Conchology, the association of the
fiisifbnn shells, often called PUuntoma, with Ccmiu, will
appear unnatural. There is really a very complete passage
between them and the true Cones, although the extremes
of each have little besides the possession of a spire, and
the canaliculated aperture in common. The animals are,
however, very similar. In outward conformation they
resemble those of the Muncida, bnt their dentition, as
first shown by Lov€n, is of an entirely different type.
The presence or absence of an operculum in this tribe is
Bo variable a character, that it might almost be termed
capricious. The genus Conut, after which the group is
designated, is a vast and beautifiil assemblage of brilliantly
coloured Mollnsks, almost all now confined to the tropics,
though during more ancient times several Cones inhabited
the Britsih area.

MANQELIA. LiiCH.

Shell turriculate, fusiform, variously sculptured with
spiral or lon^tudinal ribs or strife, or both ; sometimes
smooth ; spire produced. Aperture, with the outer lip
more or less sinuous and retiring at its jouction with the

MANGELIA. 449

body-whorls, and inferiorlj produced into a more or less
elongated canal.

Animal with slender variously formed tentacula, con-
verging at their inner bases, and bearing the eyes at various
heights on external bulgings. Siphon produced beyond
the canal of the shell ; two branchial plumes. Proboscis
retractile, tongue with a simple rachis, and a single series
of subulate denticles, arming each lateral membrane.
Male organ filiform. Foot ample, truncate in front,
variously shaped behind. Operculum usually wanting;
when present unguiculated with a terminal nucleus.

There is so much coniiision of nomenclature about those
mostly little fusiform British shells, commonly called Pletih
rotoma^ that we are obliged to redefine the genus in which
they are here placed. The name Mangelia^ as here used, is
employed in the sense in which it would appear it was pro-
posed by Leach and adopted by Bisso. It is synonymous
with Defrancia of Millet. The group differs from Pleuro-
toma proper (with which such of its species as possess
opercula have that organ similar) in having a sinuosity of
the outer lip at its junction with the body-whorl instead of
a true marginal notch below the junction ; and from
Clavatula (as redefined by Gray) in having the same
difference, and when an operculum is present that organ
with an apical instead of a lateral nucleus. We divide
the genus into two sections. 1st. Those with an oper-
culum, receiving for this division the name Bela, and
2nd. Those which have no operculum, or Mangelia proper.
These divisions are, however, merely sectional, since, in
the first, we find Mangelia iurricula and its immediate
relatives, forming a very natural little circle, associated
with the very dissimilar Mangelia septangularis, whose
affinities are rather with costata and the allied forms

VOL. HI. 3 M

450 coxiDA.

depriTed of <^>ercala. It ia impossiUe irom the shell
tioat to pronounce whether the aninial be or be not pro-
vided with an opereolnm.

M. (Bela) TrRRicrLA, Montagn.

White or alightlj tinged with roae-colonr ; whorls flat, abruptly
and aagolatdj acalar : no digtinct labial sions.

PhM CXI. %. 7. S, uid (Animal) Phic T.T. Gg. 2.

MmnrlwrnnU, HoKr. TnL OriL nL L p. 261i, pL 9, f. 1 ; SoppL p. 115—
Mato.i aad EUn. Tiwu. Unn. Sac tiA Tiii. p. Hi.—
iUcx. DiinctCaBlcf.pi.1T, pi. 14, r. 15. — Tobt. Conch.
DicticB. p. 91. — DiLLir. Rnal SbeD*, tdL ii. p. lU. —
Wood, lulei TeMacRdog. pL 27, f. 133.
„ MpaJotei, DoNOV. BriL Slwll^ nd. t. fl. 156.
AnuteTKoJa, PLUciNa, Brit. Animali, pb 349.— Brit. Marine Coocli. p. 2DI.
Plt*rotama btriala, Blainv. Fmuc Fnun- p. Iftt.— ILusUtiv. Mi>lL Atwrd.
p. 171.— Ram, Conch. loDucB, TiiLLPleanl.pl. 19,
f. 162.
fuH „ Hahi«t, Young Comi, p. 84. — John«k>«, Benrick-

aoh. toL L p. 236. — GooiD, Inreft. Hundi. p. 292,
t 193.
Drframeia nMliM, and teaianM, MOlibr, Indei Moll. Onenl. p. 12 (fam tjpea).

fFoorftoiw, MOj-Lib, Index Moll. 0™nl, p. 13?
PUantoma TtttidliaMiat (not of ToBroK), Uaco. Moll. Aberd. p. 127 P~

BaowN, lUnrt. CoDth. O. B. p. 127, pi. 57. t 1 ?
FuMt ImrriaUat, Blown, Ilinit. Conch. 0. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. SI, 52. — DmKiV,

New York Fani>a, p. 149, pL 36, f. 340.
PUMmtmia mgnlaia, RiivB, Conch, Icon. vol. i. Plenr. pL 37, f, 345 (probably).

There is no Britbh shell with which this pretty species
can be confused except M. TretniUiana, from which it not
merely differs by the greater flatness of its whorls, and its
longer and more strongly scalar spire, bat also in the
absence of a sious from the outer lip.

It is of a somewhat fusiform oblong shape, rather strong,

of an uniform pore white (more rarely pink or pale yellow),

, Mill neither shining nor transparent. The exterior is

MAKGELIA. 451

gracefiilly adorned with prominent and sharply pronounced
narrow longitudinal ribs, or riblets, which are rather dis^
tant (at least are not so broad as their interrals) almost
perpendicular, and, except perhaps about the angle, are not
at all flexuouB ; they continue in full strength to the base of
the smaller turns, but dwindle away upon the anterior part
of the body- whorl, where they finally cease before the com-
mencement of the caudal portion. Both ribs and intervab
are alike crossed by numerous closely disposed spiral cos-
tellar lines, that are not much elevated, and are of rather
irregular thickness. The whorls are peculiarly scalar, rising
perpendicularly from the fine and simple suture, and being
more or less abruptly and horizontally angulately flattened
at their upper extremity ; they are short, and of gradual lon-
gitudinal increase. The less abrupt is the scalar structure,
the finer and less prominent are the ribs and striee. The
spire, which is composed of six or seven rather flat-surfaced
turns, does not exceed the body in length, and tapers rather
quickly to a fine point. The body which occupies about
one half of the entire length, is rather quickly attenuated
from the broad posterior extremity so as to form a right
angled triangle ; the base is a little produced. The narrow
aperture is nearly as long as the spire above it; it is
produced anteriorly into a rather broad and not much
elongated canal, which bends up slightly at its extremity.
The outer lip is acute, simple, and more or less angular in
outline. The inner lip is subangulately incurved above,
and straight below; the enamel is much spread on the
columella, which is produced, and devoid of all sculpture.
Fine examples measure three-quarters of an inch long,
with a diameter of nearly the third of an inch.

A kind of spiral ridge frequently subtuberculates the
ribs at the angle of the whorls.

452 GONID^.

The animal is white with a slightly yellowish tioge.
Its head is rather small with short tentacala, nearly two-
thirds of whose length is occupied by the thickened and
eye pedicles ; the terminal portion is subulate, and very
short. The foot is large, and capable of considerable
expansion, its anterior angles are obsoletely auriculated;
its posterior extremity is broad, truncate, and often
emarginate. The caudal portion of the foot extends con-
siderably beyond the small ovato-pyriform operculum. The
siphon is very long, and is often extended considerably
beyond the head.

This species is generally diffused all round the British
Islands ; so much so, that to enumerate localities would be
superfluous. It has a vast range in depth, extending from
the laminarian zone, where it occurs in three or four
fathoms water, to as deep as one hundred fathoms. This
capacity for living under many bathymetrical conditions
corresponds with its tendency to variation. It is essentially
a northern shell, extending throughout the Arctic and
Boreal seas, at both sides of the Atlantic, and apparently
not ranging southwards beyond the Celtic region. It dates
its history in our seas from the red crag epoch.

M. (Bel a) Trbvelliana, Turton.

White ; whorls bluntly scalar ; longitudinal riblets very small
and crowded ; body swollen ; a distinct labial sinus.

Plate CXII. fig. 1, 2.

PUurotoma Hntiota (not of Montagu), Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 354 (from

type).
„ TrevdUanum^ Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist voL vii. p. 351. — Brit.

Marine Conch, p. 197, f. 52.
„ retkulaia. Brown, Illust. Conch. 0. B. p. 8, pi. 5, f. 29, 30.

„ decu$9(Ua, Rbkvb, Conch. Icbnica, vol. i. pi. 19, f. 159, as from type

ma:ng£Lia. 453

of same in Macgilliv.* Moll. Abeid. p. 172, copied in
Brit. Marine Conch, p. 198, and Brown, lUuBt. Conch.
O. B. p. 127.
PUurotoma leueostoma, Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. vol. i. Pleurot. pi. 31, f. 278.

„ retieulatumf Macgilliv. MolL Aberd. p. 173 (copied, Brit Marine

Conch, p. 199), probably.

. The general features of this shell present a striking
similarity to those of M, turricula ; yet the points of dif-
ference are sufficiently obvious to ensure its discrimination.
It is of a narrow elliptic shape, and tapers nearly equally
from the middle to either extremity. It is tolerably, but
not very, strong, neither shining nor transparent, and of
an uniform milk-white hue. Its external surface is de-
cussated by spiral costellar lines, and very numerous nar-
row fold-like ribs ; the former, which are densely disposed,
and which for the most part (except towards the base of
the body- whorl) are broader than their intervening sulci,
are more or less flattened, and are chiefly conspicuous upon
the lower half of the final volution, where the folds, which
run from suture to suture down the turns of the spire, and
are never abruptly prominent, are no longer apparent;
they frequently, too, become obsolete towards the outer
lip, or else become so fine as to form a kind of network
with the revolving lines. The spire, whose apex is de-
cidedly blunt, does not occupy more than two-fifths of
the total length, and is composed of five or six short and
slowly increasing turns, that are decidedly convex or
rounded, yet subscalar above. Their angulation, how-
ever, is not horizontally abrupt as in turricula^ but rounded
ofi* and much more shelving; upon the flattened area
above it the spiral lines, when visible at all, are finer, and
usually about three or four in number, and the ribs are

* The description in MacgiUiyiay (only derived, however, from two broken
examples) does not agree conectly with this species, but applies better to the
T, murioaUu,

454 GONIDA

often subdivided bj loDgitudinal wrinkles. The body is
somewhat ventricose posteriorlj ; its anterior attenuation
is gradual and convex. No sculpture adorns the mouth,
which fills more than one half of the ventral length. The
acute margin of the outer lip, after its distinct, though
shallow arched posterior emargination, advances with a
swell, and again recedes rather quickly at the anterior
extremity. The pure white enamel is widely spread over
the inner lip, whose edge is sinuous, being incurved rather
above the middle. The minority of specimens do not
exceed a third of an inch in length, and two lines in
breadth. The animal is unknown.

This is a rare and local species, a member of the boreal
element of the British fauna. Its extra-British range is
not fully known, but is probably in great part coextensive
with that of turricula. In our seas it is very scarce.
Scarborough (Bean) in seventeen fathoms, off Whitburn ;
Northumberland (Howse); Aberdeen (Macgillivray) off
which coast it has been taken in from thirty to forty
fathoms (Thomas) ; in fifteen fethoms, Eda Sound,
Orkney (Thomas) ; in twelve and fifteen fathoms, He-
brides, and in fifty to sixty fathoms, Zetland, but dead
(M' Andrew and E. F.) ; Deal Voe, Zetland (Jeffreys). As
a fossil it occurs in the red and coralline crags.

M. (Bela) bufa, Montagu.

Coloured ; whorls convex, not distinctly scalar ; labial sinus
very obecure, if present.

Plate CXII. fig. S, 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate T.T. fig. 4.

Murtx rufiUf (not of Lam.) Mont. Test Brit. p. 263. — Maton and Rack.
Tians. Linn, Soc. yoL viii. p. 145. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 93. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 744. — Wood, Index
Tettaceolog. pi. 27, f. 134. — Fleming, Edinb. Encyc. pi. 205,
f. ] (badly).

MANGELIA. 455

Mwrtm ckordmla^ Turton, Conch. Diction, p. 94 (from type).
Fu8u» rufus^ Flbmino, Brit Animali, p. 350. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 204. —
Brown, Illutt. Conch. G. B. p. 7. — Oould, Invert. Massach.
p. 290, f. 192.'>-Dbkav, New York MolL p. 146, pL 9, f. 189.
FfUH$ ckordtUa^ Flmiino, Brit. Animali, p. 351.

„ pleurotomariuSf Couthouy, Boston Joom. Nat Hist. toL ii. p. 107>

pi. I, f. 9.
Pleuroioima fift^ra, Potibz and Mich. GaL Donai, Moll. p. 446, pi. 35, f. 5, 6.
Defrancia Vahlii^ Brck in Moller Index Moll. Grcenl. p. 1 3, prohably.
PususfiucttSf Brown, IlluBt. Conch. G. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 3, 4.
„ Cranckii^ Brown, lUnst Conch. G. B. p. 6, pL 5, f. 5.
„ diaeora^ Brown, IlloBt. Conch. G. B. p. 6, pL 5, f. 6, 7.
„ eastaneus. Brown, Illnst Conch. G. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 43, 44.
„ eUscrepoMf Brown, IlloBt Conch. G. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 49, 50.
„ aibu9. Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. 62 ?
„ mtntmtM, Brown, Illnst. Conch. G. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 35, 36 ? ?
Pleurotoma Ulideana^ Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hi»t. vol. xv, p. 316, pi. 1 9, f. 2.
„ VakUi, RsBVB, Conch. Icon. vol. i. pi. 36, t 332, probably.

This species exhibits such diversity in shape (being at
times stunted and broad, at other times narrow and pro-
duced), in the size, number, and difiusion of its ribs
(which are, as firequentl j as not, entirely or partially obso-
lete on the body-whorl, and are sometimes few coarse and
strongly projecting, sometimes finer rounded, or depressed,
and more frequent), and in the profundity and conspicuous-
ness of the spiral striee, that it has been greatly subdivided
by those writers whose opportunities of examining a large
number of individuals of each species have been inferior to
our own.

The shell is more or less strong and opaque, and both
within and without of an uniform hue of brownish-purple,
chocolate, rufous brown, or tawny orange : the former is
the usual colour in living examples, but the dark hue
gradually fades into reddish brown, even in those indi-
viduals which have been captured thus richly painted.
Adult individuals are generally of an oblong-subfusiform
shape, and composed of from seven to seven and a half
volutions, of which the final one is, on the average, equal

456 conidj:.

to, or nearly equal to, the rest united. The usual number
of the longitudinal ribs ranges from ten to fifteen on each
of the two principal turns ; thej extend from the top to
the bottom of each volution, but are less thick and pro-
minent posteriorly : they are sometimes much more remote
than at other times, but are never very closely disposed,
are frequently a little slanting or curved, and almost
always, if not invariably, become obsolete upon the peaked
anterior extremity of the body, where the basal declina-
tion is gradual but convex. The rather close and some-
what irregular revolving strise are commonly less apparent
beneath the simple, yet profoundly impressed suture ; they
traverse the entire shell, yet from their shallowness are
more frequently (especially in at all worn examples) only
perceptible in the intervals of the ribs. The spire tapers
to a very blunt and more or less unsymmetrically coiled
apex. The whorls are not scalar, though at times they
shelve towards their upper suture in a somewhat subangu-
lated fashion ; they are convex or even slightly ventricose,
of rather slow longitudinal increase, and, except in the
elongated varieties, rather short than otherwise. The
mouth occupies, on the average, four-ninths of the ventral
length ; filling in the produced forms a lesser proportion,
in the broader abbreviated ones a greater proportion : it is
of a narrow oblong form, angulated above, and tapering
below into a rather short and broadish canal, the end of
which is not abruptly truncated, but somewhat rounded.
The outer lip, which is indented posteriorly by a rather
short and very shallow sinus, is acute at the edge, and
smooth internally : it is almost continuously arched, but
does not project very much, and is neither reflected nor
patulous. The edge of it advances a little in the middle,
and is scarcely interrupted in its sweep by the retusion

MANGELIA. 457

that precedes the formation of a canal. The incipient
beak is scarcely at all recurved. The pillar lip is broadly
reflected, and the longer portion, the lower end, of it is
nearly straight. The breadth of an individual that mea-
sured rather more than half an inch in length, was two
lines and a half.

In the large and greatly produced variety Ulideana^ the
aperture is small, and only occupies three-eighths of the
total length ; the ribs, which are usually few, distant, and
slanting, are strong and remarkably prominent, and the
suture is rather more oblique than usual. The type of
this form (pi. OXII. f. 5), for the loan of which we are
indebted to Mr. Thompson, is of a reddish orange-brown,
with the spiral sculpture somewhat coarse, and the body
scarcely filling one half of the dorsal length.

The animal is white. Its head is rather large and
broad. The tentacula are linear and produced. Their
apical portion is not equal to the thickened eye pedicles,
and is somewhat clavate and obtuse ; the eyes are placed
on prominent bulgings at a little less than two-thirds of
the height of the tentacle. The foot is wide, but not so
expanded as in turricula. Its frontal margin is truncated
and has the angles subauriculated ; its caudal extremity is
truncate and slightly emarginate. The operculum is borne
very near the extremity. The siphon is produced much
beyond the canal.

This shell is more common in the South than in the
North, but has a wide diffusion. It is rarely taken in
quantity. It ranges through the laminarian and upper
part of the coralline zones, though seldom found alive
deeper than twenty &thoms. It frequents gravelly
ground. It is found sparingly all round the English and
Irish coasts, more rarely on the shores of Scotland. We

VOL, III. 3 N

468 CONID-*.

have taken it alive in ten fathoms in the Hebrides
(M'Andrew and E. F.) ; it has also been taken in Loch
Fyne (Barlee), and at Oban (Jeffreys). It would appear
to be found on both aides of the Atlantic. We have
found it among pleistocene fossils in Ireland.

M. (BeLa) SEPTAN6ULARI8, MoUtagU.

Remarkably solid^ of an uniform lighter or darker livid flesh
colour ; whorls with seven broad continuous longitudinal ribs,
otherwise smooth : outer lip thickened.

Plate CXII. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate T.T. fig. 3.

Murea costatuSf Pultbnbv, Hatchins, Hist Dorset, p. 43. — Rack. Dorset

Catalog, p. 46.
„ tepiauffulariSf Mont. Test. Brit. p. 268, pL 9, f. 5 ; Suppl. p. 115. —

Maton and Rack. Tnmi. Linn. Soc. vol. yiiL p. 144.
— TuRT. Concli. Diction, p. 92. — Dillw. Recent Shells,

vol. ii. p. 744 Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 27,

f. 132. — Clark, Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. vii.
p. 113.
„ $eptemanffulalM$y DoNov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pi. 179, f. 4.
Fmsu$ teptangvlariiy Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 350. — Brown, Illost Conch.

G. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. 11.
PUurotoma „ Blainv. Faune Fran9. MolL pi. 4, f. 4. — Brit Marine

CoDch. p. 196. — KuNBR,Coq. Vivant. Plenrot. pi. 26,
£ 3.~Philippi, Moll. Sicil. toL ii. p. 169. — Rbbvb,
Conch. loonica, vol. i. Pleurot pi. 25, f^ 322.
„ heptagona^ ScACCHi, Notix- p. 42, pL 1, f. 9; Cat. p. 11 (teste

Philippi).

The peculiar contour of this interesting species renders
it easily recognisable. It is very solid, opaque, more or
less shining, and of a lighter or darker livid flesh-colour,
that is not variegated, but merely becomes paler on the
ribs, so that in the more pallid examples thej are white or
nearly so ; sometimes, too, there is a very obscure and un-
defined whitish band beneath the sutures. The shape is
turreted above, bluntly and abbreviatedly semifusifonn

MAN6ELIA. 459

below. Each of the principal turns is adorned with
seren subangular (yet often rounded by attrition) lon-
gitudinal ribs that traverse the spire in almost continuous
lines, but do not extend to the lower half of the body-
whorl. They are rather broad-based, usually swell out
a little below, and are separated by concave intervals, that
are wider than the ribs themselves ; in very fine specimens
the concavities are almost obsolete on the lower half of
the penult turn. The surface, otherwise, seems smooth
to the eye, but with a magnifying glass one descries
most minute and densely disposed spiral striulse pervading
the entire exterior. A very fine and inconspicuous sutural
line winds between the seven or eight peculiarly flat turns
that compose the spire ; these taper regularly and rather
considerably above, are moderately high, of rather slow
longitudinal increase, and terminate in a bluntish apex.
In a peculiarly fine specimen, the body occupied three-
sevenths only of the dorsal length, in general it is as long
as the rest of the whorls united ; it is moderately at-
tenuated and somewhat compressed towards the base,
where the declination is gradual and not much rounded ;
from the flatness beneath the suture there is often (espe-
cially in the more aged shells), a kind of gibbous sub-
angulation near the middle. The mouth, which is devoid
of sculpture, usually occupies about two-fifths of the
ventral length ; it is of an elongated oval shape that is
contracted above to an acute angle, but is only narrowed
slightly anteriorly, where it forms a rather broad and very
short canal, that is neither recurved, nor leans to either
side. The throat is quite smooth, and is often tinged
with livid purple far within ; but the more exposed
portion of it, as well as the chief part of the pillar lip
is usually of a whiter cast than the external colouring.

460 GONID^.

The outer lip, which is arched and very prominent, is
guarded externally by a very stout varix-Iike rib, which
attenuating anteriorly, gives a somewhat expanding look to
the base, or lower extremity of the aperture ; its posterior
sinus is a mere indention, being rounded and very shallow.
The inner lip is broad, and not very concave at its edge :
the pillar lip is a little reflected. The largest example
we have seen, measured nearly three-quarters of an inch
in length, and was a quarter of an inch broad.

The animal (of which we have given a figure from a
drawing by Mr. Alder) has been very fully described by
Mr. Olark. It is white, with flaky specks. The head is
compressed and narrow, with diverging tentacula, which
are *^ short, setose, with the eyes on attached, thick
ofisets at the external points at about two-thirds of
their length ; the remaining portion is very short."^ The
foot is rather short, rounded, and sometimes emarginate
behind, subtruncate and sub-auriculated in front. The
operculum is " strong, very elongated, oval, pale, corneous,
and formed of unguiculated segments.**^ Mr. Clark has
associated this species with the true MurieeSy on what
appear to us insufficient grounds. We have not been
able to examine its teeth, but feel confident that the
dentition will bear out our view of its position.

We have taken this species on the south and west
coasts of England, in various depths of water, from five to
thirty fathoms (E. F.) ; alive among rocks at Torbay,
and dead at Weymouth (S.H.); Bristol Channel (Jefireys);
Clyde (Smith); Hebrides (Barlee) ; Frith of Forth (E.F.);
on each side of Ireland (Thompson) ; Bantry and Galway
(Barlee). It ranges to the Mediterranean, and is,
probably, essentially a Lusitanian type.

MAK6ELIA. 461

B. MANQELIA.

M. NANA, Loven.

Pare white, deroid of longitudinal ribs ; very closely sulcated
in a spiral direction ; whorls, simply rentricose ; labial sinus
very shallow.

Plate CXII. fig. 8, 9.

TnUrnitm mimfm, Lov^n, Index Moll. Scandin. (1846), p. 12.

FtMM aShuM^ FoRBBS, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1847), vol. ziz. p. 97, pL 9, t 3.

This delicate little shell, which looks not unlike a
miniature F. IslandicuSj has a fusiform shape, is some-
what glossy, very thin and transparent, and is of an
uniform snow-white hue, both externally and internally.
The principal turns are most densely encircled with
numerous flat costellae, whose intervals are traversed
lengthway by most crowded minute raised lines, that are
often most apparent beneath the suture (where the riblets
are frequently ftirther apart) ; so close are those costellss
that to the naked eye, or beneath a low magnifying power,
the sur&ce seems merely sulcated, or punctato-sulcated, in
a spiral direction. The lines of growth are sometimes
coarsely conspicuous upon the spire, which consists of four
volutions, that are simply ventricose, or else are slightly
more swollen anteriorly, are of moderate longitudinal in-
crease, gently taper above, commence with a very blunt
mammillary and unsymmetrlcally coiled apex, and are
divided by a fine sutural line. The body, which decidedly
exceeds the spire in length (at the least it occupies four-
sevenths of the total length), is rather narrow, and though
well rounded, is not much swollen ; it gently attenuates
anteriorly, with a rather gradual but very convex declina-
tion, to a short subcaudal extremity. The mouth, which
is devoid of all sculpture, occupies about half the total

462 coNiD^.

length, has a somewhat oblong figure, that is contracted
above to a sharp angle, and gradually attenuated below to
a rather short canal. Little or no enamel is visible on
the space between the two lips. The very sharp edge
of the arcuated outer lip is retuse, or exhibits a small but
distinct shallow sinus, at its posterior extremity. The
straightish and greatly produced pillar, which curves
slightly to the left, forms a more or less distinct rounded
off obtuse angle, with the short and convex upper portion
of the inner lip.

A fair sized individual that measured a quarter of
an inch in length, was the eighth of an inch in breadth.

Lov^n has a brief notice of the animal. According
to him it has slender tentacles and teeth, characteristic
of a true Mangelia.

This very rare and beautiful little shell, a member of
our boreal fauna, was first taken at Lerwick by Mr.
Jeffreys, and subsequently by Mr. M 'Andrew and Pro-
fessor Forbes, in forty-five fathoms water, between Fair
Island and Zetland. Mr. Barlee has since met with it in
several localities in the deep water around the Zetlands ;
and Lieut. Thomas has taken it off the Orkneys. It
ranges to Finmark.

M. TERES, Forbes.

Destitute of longitudinal ribs, usually variegated ; with rather
large and prominent spiral ribs ; whorls very deeply divided,
the infrasutural area being retuse : labial sinus very profound.

Plate CXIII. fig. 1, 2, and (Animal) Plate H. R. fig. 3.

Pleurotoma teretj YoRB^Sj Ann. Nat. Hist vol xiv. p. 412, pi. 10, f. 3. —

FoRBXS in Rbevb, Concb. Icon, vol.i. pi. 19, f. 161.
„ boreaUj LoviN, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 14, probably.

MAN6ELIA. 463

This rare and beautiful shell has a turreted-fusiform
shape, is more or less thin, a little glossy, and is spotted
on a ground of yellowish white, with somewhat distant
markings of chestnut brown, which are chiefly confined to
the raised portions of the surface, on which they are
disposed lengthways in irregular narrow wavy interrupted
streaks. In place of longitudinal ^bs, the sculpture
consists of abruptly prominent close set spiral ones, which
alternate in size and prominence; with these the body
is densely encircled throughout ; six are usually present on
the penult turn, five on the antepenult volution, and so on.
Both ribs and intervals (the latter mere broad furrows) are
alike smooth, but ^ most crowded array of minute raised
longitudinal wrinkles adorns the shallow canal (or retuse
infrasutural area), which marks the former sites of the
labial fissures, and is rather broad on the final coil. Owing
to this slight canal, the whorls are very distinctly defined,
though the sutural line is very narrow ; the spire, which
rather slowly acuminates to a very fine point, is composed
of nine volutions, that are rounded below and taper
above, are moderately high, and of ordinary longitudinal
increase. Bather more than one half of the dorsal length
is occupied by the rounded and somewhat ventricose
body, which terminates below with a more or less sudden
declination and attenuation, in a rather short but well-
marked beak. The mouth, which is rather open, and of
a sub-oval figure, that is broad above, and is contracted
and produced below into a rather wide canal, fills about
four-ninths of the total length. The throat is only fur-
rowed by the external sculpture. The lateral outline of
the rather projecting outer lip is remarkably arcuated ; its
edge is acute and simple, not being strengthened behind,
even at a distance, by any rib or varix : its posterior

464 CONIDiB.

fissure is not very broad at its opening, but is peculiarly
long, the breadth continuing to be almost the same
throughout. The inflection of the lip at the commence-
ment of the canal is yery slight. The columella, which
is smooth, white, and moderately rounded, is tolerably
straight, but leans a little to the left at its extremity. The
length of the yery fine example we have figured (from
Mr. Jeffreys' incomparable collection) is three-fifths of an
inch, and its breadth nearly three lines. The nucleus is a
most beautiftil object beneath the microscope, appearing to
be fretted with a most delicate network of raised lines.

The animal is entirely white. The tentacula are long
and subulate : the eyes are placed on yery short bulgings
at about a fourth of their length from their bases. The
foot is yery large, wide and expanded, truncated, and
strongly auriculated in front, subtriangular behind. There
is not a yestige of an operculum. The siphon is ex-
tended beyond the shell, as in others of its genus.

Although a yery recent addition to the British Fauna,
of which it was first announced as a member by Mr. M' An-
drew, it has of late been taken in many localities, and at
yarious depths firom fifteen to one hundred fiEithoms. On
the Cornish coast (where it has been found by Mr. Cocks,
and Mr. Peach) it has been dredged in fifty fathoms ; and
on the Zetland seas frequently between thirty-fiye and one
hundred fiathoms (M^Andrew and E. F.). Ofi^ Nor-
thumberland it has been taken in seyenteen &thoms
(Howse) ; in fifteen and eighty fisithoms, Orkneys (Thomas);
in Loch Fyne, also on the coast of Galway in Ireland
(Barlee). It ranges through the Mediterranean.

MAN6ELIA. 465

M. puKPURBA, Montaga.

Purplish brown, with scattered whitish speckles (more rarelj
pure white) cancellated (often spinoselj so) ; throat with raised
spiral lines ; labial sinus very distinct

Plate CXIII. fig. 3, 4, 6.

Murta pmrpureui, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 260, pi. 9, f. 18. — Maton and Rack.

TranB. Linn. Soc. vol. Tiii. p. 148. — Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 94. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, voL ii. p. 746. — Wood,
Index Testaceol. pL 27, f. 137.
MtttigeUia pwrpunoj Risso, Hist. Nat Enrope'M^rid. toL It. p. 222.
Futus purpureus, Flbmino, Brit. AnimalB, p. 351. — Forbbs, Malac. Monens.

p. 26, animaL — Brit Marine Conch, p. 205, f. 95. — Brown,
Illust Conch. O. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. 25.
Pleuntoma Philberti, Michaod, Bullet Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 1829, vol iii.

p. 261 (and Esp. Noav. Coq. Vivant. 1829, p. 2), pL 3,
f. 2, 8.—KiBNBR,Coq. Vivant Pleur. p. 72, pi. 24, f. 4.
— Philzppi, Moll. Sicil.Yol. ii. p. 165. — Rbeve, Conch.
Icon. vol. i. pi. 16, f. 129.
„ purpurea, Blainv. Faune Fran<;. Moll. pi. 4, f. 10. — Kibnbr, Coq.

Vivant. Pleur. p. 71, pi 25, f. 3. — ^Rbbyb, Conch. Icon,
vol. i. Pleur. pi. 1 6, f. 1 36.
„ vergieolor, Scacchi, Fauna del Napoli, p. 1 2, f. 1 9.
„ fxmegatum, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 197, pi. 11, f. 14. —

Jbffrbts, Ann. Nat Hist vol. xix. p. 311.
Fusus asperrimu3. Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 8, pi. 6, f. 2, from type.

Of this richly sculptured shell we have two forms, one,
and by far the rarer one, large, ten-whorled, and with
twenty-two longitudinal ribs on the penult turn ; the othen
the ordinary littoral tjrpe (exactly the Philberti of Philippics
'^ Enumeratio ^), small, eight-whorled, and with generally
only fifteen or sixteen ribs on each volution.

The colour of the species, which is moderately strong,
and has a somewhat iusiform-turreted shape, and but little
lustre, is a violet-brown (changing after death to rufous or
livid-colour), that is more or less marked with small scat-
tered patches of dirty white, and is sometimes, yet rarely,

VOL. III. 3 0

466 CONID^.

adorned with an indistinct and irregalar pallid zone near
the middle of the body- whorl. The sarface is somewhat
nodosely decussated (at times almost cancellated) by the
abruptly prominent longitudinal ribs being surmounted by
acutely erect spiral lines. The former are not so broad as
their intervals, and are often a little aslant ; the latter are
more closely disposed than the costs (hence the lattices
are broader than long) and increase in number in propor-
tion to the frequency of the ribs ; in the littoral form there
are usually but five at most on the penult volution ; the
sculpture becomes granose on the rudimentary beak. The
whorls, whose longitudinal increase is gradual but not slow,
are profoundly and rather abruptly divided by a rather
slanting suture, gradually lessen to an extremely acute
apex, but do not taper much above ; they swell out with
some slight angularity beneath the suture, where a narrow
space (the seat of the successive emarginations) is com-
paratively free from sculpture, and are rounded or even
ventricose, though more conspicuously so in the large
variety (in which from the increased number of whorls
the spire is slightly longer than the fig-shaped body) than
in the smaller form, where the converse for the most part
holds good. The basal declination is rounded, and the
anterior extremity is attenuated to a moderately narrow
but not elongated beak. The aperture, which fills about
three-eighths of the entire length, is of an oblong-elliptic
shape, being much contracted by an internal thickening of
the outer lip : it is contracted and produced below in a
shortish but well marked canal, the commencement of
which is clearly indicated by the abrupt termination of the
much rounded simple arch of the outer lip. The throat,
which either partakes of the external colouring, or is of a
livid purple hue, is guarded at its entrance by numerous

MANGELIA. 467

raised sulci, usually from seven to fourteen, the larger num-
ber in the more closely ribbed forms. The posterior sinus
of the right lip, the white margin of which is bevelled to
a sharp edge, and is a little jagged by the external sculp-
ture, is narrow and short, yet distinct from its abruptness.
The columella is well rounded, and not much curved or
sinuated.

Figure 5 of Plate CXIII. represents the F. (Mperrimus
of Brown, which we regard as an albino variety of this
variable species. It is devoid of colour, exhibits a larger
and more prickly style of cancellation, there being but
fourteen or fifteen longitudinal ribs on the principal turns,
and has its whorls rather more flat- topped than usual. In
sculpture it approaches the reticulata * of Philippi, but is
much more produced, slender, and rostrated than are his
typical examples of that shell. We have received this form
from Cornwall (Cocks), and Cork Harbour (Humphreys).

The animal, a fine example of which we have had an
opportunity of examining when dredging off the Isle of
Man, is white with flaky specks, the siphonal tube only
being slightly tinged with purple. Its tentacula are rather
long and subulate, their thickened eye-bearing portions
occupying two-thirds of their length. The foot is ample,
truncated and auriculated in front, triangular and rather
pointed behind. There is no trace of an operculum.

This species is distributed generally on the western and
southern sides of the British Isles, but sparingly and more

* We are diBpoaed to believe that the PL Cordieri of Payraudxau (MoU.
Cone, p. 144, pi. 7, £ 11 ; Kunxr, Coq. Viyant. pL 24, f. \. — P,rwdit^
Scacx;hi, Fauna del Napoli, p. 12, f. 17. — PL purgmrea^ Phil. MoU. SiciL yol.ii.
p. 165), and possibly, also, the P, reticulata of Rknixri (Philippi, Moll. Sicil
Tol. i. p. 196 ; ToL ii. p. 165. — Rsxva, Conch. Icon. toI. i. Pleur. pL 15,f. 122)
are only coarsely sculptured varieties of this beautiful shell. We have not as
yet, however, observed these forms on our own coasts.

468 CONIDA.

abundant possibly in the sonth than in the north. It is
not a gregarious shell. It inhabits all depths of water
from three to sixty or seventy fathoms. It is not un-
common in the Zetland seas, though not recorded among
Norwegian species. Southwards it ranges to and through
the Mediterranean, where it is a very common shell.

M. Leufroyi, Michaud.

White, with one or two bands of brownish splotches (never
lineated with brown) ; decussated by numerous longitudinal ribs,
and peculiarly dense fine spiral raised threads j mouth nearly
equal to spire ; throat smooth ; labial sinus small, but distinct.

Plate CXIII. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 1.

Pleuroioma Leu/royi, Michaud, Ballet Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, toI. ii. (1828),

p. 121 (copied, F^rus. Bull. Sciencee Nat. vol. xrii.

p. 308), f. S, 6. — KiXNBB, Coq. Vivant. Pleur. pi. 24,

f. 3. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol ii. p. 166. — Rkevs,

Conch. Icon. toI. L pi. 16, f. 131.

M tiyZo/o, Philippi (as of Cristop. and Jan.), MoU. Sicil. vol. i. p. 197,

pU ll,f.24.

Funu BoothUy Smith, Mem. Werner. Soc (1839), vol. Tiii. pt. 1, p. 98, pL 1,

f. 1. -- Bbown, Illuit. Conch. O. B. p. 127, pL 57,
f, 12.
PUuroloma Boothii, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 196.

The characters of this shell approximate closely to those
of the preceding species ; it is however larger, has more
crowded sculpture, and a different style of painting.

The individuals met with on our own coast have a more
produced form than the typical specimens of the Mediter-
ranean. They are of a somewhat acuminated oblong-fusi-
form shape, not very strong, but little shining, and varie-
gated, on a ground of yellowish-white, with small splotches
of brown, that are most frequently disposed upon the body-
whorl in two irregular zones, the upper one of which is

MANGELU. 469

continued likewise npon the smaller tarns. This colouring
is wholly or partially obsolete upon the Zetland examples^
which are almost entirely white. In decussated sculpture
and rounded whorls it resembles UneariSj but the raised
spiral strise (occasionally dotted with very short brown
lines, but never painted throughout as on that shell) are
more numerous, and much closer, as the interval between
each of the larger ones is filled up by a finer stria. The
ribs, which are often a little oblique, vary considerably in
number and projection ; the majority of our native speci-
mens having as many as fifteen or sixteen rather depressed
costdB on each of the two principal turns, whilst some of the
foreign ones are only provided with ten abruptly elevated
ones on any volution. The body is more or less ventricose,
and occupies quite one half of the total length ; it is more
or less gradual in its basal attenuation, and ends in a
rather broad beak: the basal declination is well-rounded.
The shape of the mouth, which is almost as long as the spire,
and ends in a rather open canal, is oval oblong ; near the
outer lip, which is prominent and greatly arcuated (in our
native specimens it is disposed to expand, and is rarely if
ever thickened by an external rib), it is white but occasion-^
ally is stained further inwards with livid purple : the throat
is quite smooth. The labial sinus is small but distinct.
The largest example we have ever seen, measured eleven
lines in length, and four and a half lines in breadth.

The animal is white, sometimes ^lightly tinged with
purple. Its tentacula are long and slender, their thickened
eye-bearing portions extending for only about a third of
their lengths. The foot is very large and expanded,
truncated and strongly auriculated in front, produced and
pointed behind, exhibiting the appearance of having a

470 GONID^.

mentam, but showing no traces of an operculum. The
siphon is of the usual length in this genus.

This species was first described as British by Mr. Smith
of Jordanhill, who dredged it off Arran. It has been since
taken in numerous localities in the Hebrides and Zetlands,
in various depths from five to fifty fathoms; the finest
specimens usually from the laminarian zone, and among the
stems of Laminaria (M'Andrew and E. F.). In fifteen
fathoms, Eda Sound, Orkneys (Thomas). It has been
taken in Ireland (Thompson) ; on the Galway coasts
(Barlee) ; and Cork (Humphreys). Guernsey (Metcalfe).
On the east coast of England it has been taken at Whit-
bum by the Bev. G. 0. Abbes (Alder). It ranges along
the coasts of Spain into and through the Mediterranean.
A specimen dredged off Gibraltar by Mr. M'Andrew, is
identical with the usual British form.

M. LINEARIS, Montagu.

Turreted-oblong, longitudinally ribbed, white, with more or
less strong spiral raised (and usually brown) threads ; apex often
purple; mouth not very much shorter than spire; throat in-
distinctly crenated ; labial sinus almost obsolete.

Plate CXIV. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 6.

Murta UneariSj Mont. Test. Brit. p. 261, pi. 9, f. 4; SappL p. 115. — Maton,

and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 148. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 94. — Dillw. Recent Shelli, voL ii. p. 745. —
Wood, Index Teetaceolog. pi. 27, f. 136.
„ eltffatu, DoNov. Brit. Shelli, toL t. pL 179, f. 3.
Pleurotoma Uneare^ Flbming, Brit. Anim. p. 350. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 197.

— Philippi, Moll. Sicil. toI. ii. p. 166.
„ il . . . . Costa, Teet. Sicil. p. 88, no. 21 ?
„ eoneinna, Scacchi (1836), Cat. Conch. Neapol p. 12, t 18 (tette

Phil.).
„ linearis, Kibnbr, Coq. Virant. Pleorot. p. 73, pi. 25, f. 4.— Rbbvb,

Conch. Icon. toL i Pleur. pi. 33, £ 296.

MANGELIA. 471

Fiuut linearis^ Johnston, Berwick. Clnb, vol. i. p. 236.— Brown, Illmt Conch.

O. B. p. 6, pi. 5, t 54.
M BuchoMensii^ Macoilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 170? (copied, Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 202).
Pleuroiioma tcabrum^ Jsf preys, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xix. p. 311.

Of this pretty species we have figured the three prin-
cipal varieties, the purple-tipped (var, scabra), the blunt-
ribbed (f>ar. intermedia)^ and the colourless form (var.
pallida). Our description is drawn up chiefly from the
first, or southern (and we conceive typical) form ; the
aberrations from which are specified in our notice of the
two other varieties.

The shell has an oblong-turreted form, is moderately
strong, and is spirally lineated with brown on a whitish
ground. These coloured lines are often interrupted, and
always seated on the threads or raised stride that revolve
around the shell, and render the surface more or less rough
and prickly where they surmount the prominent longi-
tudinal ribs. These last extend throughout the shell,
running from suture to suture, are usually narrower than
their intervals, and average from nine to thirteen on the
two principal volutions : of the threads there are from four
to six (usually five) on the penult, and twice that number
on the body-whorl. The spire, which tapers rather quickly
to a more or less acute point, and is stained with violet or
purple near the tip, is composed of six or seven turns,
which, although separated from each other by only a fine
suture, are well defined from their roundness (particularly
the penult whorl) : they are sometimes, too, a little scalar.
The body is about as long as the spire, is more or less
ventricose above, but rather quickly attenuated to a shortish
but well pronounced beak, that is narrow and scarcely at
all recurved : the basal declination is convex. The mouth,

472 CONIDJ&.

measured from the posterior edge of the outer lip, occupies
about three-sevenths of the total length, and Is of a sub-
oval form, that is produced below in a somewhat curved
and not very short canal : its size is narrowed in adult ex-
amples by the thickening of the outer lip, which latter is
much arcuated, the swell ceasing abruptly in front at
the commencement of the beak. The labial sinus is small
and only perceptible in mature individuals ; it is not
usually so conspicuous or profound in our native as in
Mediterranean examples. The mouth is sometimes white,
but more frequently is stained with purple, either wholly
or partially. The throat is guarded by some tubercular
crense (occasionally produced in short lyrsd), but these are
often indistinct ; when perceptible, there seems a group of
about seven small approximate ones, and a larger solitary
one just below the posterior sinus. The pillar is more or
less rounded, straightish, and somewhat elongated. No
violet or purple adorns the. mouth or apex of the variety
intermedia ; where the sculpture is not so rugged, the ribs
being more delicate and rounded (usually, too, more
numerous), and the threads, which are almost uninter-
ruptedly brown, rather closer and finer. The whorls are
still more rounded, hence the general shape is somewhat
abbreviated : the mouth broader, and the canal shorter.
The variety pallida is essentially northern : it is more
or less devoid of colouring, has still finer closer and less
elevated sculpture, and is even more produced in shape
than the richly tinted and prickly southern variety.

The larger examples measure five lines and a half long,
and two lines and a half broad.

The animal is entirely white. The tentacula are sub-
ulate, linear, and obtuse: the eyes are placed on their
thickened portions, at rather more than a third of their

MANGELIA. 473

lengths from their bases, which are more separated than is
usual in the genus. The foot is large, very long, wide in
front, truncated and strongly auriculated, pointed behind,
and exhibiting no traces of an operculum.

This pretty species frequents sandy and shelly bottoms
in various depths of water from the commencement of the
laminarian zone to as deep as eighty fathoms. It is so
generally distributed all round our shores, and from one ex-
tremity of the British Isles to the other, that we need not
enumerate localities. It has a range from Norway to the
Mediterranean.

M. GRACILIS, Montagu.

Large, brown, with a white fillet upon the body-whorl, with
fine spiral grooyes, and about twelve rounded longitudinal ribs :
spire scarcely longer than the mouth; outer lip acute at the
edge, with a deep sinus.

Plate CXIV. fig. 4, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 8.

Murea graeiUtj Mont. Test. Brit. toI. i. p. 267, 586, pi. 15, f. 5, Sappl. p. 115.

— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. yiii. p. 143.—
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 46, pi. 14, f. 18. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 90. -^ Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. il. p. 742. —
Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi 27, f. 127. — Clark, AnnaU
Nat. Hist. 2nd Ser. toI. vii. p. 121.
M emar^Mo^M, DoNOV. British Shells, toI. t. pi. 169, f. 2.
Pleurotoma gracUit^ Flsmiko, Brit. Animals, p. 355. — Brit Marine Conch.

p. 195, t 40. — Brown, lUost. Conch. G. B. p. 7, pi 5,
f. 1 6, 17 (badly).— Hanl. Young Conch, p. 80. — Philippi,
Mol. Sidl. Yol ii. p. 166.
n Comanumdi^ Michaud, Bullet Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, yol. iii (1829),

p. 263 (and Esp, Nouv. Coq. Viv. 1829, p. 4), f. 6.—
KixNSR, Coq. Vivant Pleurot. pi. 24, f. 2.
„ Mftera/tf, Philippi, Moll Sicil. toI i. p. 197. — Rnvx, Conch. Icon.

▼ol. L Pleurot. pi 7» f. 50.
n rinuotum^ (not Murtx tinuoBus of Mont.) Couch, Cornish Fauna,

pt 2, p. 60.
M wdpecula^ Dxsh. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) Tol ix. p. 359.
Fmbm elepans. Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 8, pi. 6, f. 3.

„ Brantcombii, Clark, Ann. Nat Hist, new ser. toI. iv. p. 425 (touno).

VOL. III. 3 P

474 CONIDA.

This handsome shell is of a turreted fusiform shape,
moderately thick, not much shining, and of a fawn-co-
loured or chestnut hue, that is varied on the body-whorl
by a narrow medial whitish fillet (beneath which the
surface becomes more intensely brown, so as to appear
obscurely banded with that colour), that is rarely, if ever,
continued upon the smaller volutions. The surface too is
often darker beneath the very fine suture, where it is
hollowed out a little, and is not crossed by the more or
less prominent and somewhat rounded paler ribs (of which
there are about twelve on the penult turn), that elsewhere
traverse the shell in a longitudinal direction. These last,
whose concave intervals are broader on the lower turns
than the ribs themselves, are somewhat oblique, especially
on the body, where, for the most part, they gradually
cease a little below the middle. The entire exterior is
densely grooved, likewise, in a spiral direction, the sulci
being converted into close-set strise on the concave infra-
sutural area. The spire, which is about as long as the
^0^7) gradually tapers to a very fine point ; it is formed
by nine volutions, that are more or less rounded, of
moderate longitudinal increase, and of tolerable (but not
peculiar) height. The basal declination of the body,
which, moderately ventricose above, attenuates anteriorly
into a rather shortish somewhat twisted and scarcely
recurved beak, is gradual but very convex. Nearly one
half of the ventral surface is filled by the aperture, which
is of an oblong-oval form, that is produced below into a
canal, which is usually somewhat curved, rarely quite
straight, and almost as long as the more open portion.
The throat is smooth, and does not depart from the
external colouring. A short but strongly marked sinus
distinguishes the posterior extremity of the projecting and

MANGELU. 475

moderately arcuated outer lip, which, although strength-
ened a little distance behind by a variz-iike rib, is acute
at the edge, where it is finely jagged by the external
sulci. This thin portion, which advances in the middle,
but recedes again at the base, gives a greater apparent
depth to the upper sinus. The pillar is rounded, devoid of
sculpture, and tolerably perpendicular, there being no
marked concavity in the middle of the inner lip. A mag-
nificent specimen from Bray measured an inch and a half
(Barlee), but ordinary examples are only ten lines and a
half long, and three lines and a half broad.

A pretty variety in Mr. Jeffreys'* collection is encircled
by an interrupted brown line, that winds between the
ribs immediately below the concave area.

We have figured the animal from a drawing by
Mr. Alder ; a detailed description of it has been published
by Mr. Clark. It is of a general white hue, with fleshy
specks and numerous minute pink lines and dots, so as to
give the body and siphon in many examples a general
rosy tint. The tentacula are short and thick, with the
eyes borne on their thickened portions at less than a third
of their lengths from the tip ; their bases are set rather
apart. The foot is ample and lanceolate, pointed behind,
truncate and obtusely auriculated in front. This creature
secretes an indigo blue fluid, with a garlicky odour
(Alder).

This is one of our more southern forms, becoming more
and more rare as we proceed northwards, and probably
absent from the east coast. It is abundant in the coral-
line zone at Exmouth (Clark), and rather common at
Torquay (S. H.) We have met with it dead in thirty
fathoms on the Devonshire coast, and alive in twelve
fathoms among stones and mud on the north and south

476 coNiD-ffi.

Welsh coasts (M'Andrew and E.F.) ; Gaermarthen Bay
(Jeffreys) ; Guernsey (Barlee) ; Clyde in fifteen to twenty
fathoms (M'Andrew); a slender variety in Loch Fyne
(A. M'Nab) ; Portmamock and Bray in Ireland, but very
rare (Thompson) ; Arran Islands, Galway (Barlee). It
ranges to the Mediterranean.

M. NEBULA, Montagu.

Turreted-fusiform, very finely decussated by longitudinal and
spiral striulsd ; ten or eleven ribs on each of the final volutions ;
colouring uniform or banded, not lineated ; spire almost twice as
long as the mouth ; throat smooth ; lip never thickened ; labial
sinus quite obsolete.

Plate CXIV. figs. 7, 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 7.

Murest nebula^ MoNT. Test. Brit. p. 267, pL 16, f. 6. — Maton and Rack. Trens.

Linn. Soc. toI. riii. p. 143. — Rack. Donet Catalog, p. 46,
pU 14, f. 16.— TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 92. — Dillw. Recent
Shells, Tol. ii. p. 743. — Wood, Index Testaoeolog. pi. 27,
f. 129.
Mamgdia Gimuuna^ Rnso, H. N. Enrope M^d. Tol. iv p. 220, f. 99 ? ?
Fuaua nebtUa^ Flsming, Brit Animalfl, p. 350. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 203,
fig. 93. — Brown, lUost Conch. O. B. p. 7, pi. 6, f. 10. — John-
ston, Berwick. Club, toI. 1. p. 236 (probably).
Pleurotoma nebula^ Blainv. Faone Franq. Moll. pi. 4, f. 3, probably. — Rervb,

Conch. Icon. toL i. Pleur. pi. 23, f. 198.
„ BetiroMdiif Philippi (notPayrand.), Moll. Sicil. rol. i. p. 168, pL 1 1,

t 20 (not Tol. ii.)
„ ImngaiHtny Philippi, Moll. Sidl. toL i p. 199, pi. 11, f. 17, and

Tol. ii. p. 169 (from type). — Thompson, Ann. Nat.
Hist. vol. xriiL p. 384. — Kibnir, Coq. Vivant. Plenrot.
pi. 27, f. 2.
„ Oinmmanum^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 168, pi. 26, f. 6.—

Jbpprbts, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1847) toI. xiz. p. 312.
Fuiu$ jnframidahUy Brown, Illust Conch. O. B. p. 7, pi. 6, f. 8, 9 ?
MangiUa nebula, Lov^N, Index Moll. Scand. p. 1 3 ?
Mangdia „ Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. toI. iii. pi. 6, f. 45.
davatula „ Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Molluaca, p. 60, pi. 7, f. 10 ?

Of this pretty shell there are three principal variations,
which many collectors, of late years, have regarded as

MAN6ELIA. 477

distinct species. Of these we shall first describe the
common rugged form, which is taken from a rongh bottom,
and then indicate those points alone by which the smoother
and more elegantly coloured varieties differ from it.

The shell is moderately strong, a little glossy, and either
of an uniform dark brown (rufous when dead) or with the
elevated portions of its surface paler, and the depressed
parts of a darker tint. The shape is turreted-fusiform, the
form being attenuated at both extremities, but more quickly
and bluntly so anteriorly, more slowly and acuminately so
posteriorly, where the spire tapers to a very fine point.
Numerous fine raised spiral lines (that are not microscopic
and densely disposed as in eastata) traverse the entire sur-
fiu» of the shell, and these are again partially decussated
by some fine and crowded longitudinal wrinkles, that are
peculiarly oblique, and are most apparent beneath the
sutures. Ten or eleven longitudinal somewhat flexuous
pliciform ribs, whose intervening depressions are about
equal in extent, adorn each of the two or three principal
volutions; they are not abruptly prominent, but rather
broad based and laterally shelving, are least developed
above, project and widen below ; and often become some-
what obsolete towards the basal extremity of the shell
where the spiral sculpture is most marked. The spire,
which is half as long again as the body, is composed
of nine or nine-and-a-half coils, the larger ones of which
are a little retuse below the extremely fine suture, and
swell out moderately below ; they are not peculiar either
for height or volutional increase. The body is not ventri-
cose, but merely moderately convex ; it forms a rudi-
mentary tail at the bottom of its quick but not planulate
basal declination. The colouring of the narrow aperture,
which occupies from one-third to two-fifths of the ventral

478 CONIDA

length is the same as that of the exterior; the pillar is
often even darker, being livid brown or chocolate, especially
at the base : the throat is quite smooth. The outer lip
is simple acute, moderately arched, and rarely (if ever)
strengthened by a rib (consequently the mouth is not so
contracted as in costata^ and strioldta) ; its posterior
sinus, which is slightly and bluntly subangular, is rather
faintly indented. The upper portion of the inner lip unites
with the columella at a very obtuse angle ; the pillar itself
is rather elongated, devoid of sculpture, and for the most
part perpendicular ; but at the commencement of the short
and rather broad canal (the latter indicated chiefly by a
slight straightening of the right lip) it bends a little to the
left. Seven lines in length and two in breadth, were the
dimensions of our largest individual of this form.

The variety pyramidata is a rare shell, which combines
the turreted shape of the form just described, with the
smoother sculpture and, oftentimes, the colouring of the
succeeding one. The ribs are more rounded than in the
last ; the shell is considerably larger (measuring at times
three-quarters of an inch long, and nearly a third as much
in breadth), and of a white hue, adorned in the intervals
of the ribs, except beneath the suture, with a very broad
band of chestnut or rufous. Both the base of the body-
whorl, and the entire columella, are generally white.

A third of an inch is the full length of the variety
lavigata^ which has usually a whorl or two less than the
forms just described, and whose spire is, consequently, not
so much, if at all, longer Hhan the body (on this point,
however, it varies in di£Ferent specimens). It is coloured
by alternate zones of whitish and brown (the latter of
many tints, as chocolate, fawn-colour, &c.), that shade
into each other, and are so disposed, that, for the most

MANGELIA. 479

part a pale band revolves above the middle of the bodj-
whorl, and is continued below the middle of the smaller
volntions, whose two edges are both tinged with the
darker hue ; a second pallid zone, likewise, is occasionally
present towards the anterior extremity of the shell : some-
times the whiteness is confined to the central portion of
the ribs alone. These last are less prominent and less
flexuous than in the first variety, and often become
partially obsolete on the lower half of the body- whorl.
The base of the pillar has often a livid or chocolate cast.*

The animal is of a general white or yellowish- white hue,
speckled with flaky yellowish dots. The tentacnla are
rather short, clavate at their tips, thickened by the con-
nate eye-pedicles for nearly two-thirds of their lengths,
with the part on which the eyes are borne rather promi-
nent and bulging. Their bases diverge at an obtuse
angle. The foot is truncate, and subauriculated in front,
obtuse and emarginate behind. The siphonal tube had
often, in the examples we have examined, a very dark
margin. There is no trace of an operculum. We have
observed considerable variations in the soft parts of this

* Montagu*B specimen of his obscure M.proximiu (Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 118,
pi. 30, f. 8, from which Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 93 ; Dillw. Recent Shells,
▼ol. ii. p. 744 ; Wood, Index Testae, pi. 27, £ 31 ; Fusus proximus^ Fleminu,
Brit. Anim. p. 349 ; Brit. Marine Conch, p. 202 ; Brown, Illust. Conch. Q. B.
p. 7. pi. 5, f. 34) is only the young of this species. His observation, that the lip
is remarkably broad and reflected, is not, however, applicable to this species. The
description is very brief^ and runs as follows : —

*' Shell thick, white, with six strongly costated spires ; apex moderately
pointed : aperture ovate oblong ; outer lip remarkably broad, and reflexed ; the
canal short and remarkably spreading at the end. Length nearly half an inch.
Found by Mr. Laskey on Tyningham sands, near Dunbar, and is extremely

rare."

Montagu further remarks, that it looks very like oostaiusj but has eleven narrow
ribs on the body-whorl. Of our British shells the M. striolaia, perhaps, ap-
proaches the nearest to these characters, but we suspect that Montagu drew up
this description from a foreign shell.

480 CONIDJE.

species. Mr. Clark remarks that the eyes appear larger,
aod the tentacula proportionately shorter in var. nebtda
than in var. Ginnanicma^ and that the ground colour is of
a very pale yellow brown in the latter form.

The various forms of this species are distributed spar-
ingly around the British islands. Specimens are seldom
abundant, yet the localities are so generally diffused that
there needs no detailed enumeration. The variety Ginna-
niana is most abundant at Tenby ; lamgata., a much rarer
shell, is taken on several parts of the south coast of Eng-
land ; the very rare form pyramidata occurs, chiefly dead,
at Herm, near Guernsey (S. H.). It lives usually on
muddy gravel, at various depths between five and fifty
fathoms. It ranges from the North sea to and through
the Mediterranean. It occurs, fossil, in the red crag.

M. BRACHYSTOMA, Ptulippi.

Very small, pale, brownish, with strong longitudinal ridges*
and fine raised spiral threads \ mouth scarcely filling more than
a third of the length ; throat smooth.

Plate CXIV. figs. 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 2.

Pleurotoma hraehyUoma^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. toL ii. p. 169, pi 26, f. 10 (from

typei). — Thompson, Ann. Nat Hist, vol xviii.
p. 384 (no description). — Jkpprbys, Ann. Nat. Hist
vol. xix. p. 31 1 (no description).

Afangilia Harula, LoviN, Index Moll. Scandin. p. 14 (from t3rpe).

Gavatula hrackyttoma (fossil), Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Mollusca, p. 60, pL 7,

f. 8.

This little shell has a turreted snbfnsiform shape, is not
very strong, nearly opaque, not mnch shining, and is
either of an uniform pale warmish brown tint, or is
adorned upon a ground of that colour with a darker zone
near the base of the body-whorl. The surface is coarsely

HANGELIA. 481

roughened by strong and highly projecting rather distant
longitudinal ridges (of which there are eight or nine on
the body-whorl), and by revolving thread-like elevated
lines, that traverse alike the ridges and their broader con-
cave intervals. The ridges continue to the base of the
body, and extend, although in diminished volume, towards
the suture, from top to bottom of the principal coils. The
first of the spiral threads, of which there are usually four
more conspicuous ones on the principal turns of the spire
(the exact number seems to vary, there being, according to
Loven, from fifteen to seventeen upon the body, and six or
seven on the penult volution) runs immediately beneath
the fine and wavy sutural line ; they are minutely and
densely squamiferous, the scales being caused by the pas-
sage over the spiral threads of most densely disposed
microscopic lamellae, that run parallel to the perpendicular
ridges. Under a high magnifying power very many still
more minute revolving series of scales may be perceived
upon the body-whorl. The spire ends in a small but not
acute apex, and is about half as long again as the body ;
it is composed of seven volutions, that are of moderate
height, rather slow longitudinal increase, and somewhat
square-cut, being more or less angulated above, not much
rounded in the middle, and shelving in a little below.
The body is peculiarly small, and is not at all ventricose,
but almost immediately commences attenuating to a short
canal, that does not lean to either side. The mouth,
which in fully matured examples occupies but little more
than a third of the total length, is very narrow, especially
anteriorly ; the throat is quite smooth, and is occasionally
stained with a darker brown than the external tint. The
outer lip is sharp, simple, jagged at the edge by the spiral
threads of the exterior, scarcely projecting, little curved,

VOL. III. 3 Q

482 CONIDiB.

and not at all expanded. The posterior sinus, thougli
rounded and rather shallow, is still perceptible in the
finer examples. The pillar, which bends slightly to the
left, and is not apparently marked with any sculpture,
occupies more than one half of the inner lip, on which
latter the enamel is but thinly difiused.*

The largest specimen we have seen did not measure
much more than a quarter of an inch, with a breadth of
only a line and a half.

We have figured the animal from a living example
taken off Skye. It was white, speckled with opaque pur-
plish-white flakes. The head is rather small, with very
short, thick, obtuse and clavate tentacula, bearing very
large eyes on bulgings rather more than half way towards
their tips. The peduncle of the foot is long and narrow ;
the foot itself as long as the shell, lanceolate, tapering
behind, but truncate and emarginate at the extremity of
the tail, obtusely angulated and bilobed in front. There
is no trace of an operculum. The creature was very
active.

This is a rare shell, yet probably widely distributed.
On the English coast it has been taken in fifty fathoms off
Cornwall (M^Andrew) ; at Torbay (Battersby) ; Exmouth
(Clark) ; Whitburn, Northumberland (Alder) ; in various
localities in the Hebrides and Zetlands (Barlee) ; where
we have met with it in depths ranging from ten to sixty
fathoms on muddy and gravelly bottoms (M' Andrew and
E. F.). In Ireland it has been taken in Cork harbour
(Humphreys) ; and Bantry Bay (Barlee). It ranges from
Sweden to the Mediterranean, and is a coralline crag
fossil.

* The P, Forhuii of Reere (Conch. Icon. toI. i. Pleu. pi. 87, f. 339) has
much the aspect of thii ipedefl.

MAN6ELIA. 483

M. 8TRI0LATA, ScaCChl.

Turreted-fusiform^ with a dark infrasutural fillet, usually
lineated with yellowish brown, with dense but minute spiral
striulss, and about nine or ten square-cut straightish longitu*
dinal ribs on the principal turns ; mouth not peculiarly con-
tracted ; lip only a little thickened j labial sinus slight

Plate CXIV. A. fig. 1, 2.

Pteuroioma sHolaia (not Ma$ipeUa ttriolcUa^ Risso, toI. It. t 101), Scacchi,

Catal. Conch. Neapolit. (1836), p. 12 teste Philippi,
Moll. Sicil. Tol. ii. p. 168, pi. 26, f. 7 (from type).—
Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hiit yoL zviii. p. 384 (no de-
scription). — RsBY B, Conch. Icon. toI. L Plenr. pi. 35,
f. 320.
„ Srmikii^ Forbbs, Ann. Nat. Hist ToL t. (1840), p. 107, pi. 2, f. 14

(badly). — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 198.
„ Farraniij Thompson, Ann. Nat Hist. yoL xy. p. 316, pi. 19, f. 3.

Mure» Smiikii, Clark, Annals Nat. Hist 2nd ser. toI. tIL p. 127.

The characters of this rare shell are allied to those of
costaia and coarctata^ but its form is more turrei^d than in
either of them. It is moderately strong, but little shin-
ing, and of a whitish or pale ochraceons hae, marked
beneath the suture with a livid or chocolate brown re-
volving fillet, and sometimes likewise, with a second
narrow zone, that winds rather below the middle of the
body-whorl ; numerous tawny spiral lines, that are occa-
sionally, however, almost obsolete, adorn the principal
volutions. When quite Aresh, the surface is seen under
the lens to be most densely encircled with scarcely elevated
minute strise, besides which several (about nine or ten on
the larger turns) strongly projecting remote and narrow
ribs, that are neither arched towards their base, nor at
all flexuous, traverse the whorls lengthways from top to
bottom, and reach to the extreme base of the body ; their

484 CONIDJC.

intervals are concave, and broader than the costse them-
selves. The whorls are high, and of moderately fast longi-
tudinal increase; they are well defined by a rather
slanting simple but very deep suture. The spire, which
is composed of eight coils, usually exceeds, and always vies
with the length of the body ; its apex is finely pointed.
The whorls do not taper above, the gradual diminution of
breadth in the spire being effected by the narrowing
throughout of each successive coil; they assume, too, a
slightly subscalar appearance from the circumstance that,
although not at all ventricose in the middle, they bend in
a little both above and below. The body is rather narrow,
and is somewhat quickly attenuated to a moderately acute
basal extremity. The narrow mouth, which is nearly as
broad below as above, occupies from scarcely two-fifths
to three-sevenths at utmost, of the ventral length ; its
contraction is scarcely so great as in costata^ since the
external rib that thickens the outer lip of that species is
broader ikfiXi in the present shell. The outer lip, after its
slightly abrupt projection, and not very conspicuous poste-
rior sinus, is at first nearly straight, and then continuously
curves inwards in a moderately convex line. The pillar
lip, which, as well as the throat, is devoid of sculpture, is
white, and nearly straight. Our largest example is rather
more than eight lines long, and about two lines and a half
broad.*

We have never seen the animal of this species. Mr.

* The P.cottulaium of Philippi (MoU. SiciL yol. ii. p. 166), and Kiener
(Coq. ViT. Plear. p. 78, pL 25, f. 2), approachei rery cloielj to our ihell, and
Middendorff*8 deBcription of it (Mai. RoBsic pt. ii. p. 117) agrees fedrly
enough ; as, however, the characters ascribed to the original MamgtUa eostulaia
of Risso (H. N. Europe M^d., yoL ir. p. 219) do not sufficiently correspond to
those of the British species, we have not ventured to cite these references in our
synonymy. The P. eostulaia of Cantiaine (Bull. Brux. 1889) is not our species

MANGELIA. 485

Clark describes it as white, with opaque intense snow-
white flakes. The siphon is speckled with pink. The
tentacnla are short, thick and strong as far as the eyes,
short and finely attenuated beyond them. Of all the
species he had seen, this had the eyes nearest the points.
The foot is truncate and but slightly auriculated in front ;
lanceolate behind. There is no trace of an operculum.

This is a rare British shell. Dead in ten fathoms at
Guernsey, Weymouth and Torbay, but scarce (S. H.) ;
rare at Exmouth, inhabiting the coralline zone (Clark) ;
in twenty fathoms. Frith of Clyde (J. Smith and E. F.) ;
twelve to fifteen fitthoms, Bantry Bay, Ireland (M 'An-
drew) ; Arran Isles, Gal way (Barlee). It is a Mediter-
ranean species.

M. ooETFATA, Pcnuant !

Turreted-fusiform, either broadly banded with rufous or spi-
rally lineated with yellowish brown ; with only seyen or eight lon-
gitudinal ribs on the final turns; no spiral sculpture ; whorls not
at all scalar ; mouth peculiarly contracted by the great thick-
ness of the outer lip ; canal short ; sinus distinct.

Plate CXIV. A. fig. 3, 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 4.

Afurese eostaiutj Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, roL iT. p. 125, pi. 79, f. 1 of central

group ? — ^DoNOY. Brit Shelli, rol. iii. pi. 91. — Mont. Test
Brit Tol. i. p. 265. — Maton and Rack. TnnB. Linn. Soc.
vol. viii. p. 144. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 92. — Dill w.
Recent Shells, roL ii. p. 743.— Clark, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd
Ser. ToL yii p. 125.
Buccinum oottatumy Da Costa, Brit Conch, p. 1 28, pL 8, f. 4 (copied in Dorset

Catal. pi. 14, f. 4).
Ftutu coMatuSy Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 349. — Brit Marine Conch, p. 202.

—Johnston, Berwick. Clab, rol. i. p. 236. — Brown, lUnst.
Conch. O. B. p. 6, pi. 5, f. 45, 46.
Pleurotoma coareiata, Forbbs, Ann. Nat Hist. vol. v. p. 107, pL 2, f. 15. —

Brit Marine Conch, p. 198.
„ Meiealfei (not of Rbbvb*8 Iconica), Brit Marine Conch, p. xlvi.

486 coNiDJfi.

Mangelia ptmUoy Rbbvb, Conch. Icon. yoL iii. Mang. pL 7, f* 50.

K haUecOaj Rbuvb, Conch. Icon. yol. iii. Mang. pi. 7* f. 57, from type.

It is imposBible to precisely ascertain what Pennant
meant by his Murex eostontus^ so bald is his description, so
imperfect his delineation : the present shell, howeyer, is its
traditional representative. Donovan first clearly defined
the species, for Da Gosta^s figare is very uncertain, but we
doubt not, from the personal intimacy of the two authors,
that their species are identical. We are compelled to
annex the P. coarctata as a variety, since in a long suite of
examples, the peculiar difierences merge into each other.
As the latter form has been less frequently described, we
shall, contrary to our usual habit, give a more detailed
account of it, and then indicate the difierences in the
typical specimens of costata.

The shell alluded to is strong, opaque, of little lustre,
and of a turreted-fusiform shape ; but the form varies, as
the spire is sometimes much more elongated than ordinary.
Numerous tawny lines, that are sometimes a little inter-
ruptedly spiral, sometimes form an irregular net-work,
adorn the whitish ground of its exterior, besides which a
broader interrupted fillet of brown or fulvous, often winds
below the sutural line, and a similarly-coloured blotch,
like the commencement of another band, frequently makes
its appearance, behind the lip, near the middle of the body.
Seven or eight strong and very prominent slightly flexuous
rather distant abruptly elevated ribs traverse the shell
lengthways; besides which most minute and densely-disposed
spiral strisd are disclosed by a magnifying-glass of ordinary
power ; the intervals of the ribs are concave. Although
the eight and a half moderately high and but little rounded
whorls that compose the shell are only divided by a fine
suture, they are well defined by the greater elevation of

MAN6ELIA. 487

the ribs towards the base of each turn. The mouth
occupies from three-sevenths to one-half of the entire
length, and is so greatly contracted by the external rib of
the outer lip, as to be almost equally narrow throughout.
The throat is smooth, and though usually marked far
inwards with a reddish tawny blotch, yet towards the
exterior, at least, is white. The edge of the outer lip is
thrown back, as it were, at the arcuated posterior sinus,
which is quite distinct, though small, and very profoundly
indented ; the lip itself, which is thickened by the external
ribs, at first projects rather abruptly, and then slopes in-
ward with a gentle and continuous curvature. The pillar
lip is white, nearly straight, much elongated, and not very
broad. Half an inch for the length, and two lines for the
breadth, are the ordinary dimensions of mature examples.

The eostafa proper is usually less turreted and much
smaller, averaging scarcely more than a quarter of an inch
long, though occasionally it vies (as in the elongated
variety, Metcal/ei) in both respects with the preceding
form. The lines of colour become partially or wholly
confluent, so that in the more typical specimens the upper
part of the body is broadly banded with rufous brown, or
chestnut (which zone is almost always continued upon the
spire, whose turns frequently are wholly of the darker hue),
the lower half of the body being white or nearly so. There
are rarely more than seven and a half whorls, of which the
two or three apical ones are quite smooth ; usually, too,
they are shorter than in coarctata ; the margin of the
outer lip is broad, and the sinus very distinct.*

* The P. BeHrandi of Payraudbau (Moll. Ck>ZBe, p. 144, pi 7, f. 12, 13),
and the P. eemdant of Philippi (MoU. Sicil. toI. ii. p. 168, pL 26, f. 4), ap-
proach very closely indeed to this fonn ; but the ribs on each volution aeem more
numerooa.

488 CONID^.

The animal of var. cogtata is bluish- white (Mr. Clark
describes an example as " azure, shot with brilliant snow-
white streams^'). The tentacula are of moderate length, set
well apart at their origins, thickened to the prominent eje-
bulgings, which are at nearly or quite half their lengths,
thinner but clavate at their tips. The foot is truncate,
with obtuse angles in front, attenuated and lancedlate, but
rather obtuse behind. There is no trace of an operculum.
The animal of var. eoarctata is opaque-white and rather
more obtuse caudallj ; in all other respects identical.

In one or other of its forms, this species is generally
distributed around the British <5oasts, and in many localities
is very plentiful. It ranges from five, or less, to fifty
fathoms, inhabiting stony and sandy grounds. As a general
rule, the form cattata is commonest in the south, eoarctata
in the north. It ranges from Sweden to the Mediterranean.
Its ancient history is not as yet very clear.

M. ATTENUATA, MoutagU.

Narrow fusiform, spirally lineated with brown, with about
nine longitudinal ribs on the principal turns, otherwise smooth,
and shining ; mouth filling about half the length ; canal elon-
gated ; labial sinus slight.

Plate CXIIL fig. 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate R. R. fig. 5.

Jlfuror aUetmaiiUy Mont. Test Brit. p. 266, pi. 9, £ 6. ^ Maton and Rack.

Trana. Linn. Soc. yoL riil p. 143. — ^Turt. Conch. Diction,
p. 91. — DiLLW. Recent SheDs, vol ii. p. 742. — Wood,
Index Teataeeol. pi. 27, f. 128.— Clabk, Ann. Nat. Hist.
2nd Series, vol. vii. p. 125.
„ aaeuUUut, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Deah.) vol. x. p. 610.
JFWtvt aUenmaifty Flbming, Brit Anim. p. 850. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 203,

t 94.— Brown, Dlnst. Conch. G. B. p. 7, pi. 5, f. 37, 38.
Pkurdoma VilHerUj Michaud, Bnllet. Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, voL ill. (1829),

p. 262, £ 4, 6 (teite Phil.).— Kibnbr, Coq. Vivant.
Plenrot. p. 80, pL 27, f. 1.

MAN6ELIA. 489

Pltwrotoma graeUii^ Scacchi, Catal. Test Neapol. p. 13, f. 21.

n ffracile, Philippi, MoU. Skil. toI. i. p. 198, pi. 11, f. 23.

„ aU&ituaiumj Philippi, Moll. Sicil. yoI. ii. p. 166.

M tMttemutOy Rebvb, Conch. Icon. vol. i. Pleurot. pi. 28, t 248.

This beautifiil shell has a blunt snbftisifonn shape, and
tapers much and gradaally to either extremity; it is rather
thin (for its genus), shining, not quite opaque, and adorned,
on a ground of pale ochre colour, with numerous rather
distant revolving lines of chestnut brown. In addition to
these markings — which are frequently absent in the young
— a single brown or liver-coloured narrow fillet may
usually be observed in the finer specimens; it runs just
below the extremely fine and oblique suture, but is more
conspicuous when continued thence across the middle of
the body-whorl, where it is often preceded by a rather
broader obscurely defined whitish or pallid band. There
is no spiral sculpture, but several (about nine on the final
volutions) strong distant more or less curved prominent
ribs traverse each of the principal whorls lengthways (for
the two or three apical ones are smooth), and extend to
the extreme base of the body : they beeome much thinner
below the suture. Of the eight or nine coils which com-
pose the shell, the body (or last formed) is about equal
to the rest united, and is somewhat planulate upon its
lower half. The whorls are rather high, of moderately
quick increase, and are decidedly convex (at least the
elevated portion) ; the apex is finely pointed. The mouth,
which is devoid of sculpture, occupies about one-half of the
entire length ; it is very narrow, and is contracted below
to a moderately long and straight canal. The rather
projecting outer lip, whose posterior sinus is very slight, is
thickened in the adult by the external rib. The inner lip
is nearly straight, and is oflen stained anteriorly with

VOL. III. 3 B

490 CONIDA.

chestnut or liver-colonr. Examples do not usaally measure
more than half an inch in length, and two lines in breadth.

The animal is white, with flaky specks. Its tentacula
are closely set at their bases, very long for the genus,
subulate, with the eyes on bulgings very low down and
not far from their origin. The foot is lanceolate, trun-
cated, and acutely angulated with auricles in front. The
siphon is rather more attenuated than usual. Mr. Glark^s
notice of this animal differs from our notes ; he resembles
it to that of gracilis. He states that the male organ is of
a pea-green colour.

This is, in the main, a southern species, and rather
scarce. Dredged alive, and in peculiarly fine condition, at
Torbay, in from seven to ten &thoms ; also abundant at
Tenby, dead (S. H.) ; Ezmouth, rare (Clark) ; Torquay
(Battersby); Bristol Channel (Jeffreys); Ghiemsey (E. F.).
In eighteen fathoms, mud, Hebrides (M^Andrew and
E. F.) ; Oban (Barlee). On each side of Ireland, but
extremely sparingly ( W. Thompson) ; Bantry (Jeffreys) ;
Cork Harbour (Humphreys).

It ranges to the Mediterranean.

The fbllowisg unaU ^kii in Brownli * IllnstnitioiiBy** apparaitly bdong to
this genui, bat baTe baffled alike our own attempt! at identification, and thoie of
our scientific correspondent!.
F, mmUOmearit (p. 6, pi. 5, f. 22, 23) appraachee o<laiNfa<a, SM^ and eostata,

bnt has its outer lip dentated within as in jmrpftrea,
F, eranua (p. 7* pi. 5, f. 8, 9) is possibly a mfra^o, judging from the assigned
number of its ribs, not fixnn the figure, which might pass for a worn
crffemiofo with its beak broken ofl^ or else for ootMa,
F. /tudatut (p. 6, pi. 5, f. 41 , 42) reminds one a little of ttnolata^ but it stated to

haTO fifteen ribs.
F. MMHteff (p. 8, pi. 5, f. 18, 24) is cleariy the fiy of a larger shell.
F. pundahu (p. 7, pi. 5, f. 56, 57), possibly a young worn purpurea.

MANGELU. 491

SPURIOUS.

M. AociNCTA, Montagu.

Mmta oeemctM (not of Born), Mont. Teit. Brit Sappl. p. 114. — Labkbt,

Mem. Werner. Soc. toL i. pi. 8, 1 14.— Tort. Conch. Dic-
tion, p. 91.

Ftum « Flbm iNG, Brit Anim. p. S50.— Brit Marina Conch, p. 205. —

BaowN, lUnst Conch. O. B. p. 7, pi. 5, L 14, 15,

PieuroUma Forthieiuisy Rjuvs, Conch. Icon. Pleurot pi. 28, f . 246.

Small, torreted-subfiuiform, not yeiy solid, white or yellowish
white, with a rather indistinct narrow spiral fillet of brownish
yellow, that rans a little above the middle of the bodj-whorl, and
winds, attenuating as it proceeds, along the base of the smaller
Yolutions. A somewhat obsolete similar one, that revolves be-
neath the suture of the principal turns, for the most part (yet
not always) accompanies it. Both these coloured zones, when
magnified, are perceived to be composed of from two to five paral-
lel painted lines. The entire external surface (the apical turns
excepted) is roughened with numerous fine raised spiral lines
(some of which are at times elevated more than the rest, so as to
present an irregular and veiy slight dathration with the longi-
tudinal costee, which traverse the whorls from top to bottom.
These last, whose intervals, at least, on the principal whorls, are
decidedly broader than the ribs themselves, are sharpish, nar-
row, prominent, and not straight, but sinuous, being reflected
above parallel to the sinus of the outer lip/

In addition to this sculpture, a powerful lens will usually
reveal still more minute and densely disposed oblique longitu-
dinal lines in the meshes of the decussation. There seem, in the
more perfect examples, to be nine volutions, but seven alone are
generally visible, as the two extremely small top ones (the apex
is very finely pointed) are usually worn away ; they are of mode-
rate longitudinal increase, and are very well defined, though the
suture is fine and simple, from the contrast between the slight
retusion that succeeds the latter, and the convexity of the lower
portion of each volution ; the penult turn is rather high. The
narrow aperture scarcely occupies two-fifbhs of the entire length,
oflten, indeed, scarcely more than a third ; it is of an uniform

492 CONIDJE.

white, deyoid of all sculpture, aud of an elongated oblong figure,
that is acutely contracted above, and gradually terminates below
in a short canal. The posterior sinus of the outer lip, which is
acutQ, simple, but little projecting, moderately arched, and more
disposed te coil inward than te expand, is rounded and rather
large. There b a slight incurvation at the superior portion of
the columellar lip, which below is almost straight or slightly
convex. The length is nearly five lines and a half; the breadth
about the eighth of an inch : it inhabits the West Indies.

Plbubotoma binuosa, Montagu.

Mwnasmmmuj Mont. Teit. Brit. vol. i. p. 264. — Maton and Rack. Tiant.

Idirn. Soc vol. YiiL p. 146. — Dillw. Recent ShellB, yoL ii.
p. 744. — ^WooD, Index Testaceolog. pi. 27, £. 135.
PUuroUfma rinuon (not Fleming nor Coucu), Brit Marine Conch, p. 195. —

Brown, lUnst. Conch. O. B. p. 8, pi. 5, f. 40. — Rxbyb,
Conch* Icon. Yd. i. pi. 34, L 307.

An exotic shdl, we believe from Africa ; ioid to have been
taken by Mr, Bryer <A WeymoutiL

M. MULTiLiNROLATA, Deshajes.

Plmroioma mMUilmeoUUaj Dbsh. Exped. Sci. Mor^e, ZooL p. 178« pL 19, f. 46.

^PuiLiPPi, MolL Sicil. yoL ii. p. 166, pi. 26, £ 1.
Fu8U8 limatust Brown, Illiut Conch. G. B. p. 6, pL 5, f. 1, 2, torn types.

A native of the Mediterranean Sea; introduced as Iriih in
jBrown*8 " lUtutrationa,^*

493

CYPRiEAD^.

Of this groap, remarkable for the exquisite beauty of
its shells, we have but few, and those comparatively insig-
nificant representatives, in our fauna. The majority of
species in the tribe are inhabitants of the tropics, where
their brilliant colours and polished surfaces accord better
with light and warmth. The shells of all the genera are
involute, and usually have but small spires. Their aper-
tures are canaliculated for the passage of a well-developed
siphonal process. Their surfaces are often highly polished
and porcellanous, exhibiting no traces of an epidermis. The
animal has large lateral lobes, often brightly coloured, and
variously ornamented, which it reflects upon the shell. Its
head is intermediate in form and parts between those of
the groups of gasteropoda, with a retractile proboscis, and
with a muzzle. The dentition approximates the Cypraada
to the latter section. There is but one branchial plume.
The individuals are bisexual. There is no operculum.

The difference of aspect between these moUusks when
crawling, with all their beautiftilly coloured soft parts ex-
posed, often completely concealing their enamelled shells,
and their appearance when, after being seized, they sud-
denly and instantaneously withdraw their bodies and
mantle-lobes and expose the shell only, is very curious and
surprising.

494 CTPRJSADiB.

CTPRiBA. LnvNAUS.

Shell ovate, ventricose, more or less snbglobose, surface
polished, smooth or salcated, whorls convolute, spire en-
veloped by the body- whorl and only very slightly visible,
aperture elongated, narrow, canaliculated at each end,
outer lip inflected, both lips in most species crenulated.
No epidermis.

Animal with very large smooth or tubercnlated mantle*
lobes, capable of entirely or almost entirely investing the
sheU, on which a line or groove marks the approximation
of their edges. Head broad, sublunate ; proboscis retrac-
tile; tentacula long, subulate, the eyes on bnlgings at
their external bases. Bows of lingual teeth composed of
one quadrate uncinated axile tooth flanked on each side
by three uncinated hamate laterals ; jaws corneous ; lin-
gual ribband rather long. Male organs very large, com-
pressed, reflected. Branchial plume single.

In the young state the shell of these cowries are very
dissimilar from adults, and since the size of individuals of
the same species is very variable, so that a young specimen
may often be found as large as a (all grown one, mistakes
have been made, and much controversy wasted about sup-
posed specific, and even generic, differences between young
and old examples. This extensive and most beautiful
genus is so poorly represented in our seas by but a single
species, that a discussion of the many points of interest
presented by the features and variations of the animals
it includes, and the peculiarities of the structure of the
shell, would be out of place in this work.

CTPRiKA. 495

G. EuROPiBA, Montagu.

Plate CXIV. A. fig. 6, 7, 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate N. N. fig. 5^7.

List. Anim. Angl. pi. 3, f. 17 ; Hist. Conch, pi. 707, £. 57.
CifpMta pedietdus^ van, Europaa and AngHoa^ Linn. Syst. Nat ed. 12, p. 1180.
PoreeUaMOj j^o. Mart. Conch. Cab. toL i. p. 379, pL 29, t 309.
C^pnta pediotUut^ Pbnn. Brit. ZooL ed. 4, yol. ir. p. 115, pL 70, f. 82. — Da

Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 33, pi. 2, i 6. — Donov. Brit.

Shells, ToL ii. pi. 43.— Mont. Test Brit vol. i p. 200.—

Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc yoL viii. p. 120.—

Rack. Dorset CataL p. 42, pL 22, f. 6. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 35. — Wood, Index Testae, pi. 17, f. 60.

M afcHeOy Pultbnst (as of Solander MSS.), Hntchins, Hist Dorset, App.

p. 39 (1799). — Mont. Test. Brit p. 201.— Rack. Dorset

Catal. p. 42.— HARVBr, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1834, p. 28.

„ Europmif Mont. Test Brit SnppL p. 88. — Labkbt, Mem. Werner.

Soc. vol. i. p. 395. — Flsming, Brit Animals, p. 330. —

FoRBSS, Make. Monens. p. 27, animal. — Johnston, Ber-

widc Clnb, roL i. p. 240, with animal. — Couch, Cdmish

Fauna, pt. 2, p. 66. — Maco. MolL Aberd. p. 175. — Brit

Marine Conch, p. 223.— Brown, lUnst. Conch. O. B. p. 3,

pL 2, f. 6, 8, 10, 12.— DiLLW. Recent Shells, yoI. i.p. 647.

—Gray, Zool. Joom. toL iii. p. 366. — Rnvx^Conch. Icon.

Tol. iii. Cyprsea, pi. 23, f. 129.

n 6if0(ifo (rouNo), Mont. Test Brit toL i. p. 202, pi. 6, f. 1. — Maton

and Rack. TrBoa. Linn. SoCi roL TiiL p. 121..»HARysT, Proc

Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 38.

Bulla diapkama (touno), Mont. Test Brit. vol. i. p. 225, pL 7, £ 8. — Maton

and Rack. Trsns. Linn. Soo. toL TiiL p. 126. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 22.

Cyprea eoedmella^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert (ed. Desh.) toL z. p. 544. — Blainy.

Famie Fnm^. MoU. p. 247, pL 9, a. f. 1. — Dish. Encjcl.
M^th. Yen, toI. iii. p. 830.— Pbiuppi, MoIL SiciL toL i.
p. 236 (chiefly); toI. il p. 199.
„ umbUdealia^ Costa, Test Sidl. p. 71.

« N&rvegixh Sarb, Beskriv. Beqpenske Kyst, p. 71, pL 12, f. 35.
BtUla eandidOf Macoilliy. MoU. Aberd. p. 189, copied Brit Marine Conch.

p. 252 (fry, teste Jeffieys fix>m type).

Dr. Poltenej was the first to pablish this shell as a
species distinct from pedictduSy so that perhaps, strictly
speaking, the name aretica ought to be applied to it ; his
description, however, is insufficient, in the vernacular, and

496 CYVUMkDM.

applicable rather to the variety ('' without spots ^) than to
the species.*

The shell, when adult, is simply ovate, not peaked at
either extremity, ventricose, shining, tolerably strong, and
of a pale livid flesh-colour, that changes into pure white
on the margin and at the base. The back, which is never
traversed by any longitudinal furrow (as in most of the
allied species)) is oftentimes marked with three rather large
dusky spots, one near each extremity, and one in, or
rather above the middle ; of these the posterior is rather
the broadest, and the anterior decidedly the smallest ; the
latter, as well as the one above it, lie behind the ordinary
site of the dorsal sulcus. Frequently, too, and especially
in Northern individuals, these spots are altogether absent,
in which case the sculpture is apt to be coarser, and the
threads fewer, than usuaL Numerous simple (not beaded)
and somewhat rounded filiform ridges cross the shell
throughout, and are separated by smooth intervals of about
their own width. The margin is not very deep : the base
is convex. The mouth is linear, and a little curved, espe-
cially posteriorly. The outer lip is broad and thickened.
The teeth, which are rather small and numerous, are
equal in size upon both lips. A fine specimen measured
half an inch long, and a third of an inch in breadth.

In the half grown form {htdlaia)^ the threads are scarcely
if at all raised, the shell being nearly smooth and trans-
parent, and the teeth rudimentary ; the spire is partially
revealed.

The fry, which was supposed by some of the earlier

* The C. pedietdus of his Dorset list is a West Indian shell, and is the species
so named by modem writers (Gray, ZooI. Joum. vol. iii. p. 370, not var. ;
Rbbvk, Conch. Icon. vol. iii. Cypr. pi. 23, f. 131). The snlcated yariety of
pediculuM stated by Dr. Turton (ZooL Joum. yoL ii. p. 666) to hare been taken
alive at Weymouth, is probably the same species.

ovuLA. 497

writers to be an adult Bulla, is very different from the
mature shell, and reminds one somewhat of a Succinea in
its general aspect. It is snow-white, extremely fragile,
more or less pellucid, has a short blunt spire of two or
three rounded turns and a capacious suboval aperture that
is very acutely contracted above, and is broad and pecu-
liarly open anteriorly. The outer lip is sharp and simple,
and as well as the inner one, is destitute of teeth.

The animal is extremely variable in its colouring. The
mantle-lobes (which are only fully developed in the adult)
are sometimes bright orange, or yellow edged with orange,
and marked with broad transverse dusky bands, sometimes
mottled with brown, deep green and orange, without bands,
and occasionally of an uniform pinkish yellow hue, with
orange edges ; their surface is in some examples nearly
smooth, in others papillated. The head bears very long
tentacula ; the siphon is often much produced ; the foot
is very large, truncated in front, posteriorly extending far
beyond the shell, and terminating in a rather obtuse end.
The foot, head, and siphon are most commonly of a pale
orange colour.

This pretty shell is diffused everywhere around the
British shores, and ranges from the verge of low water to
as deep as fifty fathoms. The number of old shells taken
surprisingly exceeds that of the young. It dates its place
in our area from the epoch of the coralline crag, and at
present ranges through the seas of Europe.

OVULA. Brugikrb.

Shell egg-shaped, or sometimes spindle-shaped, its sur-
face polished, smooth, grooved or striated, whorls con-
volute, spire enveloped by the body- whorl, aperture

VOL. III. 3 s

498 CYPR-ffiADJE.

elongated, channelled at both ends, narrow, with the outer
lip reflected, smooth or denticulated, the inner lip con-
stantly smooth. No operculum.

The animal, when crawling, extends its mantle-lobes
over a great part of both sides of the shell. They are
smooth or tuberculated. Head rather broad, muzzle-
shaped, tentacula long, eyes on bulgings at their external
bases. Male organ large, compressed, curved, reflected.
Branchial plume single. Jaws strong, corneous; lingual
ribband short.

The distinctions between Chula and Cypraa are very
slight, although there is no difficulty in drawing a line
between the species of the two genera. The kinds of
(htila have been grouped under several subgenera; our
British species belong to the section to which the names
Voha and Radius have been applied. It has been pro-
posed of late to revive the pre-linnsean name Amphiperas
for the Ovida. Such a change would only lead to incon-
venience without corresponding benefit.

O. PATULA, Pennant.

Not minute, oblong-subfiisiform ; mouth open, peaked at both
ends j pillar perpendicular below.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 1, 2, and (Animal) Plate N. N. fig. 1-4.

Bulla patula, Pbnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. W. p. 117, pi. 70, f. 85, a. —

PuLTSNET, Hutchins, Hist Dorset, p. 40. — Mont. Test. Brit.

vol. i. p. 207 ; Suppl. p. 93. — Donov. Brit. ShelU. vol. iv.

pi. 142 (on text, 143); in Rees* Cjclop. pi. Elem. Conch. 2,

f. 13. — Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 121.

— Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 12, f. 8. — Turt. Conch.

Diction, p. 21, f. 27, 28.— Dill w. Recent Shells, vol Lp. 475.

—Wood, Index Testae, pi. 18, f. 8. — Oratbl. Sur les Bull.

(and in Boll. Linn. Bordeaux), p. 28.
Volva M Flsmino, Brit Anim. p. 331.

OVULA. 499

Ovulum patulum<, Sowkhbv, Zuol. Joutd. vol. iv. p. 161 i Species Conch, p. 10,

f. 58. — Bullet. Sc. Natur. 1829, vol. xviii. p. 127.—

SowBRBY (Jun.), Thesaar. Conch, vol. iL p. 478, pi. 101,

f. 105,113.

Ovtiia paiula, KisNBR, Coq. Viv. Ovala, pi. 3, f. 4.— Brit. Marine Conch, p. 222.

— Brown, Illost. Conch. O. B. p. 3, pL 2, f. 11, 13.— Dbsh.

Lam« Anim. i. Vert, (ed. Desh.) toI. z. p. 477.

This elegantly formed shell caimot well be mistaken for
any other native species. It is involate, rather thin, of
an uniform white or very pale pink, more or less shining,
and smooth or nearly so, but has a few spiral strise at each
extremity. Its shape is oblong-subfiisiform, being a little
beaked above, and tapering gradually below to a blunt-
tipped acute angle. The back is not all angulated, but
rounded, and the declination from the centre of it to either
end is decidedly convex. The canal ridge is strongly
marked, and there is a slight longitudinal indentation
between it and the pillar, which last is rather elongated.
The mouth extends the whole length of the shell, is very
open in the middle, but contracts (and more especially
above) to a canal at both ends ; the throat is quite smooth.
The outer lip is simple, acute, and arcuated. The pillar is
a little twisted at both ends, and much shorter posteriorly.
The length of a very fine example was nearly an inch, and
its breadth about half that measurement.

The animal is pale, nearly white, except the mantle,
which is slightly tinged with yellow, and barred with fine,
simple vertical orange stripes. The head is proboscidiform
with two filiform tentacula, thickened towards their bases
to form prominent external bulgings on which are placed
the very black conspicuous eyes. The mantle is reflexed
on the shell so as to occupy about one-third of each side ;
it is not fimbriated or tuberculated. The siphon is rather
long, white, and entire. The foot is very long, rather

500 CYPRiEAD^.

broad, thoagh scarcely broader than the shell ; its frontal
angles are rounded. Posteriorly it exceeds the length of
the shell by a third of the length of the animal ; it is flat-
tened above caudally, and shows a whitish central line and
radiating lateral streaks : the extremity is obtuse. This
creature is active and not shy ; when at rest it puckers its
mantle.

It Is essentially a southern and western species. We
have dredged it alive in the crevices of Alcyonium off the
Land^s End in twenty fathoms water (E. F. and B.
M'Andrew) ; Exmouth (Clark) ; Plymouth (Barlee) ;
Birterbuy Bay, and Arran in Ireland (Barlee) ; ^^ Ma-
gilligan in Londonderry [Mrs. B. A. Hyndman]^
(Thompson).

It ranges to the Mediterranean.

O ! ACUMINATA, Bruguicre.

Minute^ extremely narrow; mouth contracted above, broadly
and very bluntly rounded below ; pillar curving to the left.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 3.

PLANCU8, Conch. Minus Notis, p. 2, art. 1, the nnfigared yar.
— SoLDANi, Testaceog. pi. 10, f. 62, II. fosail.

Bulla aettminaia, Bruo. (not Sow. Min. Conch.). EncycL M6th. Yen, toL L

p. 376. — Jeffreys, Ann. Nat. rol. ziz. p. 310. — Boho,
Hist. Nat. Coquilles, vol. iv. p. 68. — Philippi, Moll. SiciL
vol. i. p. 122, pi. 7, f. 18, and rol. ii. p. 96. — Gbatblouf, Sot
les Bull^ensypp. 27, 63, f. 43, 44 (from BuU. Linn. Bordeaux,
Tol. ix.).— a Wood, Crag MolL p. 174, pi. 21, t 7.

C^luAna „ Loy^N, Index MoU. Scand. p. 10 (no description).

Bulla ( Vblvula) acuminaiOf A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur. Conch, vol. ii. p. 596,

pi. 125, t 152.

This minute shell has a narrow oblong-fusiform shape,
being attenuated at both extremities, though very un-
equally so, since it is most sharply acuminated above, but

OVULA. 501

only blantly taper below. It is of uniform and shining
pure white, both within and without, is rather thin, and
smooth or nearly so, exhibiting at most (and that not
always) a few remote and usually obscure transverse striss
at the extremities. The back is neither gibbous nor angu-
lated, but is only moderately rounded ; the slopes from
the middle are gradual, but convex. The aperture, which
occupies the entire length, is curved and narrow ; above
it is so contracted as to be almost linear ; below it dilates,
and is broadly and very bluntly rounded at the slightly
recurved anterior extremity. The throat is quite smooth.
The outer lip is simple, acute, more or less arcuated, not
contracted in the middle, but more perpendicular and less
curved below than above. The pillar lip, which is elevated,
twisted, and somewhat reflected, so as to appear pliciform,
curves to the left ; it is not particularly elongated, yet is
longer than the straight narrow and remarkably acute
point in which the body terminates posteriorly. The
length, which is at most the sixth of an inch, is nearly
thrice the extreme breadth.

This is one of our rarest shells. We have not as yet
met with it alive. An observation of the animal would be
of great consequence, since its true generic position is as
yet undetermined. It has been dredged in Lamlash Bay
(Alder) ; Loch Fyne, off Stomoway, and at Lerwick, in
Scotland ; also on the Galway coast (Barlee) ; off the
south coast of Ireland (M^Andrew).

It ranges to the Mediterranean. During the coralline
crag epoch it appears to have been abundant within our
area.

502 CYVRMADM.

MARGINELLA. Lamarck.

Shell ovate or oblong, smooth and polished, spire short
but visible, body-whorl large, more or less ventricose or
sub-cjiindrical ; aperture narrow, canaliculated below;
outer lip more or less inflected, often thickened and den-
ticulated. No operculum.

Animal with large, usually papillose mantle-lobes, re*
fleeted on the shell and over the spire; head somewhat
muzzle-shaped, mouth with a retractile proboscis ; tongue
constructed like that of Cypraa^ tentacles subulate, bearing
eyes on bulgings at their external bases ; siphon produced ;
foot large, truncate in front, obtuse behind.

The only British species of this elegant genus belongs to
that section of it in which the shells have a thickened
outer lip. These constitute the genus Erato of Risso, but
cannot be regarded as more than a section of Margindla.

M. L(Evis, Donovan.

Plate CXI V. B. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate N. N. fig. 8, 9.

BuUa valuta, Mont. Test Brit. p. 203, pi. 6, f. 7 ; Suppl. p. 91.

Valuta Utvii^ DoNOV. Brit. Shellfl, vol. y« pi. 165. — Maton and Rack. Trans.

Linn. Soc vol. viii. p. 133. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 252. —

DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 527. — Wood, Index Testaceolog.

pi. 19, f. 61.

„ fuM/ormis^ Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 251, copied as Acteon /ud/ormisy

Flsmiko, Brit. Anim. p. 337 ; as Auriada and TomateUa
fasi/ormisy Brit. Marine Conch, p. 145, p. xzxiv. (young
from type).
Erato Cypraoloy Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe M^rid. yol. iv. p. 240, £ 85 (fossil).
MargineUa Donovani, Payraud. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 167, pi. 8, f. 26, 27.— Brit.

Marine Conch, p. 220. — Kiensr, Coq. ViTant. Marg.
p. 16, pi. 8, f. 34.
„ valuta, Flkmino, Brit. Anim. p. 335.

Valvaria Domrvaniy Blainv. Faune Franc;. Moll. p. 228, pi. 8, B. f. 3.
MargineUa muuaria (not of Lamarck), Costa, Cat. Test Sicil. p. 73.

MARGINELLA. 503

Erato laviM^ Gray, Sowerby's Conch. Illust. Catalog. Cyp. p. 1 5, f. 57.— Kbbvb,
Conch. System, vol. ii. pi. 285, £ 3.
M Cypreolay Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 233.
Cofumbella l^vis. Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 4, pi. 8, f. 15.
Margineila „ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 197. — Desh. Lam. Anim. s. '

Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. x. p. 452.

This pretty little shell approaches in maDj of its charac-
ters to the Erato Maugeria of Gray (a common West
Indian species), but differs in its colouring, its longer
spire, and in its less broad and stunted form. Its shape is
reversed oval-conoid, being broad near the top, and gradu-
ally attenuated below to a rounded yet moderately narrow
peak ; the length is decidedly more than half as much
again as the extreme breadth. It is tolerably strong, yet
a little translucent, perfectly smooth, being devoid of all
sculpture, and of an uniform highly polished ivory-white
(occasionally tinged slightly with green or yellow), except
at the commencement of the outer lip and at the tip of the
beak, which are generally (the latter almost invariably)
stained with purplish rose colour. A very blunt apex ter-
minates the spire, which, although short (as is customary
in the genus), is longer than in Maugeria^ and usually fills
more than a fifth of the dorsal length. It is composed of
about three, or three and a half, moderately convex ill-
defined whorls, whose longitudinal increase is fast, but not
quite regular. The body is subangulatedly tumid, the
swell not being in the middle but nearer the suture : the
basal declination is moderately quick, and a little convex :
the short beak is slightly recurved. The mouth, which
terminates below in a rather open canal, is linear, and
occupies the greater portion of the ventral length : the
spire, however, is very manifestly raised above the level of
the outer lip. This last is broadly marginated (hence the
contraction of the aperture in the adult shell), and rans.

504 CYVKMADM.

with but slight convexity, almost parallel to the course of
the opposite lip ; it is obsoletely and closely denticulated
at its inner edge. Numerous small pliciform granules,
the two lower of which are more distinctly perceptible,
may be traced on the lower portion of the pillar lip. Fair-
sized examples measure three-eighths of an inch in length,
and two-ninths of an inch in breadth.

The animal when creeping has the mantle, which is
tuberculated and scabrous, reflected over the spire and
sides of the shell, leaving only the central and upper part
of the body- whorl exposed and conspicuous for its white-
ness, since the mantle-lobes are speckled and mottled with
black, brown, and yellow ; the tubercles are pale or nearly
white. The siphon is long, and speckled with orange and
yellow. The head is rather broad, not produced in front,
and flanked by two long slender tentacula, with slightly
clavate tips ; the eyes are large and placed on prominences
at their external bases. The foot is lanceolate, truncate,
and auriculated in front, pointed behind : its sole is
speckled with orange, as are more or less its sides and the
head, which otherwise are of a pale flesh-colour. The
frontal margin of the foot has a narrow mantle fold.

This shell, though commonly regarded as rather a scarce
one, is universally diffused, though very sparingly, through
the British seas, and inhabits all our shores. It ranges
from one to fifty fathoms.

It ranges to the Mediterranean, and was an inhabitant
of the British area during the coralline and red crag
epochs.

MARGINELLA. 505

SPURIOUS.

M. PALUDA.

BuUa cjflindraeea^ Da Cobta (not Pbnnakt), Brit. Concb. pL 2, f. 7.

„ pallida (not Linn. Mns. Ulric.)) DoNOV. Brit. Shells, toI. ii. pi. 66 ; Rees,

Encyd. Conch, pl. 1.
VoltUa „ Mont. Test. Brit p. 232.— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc.

vol. yiii. p. 132. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 251. — Dillw. Re-
cent Shells, vol. i. p. 527.
Volvaria „ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. x. p. 460. — Fuimino, Brit.

Anim. p. 833. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 221. — Crouch, Introd.

Lam. Conch, pl. 1.9, f. 15. — Cuvibr, Anim. Kingd. (ed. Griffith)

pl. 6, f. 14.
MargimUa^, Kibnbr, Coq. Vivant. Marg. pL 13, f. 2. — Sowbhbt, Thesaur.

Conch. ToL i. p. 390, pl. 76, f. 108.

A Wed Indiam shell (Sowerhy) ; introduced by Da Costa (who
cof^kued U with the B. cjlindiaoea) eujrom our western shores,

M. catbnata, Montagu.

VoUiia oalenatOy Mont. Test Brit vol. i. p. 236, pl. 6, f. 2 ; Snppl. p. 104.—

Maton and Rack. Tiana. Linn. Soc voL viii. p. 133. —
Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 252. — FLBiaNO, Brit Animals,
p. 332. — Couch, Cornish Fauna, pt 2, p. 65. — Dillw. Re-
cent Shells, vol. i. p. 527. — Wood, Index Testae, pl. 19,
£60.

Volvaria „ Blainv. Fanne Fran^. MoIL p. 231 .

MargimQa „ Brit Marine Conch, p. 221. — Brown, lUnst Conch. O. B. p. 4,

pL 8, t 14 (badly). — Kisnbr, Ck)q. Vivant. Marg. p. 25,
pl. 9, f. 41 (badly). — Sowbrbt, Thesaur. ConcK vol i.
p. 393, pL 78, f. 225, 226.

A West Indian sheU which Montagu had seen marked in a
collection as Cornish.

VOL. III. 3 T

506

GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

A LAROB section of marine gasteropodons Mollnsca is
unprovided with shells except In the larva state. The
majority of this group are hermaphrodite. When a shell
is present it is convoluted or reduced to a simple corneous
or calcareous branchial lid. The branchiae are not lodged
in a supra-cervical cavity, and the heart, in the great
majority of instances, is placed in advance of the gills.
The auricle of the heart is usually behind the ventricle.

The orders Tectibranchia and Nudihranchia of Guvier
form two very natural sections of this division of Qbb-
teropods.

BULLIDiE.

This tribe may be considered intermediate between the
two great sections of Oasteropoda. The shells of its
moUusks are always convolute, and more or less enveloped
by the animal, sometimes entirely invested, more rarely
absent. Except in the case of TomateUa there is no oper-
culum. The head of the animal is in the form of a simple
or lobed disk, and its lateral lobes are often greatly deve-

CYLICHNA. 507

loped, 80 as in many species to serve as swimming organs.
The foot is in some extremely small, in others a crawling
disk of considerable dimensions.

There are more than one hundred and fifty species of this
family known. They inhabit all parts of the world, and
some of them are yery widely difiiised. The shelled forms
have lately been monographed, and a classification of the
animals and shells proposed by Mr. Arthur Adams, in the
" Thesaurus Conchyliorum^ of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun.

CYLICHNA. LovUn.

Shell cylindrical, usually strong, smooth, striated, or
grooved, truncated or subtruncated at the spire, which is
in some species involute, in others slightly produced : aper-
ture contracted, slightly dilated below, pillar lip thickened,
with or without a fold. No operculum.

Animal not investing the shell ; its head depressed, sub-
quadrate, truncate in front, produced posteriorly into two
more or less separated broad tentacula in front of whose
bases are the more or less distinct eyes; lateral lobes
reflected more or less distinctly on the shell ; mantle with
a posteal process or lobe ; foot oblong, shorter than the
shell ; tongue with a single row of subquadrate axile teeth,
with inflezed serrulated apices ; these are flanked on each
side by several uncinated laterals, the innermost ones much
larger than the others. No gizzard.

508 BULLIDJE.

C. CTUNDRACBA, Peiuiant.

Moderately large, cjlindrical, more or less truncated at both
ends ; crown not trul j umbiUcated, only indented j aperture
peculiarly bluntly rounded below ; fold distinct.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 6, and (Animal) Plate V.V. fig. 3.

LisTXR, Hist. ConcK pi. 714, £, 70.
BvUa cj/UndraceOf Psnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 117, pi. 70, f. 85. — Mont.

Test. Brit. voL L p. 221, pi. 7, f. 2; rol. ii. p. 584.—
Maton and Rack. Txans. Linn. Soc. yoI. viii. p. 127.—
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 18, f. 22. — Tukt. Conch.
Diction, p. 22. — Flbming, Brit. Animals, p. 293. — John-
BTONy Berwick. Club, toI. il p. 30, with animal. — Brit.
Marine Conch, p. 142. — Aldkr, Cat Moll. Northamh. and
Dnrh. p. 27, animal — Dillw. Recent Shells, toI. i. p. 496.
— Wood, Index Testaceolog. pi. 18, f. 57. — Dksh. Lam.
Anim. 8. Vert. (ed. Deah.) toL vii. p. 675^ — ^Hanl. Conch.
Book Spec. p. 18. — Sbarlss Wood, Cng Moll p. 175,
pi. 21, f. 1.
„ Olioa^ Gmklin, Syst. Nat. p. 3433, badly (from figures).
„ ej^indrica^ Pultbnet, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, App. p. 40. — Donov. Brit.

Shells, vol. iv. pi. 120, f. 2.
„ umbilioata (not of Mont.), Johnston, Berwick. Club. toL iL p. 30,
.^young.
BtiUtna e^ndraoea^ Macgilliv. MolL Aberd. p. 191.
Voharia ci^indrieay Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 3, pi. 1 9, £ 36, 37.
Bvila {CyUehna) cylindraoea^ A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur. Conch. toI. ii. p. 590,

pi. 125, f. 132.

The Bhell we are about to describe is by far the largest
native species of this group. It has a narrow elongated
cylindrical shape, being three times as long as it is broad,
and almost equal in diameter throughout, being scarcely in
the least contracted above or perceptibly dilated below :
there is no retusion either in the middle, and both extre-
mities are more or less subtruncated. It is tolerably strong,
more or less glossy, and excepting in a rare variety (cab.
Hanley) which is decorated with a few spiral lines of brown

CYLICHNA. 509

on the upper half, is utterly devoid of colour. The surface
is smooth, or nearly so, but beneath a lens of high power
seems covered with most minute and peculiarly densely
disposed wavy spiral striulse. The crown is neither sur-
mounted by a spire, nor is it (even in the fry) truly umbi-
licated, but seems shallowly indented, and filled up, as it
were, with a callus. The mouth is so narrow for the greater
portion of its length as almost to be linear, but becomes
dilated below by the oblique recession of its pillar ; above
it is deeply sinuated, and becomes more or less patulous at
its anterior extremity, where it is very bluntly and broadly
rounded. The acute outer lip runs from above in a nearly
straight (not being retuse in the middle) and gradually ad-
vancing course, until, after curling inward at the lower
medial portion, it suddenly recedes with an abrupt arcuation.
The columella is broadly reflected, and bends to the left with
a somewhat pliciform twist. Full-sized examples, measure
from half an inch to five-eighths of an inch in length, and
from two to three lines in breadth.*

The animal is of a linear shape and entire, of a gamboge
yellow colour. Its capital disk is very long, somewhat
truncate in front, reflected on the shell posteriorly ; this
reflected and slightly bilobed portion we regard as com-
posed of the united tentacles ; some way in front of their
bases are two very minute and obscure eyes. The lateral
lobes are linear and slightly reflected. The foot is not at
all produced beyond the shell, all of which is exposed.

* Mr. Jeffireys infonns us that the specimen described as BuUina produeta by
Macgillirray (Moll. Aberd. p. 335, copied in Brit Marine Conch, p. 253), was
only the young of this species. The BvUa produeta of Brown (Illust. Conch.
0. B. p. 57, pL 19, f. 15, 16) looks like a young individual of this species with
the lip broken ; and an Irish shell, supposed to be identical with it (Thompson,
Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xt. p. 314), is assuredly only a eyUndracea in that con-
dition.

510 BULLID^

This is a common shell all round the British islands ;
we have taken it at various depths from one to ninety
fathoms, and it is not unfrequentlj cast on shore. It
ranges from the North sea to the Mediterranean, and dates
its presence within our area from the epoch of the coralline
crag.

C. TRUNCATA (Adams!), Montagu.

Longitudinally sulcated above ; crown truncated, volutions
visible.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 7, 8, and (Animal) Plate V. V. fig. 4.

BttUa iruncattda^ Bruo. EncycL M£th. Vers, toL i. p. 377 ? worn. — Gbatbl.

Sur leB Bull p. 26,
„ truncaia, Adams, Tiana. Linn. Soc. toI. t. p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1, 2, probably.^-
Mont, (not Omrlin), Test. Brit. rol. i. p. 223, pi. 7, f. 5.—
Flxmino, Brit. Animals, p. 293. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 141.
— Johnston, Berwick. Clab, vol. ii. p. 31. — ALD£R,Cat.
Moll. Northumb. and Dnrh. p. 28, animal. — Philippi, Moll.
Sicil. Tol. ii. p. 96. — Sbarlbs Wood, Crag Moll. p. 176,
pi. 21, f. 3.
„ retiua, Maton and Rack. Tram. Linn. Soc. vol. yiii. p. 128. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 23. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. L p. 497. —
Wood, Index Testae, pi. 18, f. 59.
„ eylindrUxt, Scacchi, Notiz. p. 36, pi. 1, f« 14 (teste Philippi).
„ senUsulcaia, Philippi, Moll. SiciL vol. i. p. 123, pi. 7, f. 19.
BuUina truncata, Macgilliv. Moll. Abeid. p. 191.

„ pellucida^ Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 334 (teste Jeffrxys from types),
copied as BuUa peUudda in Brit. Marine Conch, p. 253.
Volvaria truncaia. Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 4, pi 19, f. 17, 18.

„ retttta^ Brown, Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 4, pi. 19, f. 12, probably.
Bulla {Tomatina) trunoata, A. Adams, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch, vol. ii. p. 567,

pi. 121, f. 27.

The shape of this minute and well-known shell is sub-
cylindrical, being slightly contracted rather above the
middle, and expanding towards the anterior extremity : it
is abruptly truncated (yet with the edge of the last whorl
rounded off, not angular) above, and well rounded below.

CYLICHNA. 511

It is tolerably strong for the size, and of ah aniform
white both within and without. The upper or posterior
half of its surface, which is adorned lengthways with more
or less closely disposed and often curved shallow grooves,
whose intervals rise in elevated and subpliciform wrinkles
(that are never, as in a very closely allied species from
Aden, decussated by minute spiral lines), is flattened ; the
lower half, which is usually more or less glossy, is smooth
and convex, the basal declination being well rounded.
More rarely the sulci, which in this case are almost obsolete,
seem to be continued further towards the lower extremity.
The crown is so broadly umbilicated as to exhibit the
several gyrations, the spire which consists of two or three
subplicated turns being sunken. The mouth is retort-
shaped, almost linear for the upper three-fifths of its course
and then more or less suddenly bulbous ; it is rounded at
both ends, but more particularly at the dilated one : the
throat is smooth. The acute outer lip, which projects '
slightly above the crown, is straightish posteriorly, retuse
in the middle, where it curls inwards, and well arcuated
and but moderately receding anteriorly. The reflected
pillar lip, which is rather broad than otherwise, is furnished
with a slightly tubercular and subpliciform callosity. Our
largest example does not measure the seventh of an inch,
with a breadth that is decidedly not equal to the half of its
length.*

* Judging from the figure, it Ib not improbable that the Vblvaria peUudda of
Brown (Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 4, pL 19, f. 45, 46) has been either constituted
from a worn individual of this species or of mammillata. It is thus described : —
*' Snbcylindrical, smooth, thin, pellucid, and white ; aperture whole length of the
body, somewhat dihiting for half its extent ; outer lip rising above the body, and
a little thickened at its edge ; superior extremity with a subumbilicus, and a very
slight duplicature towards the base of the columella. Length an eighth and a
half of an inch, breadth a little more than half its length. We found this on the
beach at Dunbar ; veiy rare.**

512 BULLIDJE.

The animal has been described by Dr. Johnston, and we
figure it from a sketch by Mr. Alder. It is white, short
and oblong. Its capital lobe is truncate in front, and
terminates posteriorly in two triangular reflected tentacula
at the frontal bases of which are the immersed eyes. The
foot is entire, truncate anteriorly, rounded behind.

It is distributed everywhere around our shores, inhabit-
ing the laminarian zone. It ranges from Norway to the
Mediterranean, and dates from the coralline crag epoch.

C. 0BTU8A, Montagu.

Small, not sulcated posteriorly : spire visible^ more or less
raised ; the apex blunt, but not mammillary ; pillar not plici-
form.

Plate CXIV. c fig. 1, 2, 3.

Walkir, Test Minat. £ 61.
BuUa obtutOj Mont. Test. Brit. yol. i. p. 223, pi. 7, f. 3. — Maton and Rack.
Trans. Linn. Soc. toI. viii. p. 128. — Rack. Dorset Catalog,
p. 44, pi. 18, f. 14. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 23. — Flbmino,
Brit. Animals, p. 293. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 142. — Dillw.
Recent Shells, yol. i. p. 497. — Wood, Index Testaceolog.
pi. 18, f. 60.— Mrnke, Zeitschr. Malakos. 1844, p. 149.
y, Jeverentitj SchrOt. Wiedmann Aichiy. ZooL n Zoot. yoL iy. pt 1 (1804),

p. 16 (teste Menke).
Utriculus cibHuuif Brown, IHust Conch. O. B. p. 58, pi. 19, £ 5, 6.
„ diteora, Brown, lUust. Conch. Q. B. p. 68, pL 19, f. 3, 4.
M plicatuSf Brown, lUust. Conch. G. B. p. 58, pi. 19, f. 1, 2, probably.

This abundant species chiefly varies in the greater or
lesser elongation of its shape, and the corresponding height
of its spire. It is small, moderately strong, subcylindrical,
rarely, if ever, very narrow, of an uniform whitish or pale
fulvous tint, usually dull-surfaced and opaque, and merely
wrinkled (at times somewhat coarsely) by the lines of
growth. The body, which is a little dilated and somewhat
more ventricose below, does not taper above, but is more
or less contracted in the middle, and surmounted by a

CYLICHNA. 513

visible though often barely elevated spire, which consists of
three short volations that do not regularly taper above, but
are narrowly and bluntly subscalar; the apex is blunt,
but not mammillary.

The suture is well marked, but is not truly canaliculated,
though in the more blunt-topped examples, where the whorls
are thrust inward, as it were, it occasionally has somewhat
that appearance. The aperture is retort-shaped, most of
the upper half being extremely narrow ; it rather abruptly
dilates into a bulb below, where the extremity is broad yet
well rounded. The junction of the outer lip to the body
is subangular, and usually takes place as far beneath the
preceding suture, as the latter lies below the level of the
apex ; hence in some examples it is almost in a line with
the summit, whilst the apex in others rises far above it.
The outer lip is straightish or retuse above, where it ad-
vances, and much arcuated below, where it recedes. The
curvature of the reflected pillar lip, which is rarely quite
appressed, and is never pliciform, nor flanked by a distinct
umbilicus, is likewise considerable. One of our larger
specimens measured fully a quarter of an inch in length,
and an eighth of an inch in breadth.

It ranges from low-water mark to as deep as thirty
fathoms, and is frequent especially in sandy and muddy
estuaries. It is generally distributed around the British
coasts.

VOL. Ilf. 3 u

514 BULLIDA.

0. MAMHILLATA, Phllippi.

Minute, smooth ; suture canaliculated ; apex mammillary ;
spire visible ; more frequently projecting.

Plate CXIV. c. fig. 4, 5.

BttUa mammUUUa^ Philippz, MolL Sicil. yol. i. p. 122, pi. 7, f. 20; toI. ii. p. 96.

— JaPFREYS, Ann. Nat. Hist, yol six. p. 310. — Thomp-
son, Ann. Nat. Hist, new aer. yol. iii. p. 351.
„ {TomaHna) mamnUUata^ A. Adams, Sower. Theaaur. Conch, yol. ii. p. 566,

pi. 121, f. 26.
„ trunoatvlckt Jxffrbys, Ann. Nat Hist yol. six. p. 310 (var. with tonken

apex.)

Still more minute than irwMsata this cylindrical little
shell exhibits so much of the general aspect of that species,
that the absence of the posterior sulci, and the peculiarity
of its apex are the only salient points in which it differs.
The surface is smooth or merely substriated lengthways
(under the microscope very perfect examples are substriated
in a spiral direction) ; the body does not taper above, but
is broadly though shallowly retuse in the middle, the upper
area being as wide as the lower one. The crown is sub-
truncated (yet the upper edge of the body is well rounded),
and is at most barely surmounted by a rather large mam-
millary apex, besides which a second volution almost level
with the top of the body is often visible ; sometimes, how*
ever, that turn, or even both, is so sunken as not to be
apparent ; in the former case the sutural line is narrow and
canaliculated ; in the latter event the nipple seems encir-
cled by a broadish fosse. The top of the aperture is usually
on a level with or above the apex ; its opposite extremity is
much dilated but not bulbous, as the columella, whose fold
is not distinctly pronounced, slants to the left in a straight-
ish line. There is no umbilicus behind it, but the pillar

GYLICHNA. 515

being often a little elevated, the space behind it seems then
a little indented. The length of individuals is usually the
tenth of an inch ; their breadth is only half a line.

This species has been taken at Exmouth (Jeffreys) ; and
Lamlash Bay, Arran, Skye, Zetland, and at Birterbuy
Bay, Galway (Barlee). It ranges to the Mediterranean.

C. NiTiDULA, Loven.

Minute, subcjlindrical, without the least trace of spiral stri-
ul» ; crown attenuated and rounded, without external volu-
tions, imperforated, or very nearly soj aperture not perpen-
dicularly raised above, but bending over the crown.

Plate CXIV. a fig. 6.

Bulla unUnlioata, Mont. Test. Brit. toI. i. pi. 7, f. 4 (not description), copied in

Wood, Index Testae pi. 18, t 58, and Brown, lUust.
Conch. O. B. pi. 19, f. 9 (as Volvaria).

C^iehna nitidtda, LoviN, Index Moll. ScandinaT. p. 10.

Bulla (jCyUeiMa) umbilicaiay A. Adams, Thesaur. Conch. toI. ii. p. 592, in part,

pi. 125, £ 140.

Two most closely allied shells have apparently been com-
prehended by Montagu under the name wnbUieata. In
his description of the one for which we have reserved the
name, he does not cite his own delineation of the elongated
and scarcely perforated form that has been separated from
the more Butta-shsLfed and umbilicated one ; hence it is
not improbable that after having described a somewhat
worn shell, he figured a better specimen of what seemed to
him the same species.

The peculiar feature by which this species may at once
be discriminated from the three next shells, is the perfect
absence of all spiral striulae ; not a vestige of them can be
discerned even beneath the microscope. The shell is of a
pure and shining porcelain white, smooth or merely wrinkled

516 BULLID^.

by fine lines of growth, and of a rather elongated sabcj-
lindrical figure, the length being in general to the breadth
as five is to two. Its surface is neither retusely indented
above, nor is it swollen below (as in contUus) but is a little
planulate in the middle, and thence tapers upwards so that
the shape is perceptibly attenuated at the posterior extre-
mity. The crown, which is rotundately peaked does not
exhibit any external volutions, and is either absolutely im-
perforated or barely exhibits a slight apical chink, as the
reflection of the inner lip wholly or partially covers the
umbilicus; the periomphalos is solidified. The aperture,
which is somewhat pear-shaped below, where the extremity
is a little patulous and broadly and very bluntly rounded,
is extremely narrow for the greater portion of its extent,
and from the upper sweep of the outer lip, curves, and
recedes as it were, over the greater portion of the crown,
instead of almost perpendicularly projecting, as in the
allied species. The pillar lip is narrow, rather prominent,
only obscurely subpliciform, and not usually flanked by
any umbilical crevice : it is more or less straight, and
usually inclines to the left. Our largest example only
measures two lines in length, and about three-quarters of a
line in breadth.

This rare species has as yet been observed only at
Oroulin Island oflF Skye (Jeffreys) ; Loch Fyne (Barlee).
It was found by Loven on the coast of Sweden.

CYLICHNA. 617

0. ooNULUs, DeBhayes.

Small, conoid-cylindrical ; crown distinctly perforated ; no
volutions visible externally.

Plate CXIV. c. fig. 7.

Bulla eoHvlus^ Dbshatbs, Coq. foBi. des Exit, de Par. p. 41, pi. 5, f. 84-36

(fide Wood).
n M Sba&lbs Wood, Ciag Mollaaca, p. 178, pi. 21, f. 2, a— c.

Mr. Jeffreys has forwarded to us a single recent example
of this hitherto solely fossil species, which was dredged
at Deal Voe in Zetland. It most closely approaches both
the preceding and succeeding species, and is chiefly dis-
tinguished from them by its peculiarity of form, which
tapers almost uniformly, with a slight central retusion,
from a swollen anterior region. The crown is distinctly,
though narrowly, pierced, the inner lip not being reflected
over it as in nitidula ; the narrow aperture rises with
much prominence in an almost perpendicular direction
above, and is somewhat bulbiform below. There is a
slight indentation behind the pillar, which last is tolerably
broad and subpliciform. The distant characteristic spiral
striulse, which were visible towards the lip, were replaced
upon the ventral surface by superficial tawny lines, evi-
dently appertaining to the individual, not essential to the
species. The specimen measured a fifth of an inch in
length, and the tenth of an inch in breadth ; fossil ex-
amples attain to a quarter of an inch long, preserving the
same ratio of breadth.

518 BULLIDiE.

0. STBIOELLA, LoV^n.

Minute, spirallj striolated, subcjlindrical ; crown distinctly
perforated.

Plate CXIY. a fig. 8.

C^i^na strigeUof Lov^N, Index MoU. Scandmav. p. 10. — Jbpprxys, Ann. Nat.

Hist. Tol. XX. p. 16. — Aldbr, Tnuu. Tyneude Nat Club,

1849.
Bulla (Cylichna) strigeUa^ A. Adams, Thesaur. Conch. toL ii. p. 592, not figure.
M {Aijft) ovulata, A. Adams, ThcBaor. Conch, yol. ii. p. 586, pi. 125, f. 118.

This minute shell so closely resembles nitidula that it
will be sufficient to indicate the differential features, the
most striking of which consists in the surface being regularly
striolate, in a spiral direction, with somewhat undulated
lines. The crown, which is less conspicuously attenuated
than in nitidula^ has a distinct but rather narrow perfora-
tion. The upper end of the aperture projects slightly
above the leyel of the crown (as in umbilicata)^ and the
general shape is more cylindrical than in the last-named
species, and less conoid than in conulus.

Although we have retained this shell as a species, it is
rather because we cannot disprove its specific individuality,
than from a decided conviction of its distinctiveness irom
either the preceding or succeeding shells. When a larger
number of adult individuals have been examined (which
the comparative scarcity of specimens forbids at present),
certain links will perhaps be then discovered, which may
connect not merely the three forms, but even unite them to
nitidula.

It was first taken in Loch Fyne by Mr. Barlee, and has
been obtained since in various parts of the Scotch coast.

CYLICHNA. 519

G. UMBiLicATA, Montagu.

Minute, oblong-subcjlindraceous^ spirally striulate ; crown
not attenuated, stronglj umbilicated, yolutions not visible ex-
ternally.

Plate CXIV. c. fig. 9.

Bulla undnlicata, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. i. p. 222 (not figure). — Maton aod

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. voL viii. p. 129. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 22 (size ?). — Flsming, Brit. Animals, p. 293.—
Brit. Marine Conch, p. 141. — Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. i.
p. 497. — Gratbl. Sur les BuU. (and in BuU. Bordeaux),
p. 23.

BuUma „ Macgilliv. MolL Aberd. p. 190, probably.

Volvaria ^ Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 3, not figure.

M tubcylindrioa^ Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 3, pi. 19, f. 19, 20. —

Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xy. p. 315.

The strong apical perforation, the broader and less pro-
duced shape, the absence of all posterior attenuation, or
anterior tumidity, seem the combined characters by which
the present form may be distinguished from the three pre-
ceding ones. Instead of being planulate or retuse in the
middle it is more or less ventricose ; hence the outer lip is
more equably curved, neither being perceptibly contracted
in the middle, nor swollen below. When perfectly fresh,
more or less distinct, though at times interrupted, spiral
striulse are rendered visible by a powerful lens, but not
being deeply graven are easily worn away, so that the
majority of specimens appear smooth. The aperture
scarcely bends over the crown so much as in nitidtda, nor
does it project above so much as in conulua. Occasionally
there is a slight chink behind the pillar lip, which in the
more characteristic specimens is subpliciform and arches a
little to the right at its anterior extremity, so as to render
the base of the aperture more truly rounded (not merely

520 BULLIDiB.

obtuse) than in its allied congeners. The length somewhat
exceeds the eighth of an inch ; the breadth is bare three-
fourths of a single line.

This species ranges from low water-mark to great depths,
and is sparingly distributed around the British shores,
ranging from the British Ghannel to Zetland, and living on
both eastern and western coasts.

To this geniiB belongs the Volvaria alba of Brown (111, Conch. O. B. p. 3,
pi. 19, f. 43, 44), said to have been found at Greenock, and usually supposed to
be (as British) a fossil species. The Cylichna alba of Lov^n {^ Index,*' p. 10,
figured in the ** Thesaurus Conchyliorum,** vol. ii. pi. 125, f. 137, from a specimen
sent by Lot^ to England) seems identical, and to be the same with the Sartii of
Adams* monograph (Thes. Conch. pL 125, £ 135). The B. tritieea of Couthouy
(Bost. Joum. vol. ii. p. 88, pi. 2, £ 8; Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 165, f. 98;
Thes. Conch, pi. 107, f. 139), stated by MoUer and Lov^n to be the eorUeaia of
the former (Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 6) is most closely allied to it, even if not a
synonym.

AMPHISPHYRA. Lov^n.

Shell thin, inflated, ovate or subglobose ; apex truncate ;
whorls of spire exposed, depressed, with a mammilated
nucleus; aperture expanded, not extending above the
body-whorl, outer lip sinuous, produced, inferiorly re-
tiring at its junction above ; pillar lip subumbilicated. No
operculum.

Animal capable of being entirely retracted within the
shell ; its head broad and short, flanked by two distant
triangular tentacula, and bearing two immersed eyes some
way above their bases. Tongue broad, armed ; axile
denticle, broadly quadrate, with its upper edge inflected
and serrulate ; flanked on each side by a single hamate
lateral with a broad base. No gizzard. Foot broad,
truncate, and sub-bilobate in front, shorter than the shell,
and unequally bilobed behind.

AMPHISPHYRA. 521

A. HYALiNA, Tiirton.

Plate CXIV. D. fig. 1, 2, and (Animal), Plate U. U. fig. 2.

Bttlla hyalinoj Turt. (not of Gmblin, which Ib merely from Martini Conch.

Cab. yol. i. f. 199), Mag. Nat. Hiet. (Loudon^s), toI. vii.
p. 353. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 141. — Thompson, Ann. Nat.
vol. XT, p. 314.
Diaphana peUucida^ Johnston, Berwick. Club, toL ii. p. 32.

„ Candida^ Johnston, Berwick. Clab, toI. ii. p. 32, fry, probably.
Bulla nuHutOy Macg. Moll. Aberd. p. 334, copied, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 252,

fry, te«te Jbpfrxys, from type.
ITtriculus minutm. Brown, Illnst. Conch. O. B. p. 58, pi. 19, f. 7, 8, fry.

„ candidtts. Brown, lUust. Conch. Q. B. p. 59, pi. 19, f. 13, 14, young.
„ hyalinus^ Brown, lUust. Conch. O. B. p. 59.
„ pellueidusf Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 59, pi. 19, f. 10, 11.
Ampkisphyra pellucida^ Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandin. from type.

„ Ayalina, Aldbr, Cat. Moll. Northnmb. and Durh. p. 28.

Bulla (Utriculut) pellueida, A. Adams, Sowerby, Theaaor. Conch, vol. ii. p. 571,

pi. 120, f. 21.

This minute and very fragile shell is thin and semi-
transparent, smooth or nearly so, of a pure and glossy
white, and of an oblique broadly oval figure, that is sub-
truncated posteriorly, and is well rounded at the anterior
extremity. It is composed of from three to four volutions
(usually the former number only), of which the body,
which is inflated, although often a little flattened near the
suture, and at times subretuse in the middle, is somewhat
rounded below. The crown is nearly truncated ; but the
mamillary apex almost always projects a little above it,
though the whorls of the spire, which are extremely short,
rather broadly and in general retusely flat-topped, and
very distinctly pronounced owing to that circumstance and
the abrupt perpendicularity of their rise, are usually more
or less sunken. The mouth is capacious, becoming so
quickly dilated anteriorly, as to fill nearly one half of
the ventral area : above, it is almost (yet not quite) on a

VOL. III. 3 JC

522 BULLIDJC.

level with the top of the last volution, and is square-
topped and narrow^ being contracted posteriorly by the
swell of the body. The outer lip, which is acute and
simple, there being no actual fissure, though in the adult a
rather broad excised area (as in Akera) is produced near
the suture by the advance of the labial edge, juts out for a
very short distance at a right angle to the body, then sud-
denly advances and slants downwards, and finally arches
considerably, so as to round off the lower end of the
aperture. An umbilical crevice is partially concealed by
the raised and slightly reflected edge of the pillar, which
latter is straightish, inclines a little to the left, and occupies
at most one half the length of the aperture. Our largest
example was two lines and a quarter long; its breadth
was a line and a half.*

The animal is white, and entirely retractile. Mr. Alder
remarks that it keeps its eyes under the protection of the
transparent shell, through which it looks as through a
window.

Specimens are most frequently procured from shell sand.
Mr. Alder has found it alive in pools between tide marks
at Cullercoats. We have taken it alive from the roots of
Laminaria in Zetland, and dead in as deep as thirty
fathoms (E. F.) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Weymouth and
Devon, Bristol Ghannel (Jeffreys) ; Loch Fyne and He-
brides (Barlee) ; Portmarnock (Warren) ; Cork (Hum-
phreys) ; Donegal (Mrs. Hancock).

It ranges northwards to the shores of Norway, and is
probably distributed through the Arctic and Boreal seas.

* We can tcaioely perceive an appreciable difference between this species and
the BuUa debili* of Gould (Invert Massach. p. 164, f. 95), which last is declared
by MuUer to be his B, wbangulata (Index Moll. Oroenl. p. 6.)

TOBNATELLA. 523

TORNATELLA. Lamarck.

Shell solid, ovate, subcylindrical, more or less spirally
striated, rarely smooth ; spire produced ; aperture narrow,
expanding and rounded below ; pillar lip spirally contorted,
with a fold. Operculum corneous, elliptical.

Animal not investing the shell ; its head is a quadrate
disk, bilobed in front, and bearing two broad obtuse semi-
circular lobate tentacula capable of reflection on the shell
posteally; at the upper or inner bases of which are im-
pressed two small eyes. No central teeth on tongue, many
uncinated laterals. Mantle closed in front, its lateral
lobes slightly reflected on the shell ; branchial plume
single. Male organ long, cylindrical, reflected. Foot ob-
long, truncate in front, obtuse behind.

This genus is probably the most ancient in point of
appearance in time of its tribe. So much confusion
attaches to the name Actean^ applied to it by De Montfort,
that we have preferred its Lamarckian appellation.

T. FASciATA, Linnaeus.

Plate CXIV. D. fig. 3, and (Animal) PUte V. V. fig. 7.

Knorr, D61iceB des Teuz, vol. vi. pi. 1 9, f. 4. — EncycL M6th.
Vers, pi. 452, diy. 1, f. 3.
VoluUt tornatiUSf Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1187. — Pbnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4,

Yol. iv. p. 117, pL 71, f. 86. — PuLTENKY, Hutching, Hist
Dorset, p. 41. — Donov. Brit. Shells, yoI. ii. pi. 57; in Rees*
Cycl. Conch, pi. 1 (1803).— Mont. Test. Brit. yoI. ii.p. 231.
— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc yoL riii. p. 129.— «
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 44, pi. 14, t 2. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 249, f. 32, 33. -- Olivi, Zool. Adriat p. I4l. —
DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 603. — Wood, Index Testae,
pi. 19, t 11.— Chiaje, PoU Test. SiciL yoI. iiL pt. 2, p. 34,
pi. 46, t 47, 48.

524 BULLIDJR.

Auricula^ ^e. Martini, Conch. Cab. yol. ii. p. 125, pi. 43, f. 442, 443.
7Vr6o ooo/m. Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 101, pi. 8, f. 2.
BuLimus tomtUilia, Bruo. Encyc M6th. Vera, yol. i. p. 338.
TomaUUa fiuoiaia. Lam. Anim. 8. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. iz. p. 41. — ^Johnston,

Report Berwick. Club, vol. L p. 274. — Brit Marine Conch,
p. 156.— Brown. Illust Conch. O. B. p. 21, pL 8, f. 4,5.
— Blainv. Man. Mahicol. pi. 38, f. 5. — Crouch, IntrocL
Conch, pi. 16, t 8. — Kixnxr, Coq. Vivant. Tom. p. 5,
pi. 1, f. 3; transl. Storer, p. 5. — Pbilippi, Moll. SiciL
yol. i. p. 166. — Rbbvb, Conch. SyBt.yol. ii. pi. 206, f. 11.
— CuviBR, Regno Anim. (ed. Croch.) pi. 45, f. 5.
„ tomatUis, Flbhino, Brit. Anim. p. 336. — Macoilliy. Moll. Aberd.

p. 158. — Philipfi, MolL Sicil. yol. ii. p. 143.
Speo bifateiaius^ Risso, Hist. Nat Europe M6rid. yol. iy. p. 236, f. 107.
TormUeUa pelludda and putillc^ Maogilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 158, 159; copied,

Brit. Marine Conch, p. 254, and Brown, 111.
Conch. O. B. p. 129 (immature, teste Jefireys,
from t3rpe8).
Aciaon tornatUit, Alobr, Cat. MolL Northumb. and Durh. p. 29, animal.

The shell, which is strong and has a somewhat oral form,
that is acuminated above, and rotundatelj tapers below, is
of a rather glossy pale lilac red, or of a livid pinkish flesh
colour; the whorls are very narrowly edged with white
beneath the suture. Of the two whitish or pallid fillets,
that are usually present on the body of our native examples
(though the anterior one is occasionally obsolete, and both
are absent in a rare Mediterranean variety), and which
vary as to width (yet are never very broad) in different
individuals, the upper which is more frequently (yet not
always) the narrower, and is often continued on the base
of the smaller turns, runs in a line with the top of the
aperture; the lower revolves half way between the superior
one and the anterior extremity. The entire exterior is
striated in a spiral direction : the striae, which are very
fine and densely disposed upon the middle of the shell, but
at the lower end, where their intervals are raised in a
somewhat costellar fashion, dilate into more distant sulci,
are often rendered tremulous by the wrinkles of increase,

TORNATELLA. 625

and beneath a powerfiil lens appear dotted or crossed
lengthways bj minute raised lines. The spire, which is
rather quickly attenuated to a very acute and symmetri-
cally coiled apex, is composed of seven convex or some-
what rounded short volutions, that are of moderate longi-
tudinal increase, and taper regularly above, where they
bend over the fine but canaliculated suture that divides
them from each other. The body, which is more or less
ventricose, and instead of being cylindrical is swollen to-
wards the middle, is convex in surface, and has both
declinations more or less rounded. The mouth occupies
two-thirds of the total length, and is curved, and somewhat
horn-shaped ; it is very acutely peaked above, and widening
gradually, is most dilated nearly opposite to (but slightly
above) the columellar fold ; the lower end is prominent, a
little patulous, and rather narrowly rounded. The throat,
which faintly exhibits the external colouring, is quite
smooth. The acute and simple outer lip is moderately
but uninterruptedly arcuated, and recedes but little an-
teriorly. The pillar lip, which is white, broadly reflected,
not quite appressed, and a little convex in surface, is
furnished with a large and prominent fold, which is seated
so high up, that the incurved portion of the columella
below it is rather produced. The breadth in one of our
larger examples, which was five-sixths of an inch long, was
nearly five lines.

The animal, the form of whose parts is as described in
the generic character, is of a milky • white hue. When
walking, it bears its capital lobe partly in advance of the
foot. It is active, and by no means shy, not retracting its
body when overturned. When handled it gives out a
milky fluid with a purplish tinge. The operculum is large
and sufficiently conspicuous.

526 BULLID^

This pretty mollusk inhabits sandy ground, and ranges
from the verge of low water to as deep as sixty and more
fathoms. It is distributed through all the provinces of the
British seas. It ranges from the coasts of Norway to the
Mediterranean. It dates its history from the coralline
crag epoch.

SPURIOUS ?

roluta heterodiia, Mont. Test. Brit Suppl. p. 1 69. — Laskby, Mem. Werner.

Soc. vol. i. pi. 8, f. 12. — TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 254.
Jdeon „ Flbmino, Brit- Animals, p. 337.

Auricula „ Brit. Marine Conch, p. 146.

Of this curious shell, the true generic position of which is
doubtful, we have seen but a single specimen, the example origi-
nally figured by Laskey and described by Montagu ; which was
purchased at the sale of the former's collection by Professor
Forbes. It is of a narrow elongated-oblong shape, is subcylin-
draceous, yet gradually attenuated towards the blunt-topped
apex, is not very thin nor transparent^ and is both within and
without of an uniform ivory white. The surface is smooth and
glossy, but this may be the effect of attrition, as there are indis-
tinct traces of numerous wrinkles of increase. The whorls are
sinistral, nearly eight in number, and although not flat, yet so
little convex as to merely overlap each other at the oblique and
clearly defined, though simple, suture ; the earlier ones are very
short, and moderately tapering ; the lower ones scarcely taper at
all, but are of moderate longitudinal increase. The body, which
is not at all ventricose, is about equal in length to the spire ; it
is attenuated below, with a rounded basal declination. The
oblique aperture is of an extremely narrow pear-shape, being
somewhat rounded below, and very gradually and acutely con-
tracted above. The outer lip, which is simple, acute, convex
above, and arcuated below, where it recedes anteriorly, is not at
all prominent. The inner lip, whose course is a little convex
above, and somewhat incurved below, is narrowly and appfessly
reflected ; it is furnished rather below the middle with a single
yery strong curved horizontal toothlike fold ; the pillar is sub-

AKERA. 527

truncated at the base. The indiTidual measured nearly two lines
and a half in length, and about nine-tenths of a line in breadth.
It was stated bj Laskej to have been taken near Dunbar, along
with numerous other shells which subsequent investigations have
proved to be exotic, and reminds one of a sinistral TonuUeUina.

AKERA. O. F. Mt'LLBR.

Shell very thin, elastic, convolute, ovate, ventricose;
spire truncated; margin of the outer whorl disjoined from
the suture; aperture elongate, pyriform, its basal margin
rounded ; pillar lip excavated. No operculum.

Animal elongated, subcylindrical ; not completely in-
vesting the shell but covering it in great part by its large
lateral lobes ; capital lobe short, truncated in front, subtri-
angular and entire behind. No eyes. Tongue armed with
a single series of small axile denticles flanked by numerous
narrow hamate laterals. According to Loven, a long,
slender filiform process of the mantle is lodged in the canal
of the spire. The gizzard is set with triangular horny
tubercles like that of Aplysia.

Members of this genus are found in the seas of both
northern and southern hemisphere, and within the tropics.

A. BULL AT A, Miiller.

Plate CXIV. D. fig. 4, 5, 6, and (Animal) Plate V. V. fig. 6.

Akera hullatat Mt^LLBR, Zool. Danica, pi. 71, f. 1 to 5.
BuUa vobtta parecij Chbmnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. z. p. 122, pL 146, f. 1358.
„ Aheroy Omblin, Syst. Nat. p. 8434.— Mont. Test. Brit. toI. i. p. 219.—

Maton and Rack. TranB. Linn. Soc. yol. viii p. 125. — Rack.

Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 22, t 13. — Turt. Conch. Diction.

p. 21.— Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 292. — Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 139. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, vol i. p. 482.— Wood, Index

Testae, pi. 18, f. 23.
BuUa Ncrwegica, Bruguibrb, Encyd. M^th. Vers, yoL L p. 377, pi. 360, f. 4. —

528 BULLIDiE.

B08C, Hist. Nat. Coqail. vol. !▼. p. 69. — Gratbl. Snr leg
BulL (and in Ballet Bordeaox), p. 14, var. a.
Bulla renlienSf DoNov. Brit Shells, toI. iii. pi. 79.

„ froffilis. Lam. Anim. b. Vert (ed. Desh.) toI. vii. p. 672. — Blainv. Man.

Malacol. pi. 45, f* 7. — Cuvibr (ed. ilenderson), pL 16, tert

L 6. — Penny Cyclopaed. voL vi. figare at p. 12, — Sowbrby,

Conch. Man. f. 247.

AkeraftuBUUy Brown, Illust Conch. O. B. p. 59, pi. 19, f. 31, 32.

BuUa {Akera) buUatOj A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur. Conch, vol ii. p. 572, pi. 121,

f. 41.
M n Hanleyij A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur. Conch. yoL iL p. 573, pi. 121,

f. 46.

The shape of this horn-coloured shell ranges from oval
to rounded oval, the form being usually more produced in
such individuals as have an elevated spire. The texture is
very thin, somewhat membranaceous, and when fresh-taken
even elastic ; the surface is glossy, and smooth to the eye,
but in reality is most densely set with minute spiral striulse.
The body which is tumid, and simply rounded, not being re-
tusely indented, although it appears to closely embrace the
preceding volution, is nevertheless severed from it above,
by a narrow fissure, which runs parallel to the suture, at a
little distance from it, along the highest part of the body,
so that only a kind of ledge, which, indeed, is wholly cut
away for a considerable space near the outer lip, is actually
attached to the preceding coil. This ledge, when the
crown is sunken or level, shelves inwards ; when it is a
little raised (which is rarely the case in the largest
examples), is then nearly horizontal ; hence the volutions
are angulated above, and their tops are either flat, retuse,
or subcanaliculated ; the sides of the whorls are rounded
up to the angle, and frequently lean, as it were, over the
subscalar portion. From the rapidity of the volutional
increase the aperture is ample, occupying about one-half
of the ventral area ; it is of an oblique and elongated pear

AKERA. 529

shape, and (except in the more produced forms, where the
mouth is altogether narrower) is broadly rounded below,
and gradually attenuates upwards from the swell of the
body-whorl. The outer lip is simply arcuated, and in-
clined to curl inwards ; its posterior advance and anterior
recession are both considerable. The pillar, which is
peculiarly incurved, is so cut away as to display the
internal structure ; it is white, very narrow, and a little
reflected, but not flanked by any umbilical crevice. Some
of the large Irish specimens attain to an inch and an
eighth in length, and almost seven-eighths of an inch in
width.

The animal is of an elongated subcylindrical shape,
Hmaciform in front, truncated behind. The mantle lobes
are very large and elongated ; they meet just in front of
the centre of the shell. The head lobe is short and oblong,
truncated in front, and triangular posteally. There are
no eyes. The whole body is deeply tinged and mottled
with purple, or with brown.

It inhabits the littoral zone, ranging between one and
fifteen fathoms, usually among weed. It has a wide range,
but is only locally abundant. About four miles from
Portland bridge, the mud, at high-water mark, is fringed
with thousands of them (S. H.). Southampton (Jefireys);
Poole (Barlee) ; Hebrides (Jeffreys) ; Orkney, as in Kirk-
wall Bay, ten fathoms (E. F.). In five fathoms, Unst,
Zetland (M 'Andrew). Common in oozy bays of the
north, east, and west of Ireland (W. Thompson). The
figure is taken from a specimen dredged in three fathoms
water. Clew Bay, Gal way (E. F.). Bantry Bay (Mrs.
Puxley).

It ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean.

VOL. III. 3 Y

530 BULLIDJC.

BULLA. LiNNJius.

Shell ventricose, subglobose, oblong, inflated, convolute;
spire involute ; suiface smooth, striated or punctate ; aper-
ture narrow superiorly, ovate below. No operculum.

Animal bulky, partially investing but not covering the
shell ; capital lobe large, truncated in front, bilobed pos-^
teally, furnished (except in B. Cranehii) with immersed
eyes towards the centre of the disk; lateral lobes very
large, reflected on shell ; a more or less developed caudal
lobe reflected on the spire ; foot large quadrate, extending
beyond the shell posteriorly; gizzard armed with calcareous
plates ; tongue without axile plate, but armed with numer-
ous laterals; branchial plume single. Individuals her-
maphrodite ; male organ retracted.

The animals of this genus are capable of swimming with
ease by means of their large lateral lobes, whilst their
extensive foot enables them to crawl with equal facility*

B. HTDATis, Linnseus.

Oval-globose, extremely thin, merely undulated spirally by
very minute and crowded simple striulse ; usually covered with
a yellowbh skin.

Plate CXI V. D. fig. 7, and (Animal) Plate U. U. fig. S.

BvUa hydaiit^ Linn. SyBt. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1183, probably. ~ Pultsnbt, Hut-
chins, Hut. Dorset, p. 40.— Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pi. 88.
—Mont. Test Brit. vol. L p. 217, vign. 1, £ 1 to 4; Suppl,
p. 94, animal.— Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. yoL yiii.
p. 123. — Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 23, £ 10. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 20. — Flkmino, Brit. Anim. p. 292. — Brit.
Marine Conch, p. 139. — Brown, Illnst. Conch. G. B. p. 57,
pi. 19, f. 29, 30.— Bruo. Encyd. M^h. Vers, vol. i. p. 374.—
CuviBR, Ann. du Mus. vol. i. pi 12, fl 11 to 14 and 21. —

BULLA. 531

DiLLW. Recent Sheila, vol. i. p. 479.— 'Wood, Index Testae
pL 18, f. 17. — Blainv. Man. Malacol. pL 45, f. 1.
Bulla ampulla (not of Linn.). Pbnn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, yol. iv. p. 116 ?
„ navicular Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 28, pi. 1, £ 10.
„ cornea^ Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Deih.) vol. vii. p. 672. — > Dblbs. Rec

Coq. Lam. pi. 27, f. 7.
n {Ilaminea) hydoHs^ A. Adamb, Sow. Thesaur. Conch. toL ii. p. 578,

pi. 124, C 81, 82.

As some little doubt exists whether the small oval
Mediterranean examples,* with a more indented crown,
be or be not identical with our ordinary rounded and
tumid form, we have so framed our synonymy as solely to
apply (the reference to Linnssus excepted) to the latter,
which, as Da Costa named anew, whilst acknowledging it
to be the hydatis of Linnaeus, must take the name of cornea^
if regarded as specifically distinct. Both forms, however,
appear to exist in the Mediterranean, and if we may trust
to the indigenousness of certain examples in the hands of
collectors, both are likewise taken upon our own coast.

The shell, which is very thin and semitransparent, has a
rounded ovate contour, and is neither contracted nor trun-
cated posteriorly: it is covered by a yellowish or ferruginous
skin (that is shining and pellucid in the young, but is occa-
sionally opaque and dull in the more aged individuals),
beneath which the surface, which is most densely encircled
throughout with most minute and slightly undulated spiral
striulse, is of an uniform whitish or pale yellowish cast.
The body, which is ventricose or even tumid, and whose
slopes are well rounded at both ends, is not surmounted by
any spire ; its crown displays a slight umbilical indenta-
tion, but no true perforation. The curved and somewhat
capacious aperture is moderately open throughout, but
enlarges decidedly anteriorly, owing to the great incurv-

* Delle Chiaje in PoU, Test. Sicil. toL iii. pt 2, p. 26, pi. 46, f. 28.

532 BULLIDiE.

ation of the broad and appressly reflected pillar lip ; it is
slightly elevated above the crown posteriorly, and is
rounded at both extremities, but more especially at the
anterior one, which is broad, but not at all obtuse. The
simple and acute edge of the outer lip, which is regularly
arcuated throughout, but is perhaps a little straightened,
not however retuse in the middle, advances a little above,
and recedes but little below. Full-sized specimens mea-
sure, on the average, nearly an inch in length, and about a
third less at the broadest part.

The aninud is massive and of slug-like appearance and
consistency when in motion. It is of a general yellowish
or olivaceous hue, speckled all over with minute sand-Jike
spots of brown, black, and yellow. The capital lobe is
large, and when fully expanded, as represented in our
figure, from a beautifnl draviring communicated by Mr.
Alder, is ovate-triangular, but when partially contracted
exhibits a distinct bilobation of its posteal or tentacular
portion ; these tentacular lobes are rounded. On the
frontal portion of the disk are two closely set immersed
dark eyes, with pale areolae. The lateral lobes are very
large and rounded ; they meet on the front of the shell :
the supra-caudal (equivalent to opercular) lobe is large,
and reflected on the spire; the extremity of the foot is
broad and somewhat bilobed. Individuals of the variety
cornea, taken by us in the Mediterranean, had the soft
parts much paler, with scattered vivid yellowish or tawny
dots.

This is mainly a southern species in the British seas,
and on the whole must be regarded as among our less
common shells. It inhabits the Laminarian zone. Ez-
mouth (Clark) ; Southampton (Bootsey) ; Poole (Dillwyn) ;
Weymouth (Jeffreys) ; Falmouth (Cocks, Alder) ; Sal-

BULLA. 533

combe (Barlee) ; Pembrokeshire (Jeffreys) ; Cork (Hum-
phreys); Galway (Farran). An exceptional locality in
the range is Scarborough (Bean).

It extends to the Mediterranean, where it is a common
shell on the verge of water-mark.

B. Granchii, Leach.

Elliptic, milk-white, spirally striated with impressed dots.

Plate CXIV. D. fig. 8, 9, and (Animal) Plate V. V. fig. 2.

Bulla Cranckiif Lbach in Flkming*s Brit. Animala, p. 292. — Johnston, Berwick.

Club, Tol. ii. p. 30. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 188. — Brit.
Marine ConcL p. 140, f. 20. — BuovtrN, Illnst. Conch. O. B.
p. 57. — Aldbr, Cat Moll. Northnmb. and Dorh. p. 27.
„ pundura, Johnston, Edinb. New Philos. Joom. April, 1828, p. 79, teste

JohnBton.
„ Oriaia, Browit, lUiut. Conch. G. B. p. 57, pi. 1 9, t 41, 42 ?
Scaphander Oranohii, Lov^N, Index Moll. Scand. p. 10 ?

The shell has an elliptical form, is blnntish and finely
perforated above, and narrowed below ; it is neither
pellucid, very thin, nor tnmid, and is of a glossy milk-
white hue, often stained when young by a ferruginous
coating, and covered when adult by a very thin oil-yellow
skin. Although the entire exterior is densely striated
by numerous spiral series of minute impressed dots, they
are so faint, small, and isolated upon the middle portion
of the younger specimens, as to seem almost obsolete;
the two extremities, especially the anterior one, are like-
wise encircled by rather distant narrow sulci. The
aperture is curved and somewhat horn-shaped ; it gra-
dually dilates from above as far down as the junction of
the pillar to the body, after which it is again slightly
contracted by the curve of the outer lip. This last, which
is somewhat raised above the crown posteriorly, is mode-

534 BULLID^.

rately and equally arcuated throughout. The pillar lip,
which is flanked by a subumbilicus, or else a strongly-
marked indentation, is peculiarly long, solid, slightly
tortuous, and almost perpendicular. Fine specimens occa-
sionally measure five-eighths of an inch in length, and
three- eighths in breadth; such individuals, however, are
very rarely obtained.

"* The animal is rather firm in its texture. It is entirely
white. The capital disk is very large, truncate in front,
strongly bilobed posteally, lobes somewhat ovate lanceo-
late. We could find no eyes in this disk. Lateral lobes
large, but not meeting upon the shell ; supracaudal lobe
truncate, reflected on the spire ; foot quadrate and slightly
bilobed behind. The gizzard is seen shining through the
shell.

This, though among our scarcer shells, has a wide dis-
tribution from north to south, as well as a great range
extending from the lower verge of the Laminarian zone to
as deep as one hundred &thoms. Mr. Jeffreys has it
from Torbay and Plymouth, in the Turtonian collection.
Scarborough (Bean); Whitburn, Northumberland (Alder);
Berwick (Johnston) ; Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; Loch
Fyne (Barlee), where we have dredged it in fifty fathoms ;
also in twenty and forty fathoms in the Hebrides ; and
in sixty, eighty, and one hundred fathoms at Zetland
(M'Andrew and E. F.). Cork Harbour (Humphreys) ;
West of Ireland (Barlee).

BULLA. 535

SPURIOUS.*

Bulla media, Philippi.

L18TBR, Hist Conch, pi. 714, f. 72.— Oualt. Test. Mus. pi. 12,

f. H. probably. — Qkonov. ZoophyL p. 294, no. 1295, chiefly.
Bulla gtriata^ Bruu. Encycl. M6th. Vera, toI. i. p. 372, chiefly. — Brit Marine

Conch, p. 140. — B08C, Hist. Nat. Coquilles, vol. iv. p.67,chiefly.

— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. yii. p. 668, chiefly.
„ ampulla^ Mont, (not Linn.) Test. Brit. p. 206, pi. 7, f. 1. — Maton and

Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. yiii. p. 124, in part. — Tuht.

Conch. Diction, p. 21. — Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 293.
„ amygdalutf Solandxr, in DiUw. Recent Shells, toL i. p. 480, chiefly.
„ media^ Phil. Zeitsch. Mahik. 1847, p. 121. — A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur.

Conch. ToL ii. p. 576, pL 123, f. 70.

A most abundant West Indian shell, introduced by Montagu as
from sand in Falmouth harbour. If the name striata, applied by
Bruguiere to both this and the succeeding species, should be retained
at ally we think, from his account of the striae, thai it should be
kept rather for this shell than for the Mediterranean one.

B. coLUMNJs, Ghiaje.

QuALT. Test. Mns. pi. 12, t F (probably).
BuUa striaia^ Bruo. Encycl. M^th. Vers, vol. i. p. 372, in part only. — Philippi,
Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 121 ; vol. ii. p. 95.
n a/&a, TuRT. Zool. Jonm. vol. ii. (1825), p. 364, pL 13, f. 6. — Fliming,
Brit. Animals, p. 294. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 142. — Brown,
Illust. Conch. O. B. p. 56, pi. 19, f. 47.
„ Columnar Chiajb (1826), Poli, Test. Sicil. yoL iii. pt 2, p. 24, pi. 46,

f. 17,18.
„ amj/gdalui, A. Adams, Sow. Thes. Conch. yoL ii. j>. 375, pL 122, t 63.

A Mediterranean species, stated to have been dredged (dead) in
the Channel by Dr. Turton, who was the first to remark its specific
distinctness from the preceding sheU. His name, however, is so
utterly unsuited to the specific characters, that we have preferred
the one soon after applied to it by Chiaje.

* The B.eUffans of Gray (Annals of Philos. 1825, p. 408; Index Testae.
Suppl. pL 3, BuL f, 2; B. OuUdingU^ A. Adams. Thesaur. Conch. toI. ii. p. 580,
pi. 124, f. 87f 88, 89, erroneously stated to be a British species, is a natiye of the
W. Indies.

536 BULLIDiE.

SCAPHANDER. Montfort.

Shell ovato-pyriform, convolute, narrowed above, ex-
panded below ; spire depressed ; aperture contracted above,
patulous below, not canaliculated. No operculum.

Animal not investing the shell, bulky, capital disk large,
quadrate, lateral lobes small, foot ample but short. No
eyes. Gizzard of thin calcareous plates. Axis of the
tongue unarmed, its lateral membrane armed each with a
single series of uncinated teeth.

The gizzard of Scaphander is a remarkable object, and
has more than once, when found apart from the animal,
been elevated to the rank of a separate genus, and con-
sidered as an independent mollusk. The spurious genus,
Giomia^ had such an origin.

S. LiQNARiiTs, Linnseus.

Plate CXIV. F. 6g. 3, and (Animal) Plate V. V. fig. 5.

LiSTKR, Hist. Conch, pi. 714, f. 71. — Encyd. M^th. Vers, pi. 359,
f. 3.
Bulla liffnaria^ Linn. Syst Nat ed. 12, p. 1184. — Pxnn. Brit Zool. ed. 4,

vol. iv. p. 116, pi. 70, f. 83.— Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 26,
pi. 1, f. 9. — PuLTXNXT, Hutchins, Hist Dorset, p. 40. —
DoNov. Brit. Shells, toI. i. pL 27 ; in Rees* Cyclop. Conch,
pi. 11, A. — Mont. Test Brit vol. i. p. 20S; Suppl. p. 92. —
Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 125. —
Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pi. 23, f. 9. — Turt. Conch.
Diction, p. 19. — Flxming, Brit Animals, p. 292. — Brit
Marine Conch, p. 138. — Brown, Illast Conch. G. B. p. 56,
pi. 19, f. 23, 24. — Born, Test Mus. Vind. p. 203. — Olivi,
Zool. Adriat p. 137. — Bruo. Encycl. M^th. Vers, vol. i.
p. 379. — CuviBR, Ann. du Mns. vol. zvi. pi. 1, f. 7, 8, 9, 10,
23, animal.— Dill w. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 480. — Wood,
Index Testae, pi. 18, f. 20. — Lam. Anim. ». Vert, (ed, Desh.)
vol. vii. p. 667. — SowRRBT, G^nem Shells, Bulla, f. 3. —
Blainv. Man. Malacol. pi. 45, f. 8. — Philippi, Moll. Sicil.
vol. i. p. 121 ; vol. ii. p. 95. — Sowbrby, Conch. Man. f. 251.

SCAPHANDER. 537

— Rkbvi, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pi 158, f. 5. — Cuvibr, Regno
Anim. (ed. Croch.) Moll. pi. 36, f. 3. — Wood, Crag Moll,
vol. i. p. 1 73, pi. 21, f. 8.

Bulla Monga^ ^c^ Martini, Conch. Cab. vol. i. p. 283, pi 21, f. 194, 195.

BuUoM lignaria, Orat, Annals Philoe. 1825, p. 408.

Bulla {Scaphander) lignarius, A. Adams, Sow. Thesanr. Conch, vol. ii. p. 574,

pi 121, f. 47.

The Dame of this early-observed species is derived from
the peculiarity of its colouring, which bears some likeness
to the parallel fibres of a pale tinted wood. The shell has
a narrow ovate-oblong figure, being taper and much con*
tracted above, and dilated below ; it is loosely coiled, and
rather depressed ; but the lower medial surface is mode-
rately ventricose and well rounded ; the area above it is
almost imperceptibly and difiusely retuse. It is moderately
strong, not pellucid, and of a rather pale orange tawny hue
(rendered more intense by the glossy epidermidal skin),
and is spirally adorned throughout by white or pallid
deeply and rather broadly incised strise, that are rather
remote upon the whole, but set at irregular distances, the
intervals being shorter towards the two extremities ; these
lines exhibit a somewhat dotted appearance beneath the
lens ; sometimes, too, the wrinkles of growth are strongly
marked. There is no vestige of a spire, for the crown is
obliquely truncated, and is indented, though not umbilicated.
The aperture is capacious, filling more than half the ventral
area ; it is of a porcelain white, and devoid of sculpture ;
it occupies the full length of the shell, and is of a curved
and produced pear-shape, being narrow and somewhat
square-topped above, broadly yet not bluntly rounded and
greatly expanded below. The acute edge of the outer lip,
which rises in a straightish or slightly retuse line a little
above the level of the crown (which latter is encircled by
a narrow fillet of white) inclines a little inward above,

VOL. III. 3 z

538 BULLIDJ&.

where its conrse is slanting and snbrectilinear, and recedes
considerably below, where it is greatly arcuated and dis-
posed to expand. The white pillar lip, whose internal
gyration is visible to the extreme apex, projects at its free
edge, is not very broad> and is much incurved. Indi^
viduals attain to two inches and a half in length, and an
inch and a half in breadth.^

The animal is bulky, but not longer than the shell
posteriorly. It is entirely of a pinkish or orange-tinted
white. The capital disk is quadrate and very large, the
lateral lobes comparatively small. There are no traces of
eyes. The shell is completely exposed*

This mollusk lives, chiefly on sandy ground, at various
depths between one and fifty fathoms. It is distributed
all through the British seas, but not always plentifully,
and in some of our provinces it is local. It ranges through
the European seas. As a fossil it probably dates its
history from the coralline crag epoch.

PHILINE. AscANiUB. BULLJSA. Lamarck.

Shell thin, fragile, smooth, frosted, striated or punctated,
translucent, loosely convolute, suborbicular or ovate, aper-
ture very wide and open, outer lip patulous; spire small,
often concealed. No operculum.

Animal investing the shell, large, slimy; capital disk
oblong or subquadrate, no eyes nor tentacula ; lateral lobes
developed ; foot not produced posteriorly ; branchial plume

* Mr. Jefireys informs ui, that the B, xonaria of Tnrton (Mag. Nat. Hist,
▼ol. viL p. 852, copied in Brit. Marine Conch, p. 140, and Brown, IU. Conch.
Q. B. p. £6), described from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Clark (which
passed into his hands along with Turton*s), was merely constituted frtmi the fry
of lignaria. We have never seen a specimen, however, that could truly be said
to be encircled by minute raised granular dots.

PHILINE. 539

single ; gizzard armed with testaceous plates ; tongue
without axile teeth, laterals in single or double file. Her-
maphrodite.

The name PhiUne was applied to this excellent genus
by Ascanius, and Lobaria by Miiller. Lamarck^s appellar
tion has, however, become so established, that the older
names are seldom used.

P. APEBTA, Linnaeus.

Moderately large, only sculptured by lines of growth.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 1, and (Animal) PUte U. U. fig. 1.

Plancus, De CodcMs, pi. 1 1, f. D, E, F, O.
Bulla apertQf Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1183, in part. — Pultinby, Hutduni,

Hist. Dorset, p. 40.— DoNov. Brit. Sheik, yoL iy. pi. 120, f. 1.
—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 208, yign. 2, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, and Suppl.
p. 94. — Maton and Rack. Tnuuu Linn. Soc. yol. yiii. p. 121.
— Rack. Dorset Catalog, p. 43, pL 22, f. 3. — Tuht. Conch.
Diction, p. 23. — Flbmino, Brit. Animals, p. 294. — Olivi,
Zool. Adriat p. 37. — Bauo. Encycl. M6th. Vers, yoL i. p. 375.
— CuyiSR, Ann. du Mns. yoL L p. 156, pL 12, anatomy, &c. ;
yol. zyi. p. 6. — Dillw. Recent Shells, yol. i. p. 477. — Costa,
Test. Sidl. p. 76.— Rbbve, Conch. Syst. yol. ii. pL 153, f. 3.
PkUme quadripatiita, Ascan. K. Vetenks. Ak. Handl. (Stockholm) 1772, p, 329,

pi. 10, £ A, B. — Lov^N, Index MoIL Scandiuay. p. 9.
Bulla bulla, Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 3.

Lobaria qmdrilobata^ Abildoaaro in Mt^LLBR, Zool. Danic yol. iii. p. 330, pi.

100, f. 1 to 5, animal.— Qmblin, Syst. Nat. p. 3143,
animal.
BuUaa Plandana, Lam. Syst. Anim. §. Vert. ed. 1, pb 63.— Philippi, Moll.

Sicil. yol. ii. p. 94, pi. 20, f. 3.
n aperta. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) yol. yii. p. 664. — Brit Marine
Conch, p. 137. — Brown, Illnst. Conch. O. B. p. 57, pi. 2,
f. 5, 7.— Chiajb, Poli, Test. Sicil. yol. iii. pt. 2, p. 27, pi. 3,
f. 23, 24.— Philippi, MoU. Sicil. yol. i. p. 121.
BulUa „ Blainv. Man. MalMol. pi. 45, f. 2.

This abundant species is by far the largest of our wide-
mouthed Bullida, It is most loosely coiled, the back
being only moderately convex and the aperture so vastly

540 BULLIDJE.

open and dilated as to display the stracture even to the
apex, whilst the proportion of the ventral area occupied by
the body, which is oblique and narrow on that side of the
shell, is extremely small. The general shape is rounded
subquadrate, a little narrowed above, and rather expanded
and rounded below. The transparent surface is of an
uniform lustrous snow-white hue, and is merely marked
with the wrinkles of increase, which latter, however, are
often very conspicuous. The crown is devoid of spire, and
is a little indented. The outer lip is not regularly arcu-
ated, but is much sinuated in its course; it is slightly
produced above the crown (without forming an angle)
posteriorly, where it advances; is most prominent rather
below the middle ; and recedes obliquely anteriorly. Large
individuals attain to an inch and an eighth in length, and
seven-eighths of an inch in breadth.

The animal is massive and white, slimy and slug-like.
Seen from above it appears as if formed of four lobes, a
capital disk, a mantle investing the shell, and two lateral
lobes; these latter are, however, the involute wing-like
processes or margins of the foot. The capital disk is ir-
regularly pentagonal and slightly emarginate in front. The
margin of the mantle posteriorly is very slightly laciniated.
The membranes of the tongue are each furnished with a
single series of claw-shaped lateral teeth. Loven has
observed the embryo ; he found it to be furnished with a
spiral shell, provided with an operculum, and to be capable
of swimming by means of a ciliated veil. He also found
the egg-capsules; they are gelatinous, hydrophanous,
ovate, and contain very numerous eggs arranged in single
file, on a very long funiculus, folded in a loose spiral.

This animal inhabits probably all parts of the British
seas, but is capricious in its appearance, and seems on the

PHILINE. 541

whole to be more common in the south than in the north.
It inhabits muddy ground at various depths, between low
water-mark and thirty fathoms. We once saw vast num-
bers of them come in alive with the waves, on the shores
of Portobello sands, near Edinburgh (E. F.).

Bullaa aperta is said to have a very wide range, and is
recorded even firom the southern hemisphere. It is possible,
however, that more exotic species than one have been con-
founded under the name.

P. QUADRATA, Searles Wood.

Spirally striated, with alternately larger and smaller series of
confluent impressed dots.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 2, 3.

BuUaa quadralOj S. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist new ser. yol. iii., 1839, p. 461,

pi. 7, f. 1 ; Crag Moll. p. 179, pi. 21, l 9, fossil— Aldbr,
Cat. Moll. Northiunb. and Durh. p. 26.

Bulla n S. Wood, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 460, fossil.

Philine scuttdum^ LoviN, Index Moll. Scand. p. 9, probably.

We have seen but few examples of this extremely rare
shell, none of which were precisely similar in shape and
sculpture to each other. It is a larger species than our
other sculptured Philines^ and is not quite so fragile. The
shape, which is rounded oboval, and occasionally oblique,
is sometimes a little squared ; it is subtruncated above (at
times obliquely, at times even incurvately so), and sub-
angulately rounded at the lower extremity; the side
opposite to the lip is always much bowed. It is less de-
pressed than many of its congeners, being somewhat
swollen dorsally, yet chiefly so anteriorly, as a profound
retusion is visible near the upper extremity of the body ;
the crown is a little indented, but does not exhibit any

542 BULLIDJE.

external voIutioDS. Its milk-white surface is adorned by
a kind of lace work, composed of very numerous and close-
set scarcely raised spiral costell», so regularly serrated at
both edges that their intervals assume the appearance of
suboval, though somewhat irregularly formed, confluent
impressed dots, the series of which are alternately larger
and smaller, yet always narrower than the raised sculpture.
This alternation gives to the oostellae, which beneath a
powerfijl lens seem traversed by most minute spiral striulse,
and which are so very flat that the sculpture might more
briefly be described as consisting of alternately larger and
smaller series of confluent punctures, the appearance of
being double or subdivided in the middle by a string of
minute impressed dots. The wrinkles of growth are occa-
sionally very conspicuous. The aperture is very ample,
filling nearly three-fourths of the ventral area ; it is of a
broad and stunted pear-shape, the posterior contraction
being very short, and not acute. The outer lip, which is
rounded posteriorly^ where it rises a little above the level
of the crown, advances and becomes retuse or incurved in
a line with the contraction of the body, and projects in a
somewhat arcuated fashion below ; at the anterior extre-
mity the curve is so little rounded as to give an obliquely
subtruncated look to the base of the aperture. The coat-
ing of enamel upon the body is rather extensive, and the
incurvation of the pillar lip, which is reflected above, and
somewhat indented, yet not umbilicated at the axis, is much
extended, as the portion of the body which juts into the
aperture is very short. One of the examples measured
nearly a quarter of an inch long, and was about two lines
and a third broad.

In a variety taken by Mr. M^Andrew, whose scientific
dredging has thrown much light upon the boreal deep-

PHILINE. 543

water forms, and added not a few species to our Fauna,
the contraction or retusion of surface is lower down and
broader than usual, and the dots, for the most part* so run
into each other, that the shell seems merely furrowed in a
spiral direction by coarse jagged strise.
The animal has not as yet been observed.
This rare shell has been taken by the Bev. G. C. Abbes
and Mr. B. Howse, at Whitburn, in Northumberland, and
in various depths between ten and one hundred fathoms
around the Zetlands (M 'Andrew and E. F.). It is an
arctic and boreal species. Mr. Searles Wood discovered
it fossil in the coralline crag.

P. scABRA, O. Miiller.

Oblong subcylindraceouSy more or less tmncated at both ends ;
sculpture consisting of somewhat divergent series of minute im-
pressed dots.

Plate CXIV. B. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate V. V. fig. I.

BuUa aoabntj O. Mt^LLSR (not Chemnitz, 1788, nor Gmblin), ZooI. Danicx,

vol. ii. (edition 1780, teste Enoklmann), pi. 71, f. 11, 12. —
Bruguibrb, Encycl. M^th. Vers, toI. i. p. 376, pi. 360, f. 3.
„ peetinata, Dillw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 481. — Johnston, Berwick.

Club, vol. ii. p. 31.— Wood, Index Testae, pi. 18, f. 21. —
Obatbl. Sot les Bull, (and in Bui. Lin. Bordeaux), p. 22.
BuUaa granulosa^ Sars, Beskriv. Bergenike Kyst, p. 73, pi. 14, f. 36.
Bulla dilaiata, S. Wood, Charlesworth, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. pL 7, f. 3.
Btdlaa eatemdi/era, Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 187; copied Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 25 1 (fig. 81 , erroneooaly oatemUa)^ and Brown,
111. Conch. G. B. p. 131.
PkUine ioabray Lov^N, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 9 (no descr.).
BuUma pecHnata^ Aldbr, Cat. MoU. Northumb. and Durh. p. 25.
Bulla {Scaphander) pectinaiaj A. Adams, Sow. Thesaur. Conch, p. 572, pi. 12),

f. 51.

Two different shells having been published under the
name of Bulla scabra, Mr. Dillwjn being compelled to
change the designation of one of them, continued the name

544 bullidj:.

to the exotic species so called bj Chemnitz, and applied
the appropriate name peetinata to the present shell. It
appears, however, that eighty plates of Miiller's work
were published as '' Zoologis Danicae '''' before that volume
of the '^ Conchylien Cabinet ''^ which contains the species in
question ; consequently it is the species of Chemnitz, not
that of Mi'iUer, which must receive another appellation.

This beautiful shell is of an uniform snow-white, very
thin, and semitransparent, and of an oblong-subcylindra-
ceous form, that is a little dilated and obliquely sub-
truncated below, and terminates likewise abruptly above,
though the upper edge of the body is rounded off. A most
dense array of continuous impressed dots, arranged in spiral
rows, though the series diverge a little at the extremities,
pervades the external surface, and pectinates the margin
of the front extremity of the aperture in perfect indivi-
duals. A whorl or two, separated by a rather shallow,
but broadly canaliculated, suture, is visible upon the crown
of the shell, above which latter the very blunt apex barely
protrudes, the spire not being elevated. The surface is
decidedly convex, but the shell is much compressed, the
depth being very inferior to the breadth. The aperture is
very ample, and fills from three-fifths to two-thirds of the
ventral area ; it is somewhat ham-shaped, narrow above,
though quickly dilating anteriorly, and so very bluntly
rounded below, where both lips recede considerably, that
the broad extremity seems almost truncated. The outer
lip is not much arcuated, and bends to the right; it is
almost at a level with the apex at its junction with the
body, and advances and curls inwards a little above ; the
edge itself is convex. The columella is sliced away, as it
were, so as to display the internal gyration. The pillar
lip is moderately incurved, and its edge seems a little

PHILINE. 545

raised and very slightly bent back ; it is not, however,
distinctly reflected, nor is there any vestige of an umbilicus.
The shell measures a quarter of an inch in length, and
rather more than the eighth of an inch in breadth.

The animal is rather more elongated in shape than its
congeners. It is entirely white, usually slightly tinged
with yellowish or tawny. The margin of the mantle pos-
teriorly is laciniated. The lateral lobes, or foot wings, are
large. Loven states that the sides of the tongue are
armed, besides the row of large laterals, with a single
series, on each side, of minute supplementary denticles.

This pretty shell, which is much more common in the
south than in the north, has a range in depth of from five
to fifty fathoms. It has been taken in Devon, and on the
west of Ireland by Mr. Barlee, on the Northumberland
coast by Mr. Alder, and at Scarborough by Mr. Bean.
Among the Hebrides and Zetlands it is not uncommon
(M'Andrew and E. F.). Mr. W. Thompson records it
from localities on both sides of Ireland.

It ranges throughout the boreal seas.

P. CATENA, Montagu.
Minute, subovate ; sculpture consisting of spiral series of rings.

Plate CXIV. s. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate U. U. fig. 6.

Bulla caisna, Moht. Teet Brit. p. 215, pi 7, f. 7. — Maton and Rack. Trans.
Linn. Soc yol. viii. p. 122. — Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 24. —
Johnston, Berwick. Club, yol. ii. p. 31. — Dillw. Recent
Shells, Tol. i. p. 478.^ Wood, Index Tettaceolog. pi. 18, f. 15.
— Gratxl. Sur let BoU. (and Bnl. Lin. Bordeaux), p. 23.
„ pMiitelaia^ Flxmino, Brit. Animals, p. 294.
Buttwa catena^ Clark, Zool. Jonm. toL iii. p. 337.— Macgjlliv. MoU. Aberd.

p. 187.— Brown, Ulust. Conch. O. B. p. 57, pi. 19, f. 33, 34.
„ atigtuicUa (Bivon), Philippi, MoU. Sidl vol i. p. 121, pi. 7, f. 17.
n eaiemUa^ Brit. Marine Conch, p. 1 38 (not figure).

VOL. III. 4 A

546 BULLIDJE.

BuUwa punctata^ Philippi, Moll. Sicil. yoL ii. p. 95.

BvUa {Philine) catena^ A. Adams, Sow. TheBanr. Conch. yoL ii. p. 601, pi. 125

f. 163.

The shell is very small, barely composed of two coils,
extremely thin, of an uniform snow-white, and of a de-
pressed obliquely subovate figure, that is rounded at both
extremities, yet less so above, where, though narrower, it
is not distinctly retuse nor particularly contracted, than
below, where it becomes more ventrioose and a little
dilated. The surface is adorned throughout by very
numerous chain-like somewhat divergently spiral raised
lines, the continuous links of which are sometimes round,
sometimes oval, sometimes still more transversely pro-
duced ; these series are very closely disposed, but are not
so broad as their intervals. The crown is neither umbili-
cated nor distinctly raised, but is obtuse, and exhibits a
single volution; the sutural line is rather deep. The
aperture is very ample, filling nearly three quarters of
the ventral area; it is of an obovate-subpyriform shape,
being only narrow for a brief space above, and much dilated
below, where its extremity is broadly but not bluntly
rounded. The outer lip, which is almost even with the
crown above, is only moderately arched, being chiefly pro-
minent towards the anterior extremity. The pillar lip is
broadly incurved, and neither reflected nor flanked by an
umbilical depression. Our largest examples only measure
a fifth of BXL inch in length, and an eighth of an inch in
breadth.*

* Our Mediterranean specimens are somewliat larger, and haye a slight recur-
Tation of the pillar, so as to form an indistinct fiedse nmbilicus ; they approach
nearer to the scidpta of Searles Wood (Crag Moll. p. 120, pi. 21, f. 10) than do
our English examples. Montagues yariety of BmIUi eaiena (Test. Brit p. 215,
copied in Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 24, and Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 294) has not
been met with by us. He thus describes it. ** A variety with a more transpa-

PHILINE. 547

The animal resembles that of scabra in shape, but has
the posterior margin of the mantle more entire. It is of a
yellow or yellowish white hue, with tawny dots.

This species is sparingly distributed all through the
British seas, and, though local, is yet so general, that an
enumeration of localities would be superfluous. It ranges
from low water-mark to as deep as forty fathoms.

P. PUNCTATA, Cflark.

Minute ; sculpture consisting of spiral series of interrupted
compressed dots.

' PUte CXIV. B. fig. 8, 9, and (Animal) PUte U. U. fig. 6.

BuLUsa jrtmeUUa^ Clark (not MOllbr), 2^1 Jonm. toI. iii. p. 839. — Tubt.

Mag. Nat. Hist. toI. Tii. p. 353. — Macoilliv. MoU. Aberd.

p. ] 87. — Brit. Marine Conch, p. 137. — Brown, lUast. Conch.

G. B. p. 58.
BviUa (PhtUne) punctata, A. Adams, Sow. Thesaor. Conch. toI. ii. p. 600,

pi. 125, f: 161.

In the fifth volume of the Linnean Transactions (pi. 1,
f. 6, 7, 8), the older Adams has rudely delineated, under
the name of Bulla punctata^ a shell, which bears no more
likeness to the present species than to any other sculptured
member of the genus.

The species courteously attributed to him by Clark, is
still more minute than the last, to which, except in sculp-
ture, it bears so much resemblance, that we shall content
ourselyes with describing the points of difference. It is
less depressed, and of a shorter and more rounded shape ;
towards the lip there is a slight posterior retusion. The
surface is adorned throughout with very numerous and

rent zone ronnd it, taking in eight or ten of the catena^ which are more strongly
defined; the rest of the shell appears as it were frosted, and not so glossy, pos-
sessing a itUmmbilieus, and the outer margin of the aperture close to the body, is
winged or reflected a little, forming a depression or sulcus on that part.

548 BULLIDiE.

rather densely disposed spiral series of impressed dots,
which seem like the depressions which proceed from a de-
cussation of raised striae. The aperture is not quite so
capacious as in catena^ since the body occupies a rather
larger portion of the yentral area ; it is not either so con-
tracted above, where the outer lip, which advances very
decidedly posteriorly, and is much arcuated below, juts
out and curves up a little, thus forming a slightly an-
gular lobe. The course of the inner lip is not so
sinuous as in the preceding shell, the incurvation of the
pillar lip, which exhibits a slight disposition to reflection
above, being less pronounced. In the majority of speci-
mens the length is only a single line, but it attains some-
times to a tenth of an inch in length, and a third less in
breadth.

The animal of BuUaa punctata has been observed by
Mr. Alder, from whose beautiful drawings our figure is
taken. It is of a darker colour than its congeners, being
tinged and speckled with reddish brown on a yellowish
ground. Its capital disk seems different in shape, and
much shorter and broader than that of catena^ and the
margin of the mantle is not laciniated.

Torbay and Exmouth (Clark); Swansea (Jefireys);
rather common in drift-sand from Barrow Island (S. H.) ;
Scarborough (Bean) ; Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; off
Trouphead, Aberdeenshire, in sixty fathoms (Thomas) ;
Miltown Malby (Harvey) ; Kilkee in Glare, and Bundoran
in Donegal, where it was taken by Mrs. Hancock (W.
Thompson).

PHILINE. 649

P. PRuiNosA, Clark.

Surface shagreened like hoar-frost, being decussated by most
crowded longitudinal and rather close-set spiral raised wrinkles ;
oiccasionally with a coloured zone.

Plate CXI V. F. fig. 1,2.

BuUaa pniinota, Clark, Zool. Joam. toI. ill. p. 339.-— Brit. Marine Conch.

p. 137.
PkUine „ Lov^, Index Moll. Scandinav. p. 9, animal.
BuUa „ Jbffrbys, Ann. Nat. Hiat toI. zix. p. 310.
n {Philine) pruinosa, A. Adams, Sow. Theaaur. Conch. toL ii. p. 560,

pL 125, f. 162.

Colour is of rare occurrence in this genus, yet in this
small and delicate species a somewhat broad spiral band of
yellowish or chestnut-brown occasionally presents itself
upon the body, and relieyes the otherwise uniform surface
of frosted snow white. The shape is snbglobose, but de-
cidedly longer than it is broad ; it is very convex dorsally,
but is a little pinched in near the posterior end ; Its crown
is somewhat rounded, and Indented by a tolerably large
but shallow umbilicus. The hoar-frost appearance of its
entire exterior results from its decussation by raised longi-
tudinal and spiral wrinkles, the former of which are rather
the more conspicuous ; both are so densely disposed that
the interstitial punctures, which are usually rather longer
than broad, are extremely minute. The aperture is capa-
cious^ filling in the adult three-fifths, in the young two-
thirds at least, of the ventral area ; it is rather broadly
ficiform, being abruptly contracted by the swell of the body
above, well rounded and expanded anteriorly. The outer
lip is greatly arched, and is scarcely, if at all, produced
posteriorly above the crown. The incurved pillar lip is
decidedly produced, and is raised a little at the edge,

550 BULLIDJE.

where it exhibits Rome slight disposition to be reflected;
hence the area behind it is somewhat hollowed ; occasion-
ally, too, there is an indistinct subumbilicus. Fine speci-
mens occasionally attain to the third of an inch in length,
and a quarter of an inch in breadth.''^

The animal of this species has been careAiIly examined
and described by its discoverer, and an account of it has
also been giyen by Loven. It is white, speckled with
flaky spots. The capital disk is quadrate-ovate and emar-
ginate in front ; the margin of the lateral lobes or reflexed
sides of the foot are laciniated ; the posterior mai^gin of
the mantle is incised.

It was originally found by Mr. dark at Exmouth.
Mr. Alder has taken it on the Northumberland coast, and
Dr. Fleming in the Frith of Forth. Mr. Barlee finds it
in Loch Fyne and elsewhere in the Hebrides, and on the
west coast of Ireland. We have taken it in as deep as
seventy fathoms water on muddy ground in the Hebrides
(M 'Andrew and E. F.). It occurs in Zetland. Loven
records it as an inhabitant of the Norwegian seas.

The fiy, or broken ezampIeB, of two species of BvUidm^ hare been nuaed to
tbe rank of species by the older Adams, whose wretched attempts at delineation,
and still more imperfect style of description, have rendered their determination
coDJectnral. The first of them is supposed by Mr. Jeffreys (who has bestowed
much pains on the almost hopeless task of identifying the obscure species of that
writer) to be the fry of aperia^ the second to be drawn firom a (broken) Tery
young hyalina.

Bulla deniiculaia^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc vol. ▼. pi. 1, f. S, 4, 5, from which

Mont. Test. Brit. p. 217; Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. ToLviiL p. 122; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 27; Flbhing,
Brit Animals, p. 294. — Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. p. 57,
pi. 19,f. 25. 26.

* The drawing of the B, ventron of Searles Wood (Crag Moll. p. 182, pi. 21,
f. 1 1 ) looks rery like an adult pruinota f but the outer lip of the recent species
is not ** deeply deft or sinuated, and disconnected up to the vertex.**

PHILINE. 551

BuUa emarginatc^ Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. t. pi. 1 , £ 9, 10, 1 ], from which

Mont. Test Brit p. 21 6 ; Maton and Rack. Trans. Linn.
Soc. Tol. Tiii. p. 122 ; Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 27; Flbmino,
Brit Anim. p. 294 ; Brown, III. Conch. G. B. p. 57, pi* 19,
f. 21, 22.
The Utrtculus lima of Brown (111. Conch. O. B. p. 58, pi. 19, f. 39, 40) is a

fossil species.

NoTB.— Through inadyertence we have overlooked in this account of the
British BuUida^ Mr. Clarices interesting paper in the '* Annals of Natural His-
tory" for August, 1850, in which there are very full accounts of the animals of
Bulla hydaiis, Cylickna cylmdracea^ and Cyliekna iruncata. It is there shown
that Cylichnaj contrary to the statement put forward at page 507, has a giszard
of testaceous plates, a fact of which we have had further reason to convince onr^
selves by the examination of specimens kindly forwarded by Mr. Clark. (E. F.)

552

APLYSIADiE.

This family includes a number of MoIInscSy some pro-
vided with shells, and some wanting them, many of which
are remarkable for their size and singular aspect. The
shell, when present, is internal, and in a manner rudimen-
tary. It is contained in a dorsal opercular fold protecting
the gills. The head of the animal contrasts with that of
the members of the last tribe, in being distinct, and con-
stantly furnished with tentacula and eyes. All the species
of this tribe are hermaphrodites.

APLYSIA. L1NNJIU8.

Shell a variously shaped, usually ovate, corneous internal
plate, with indications of a rudimentary spire. No oper-
culum.

Animal ovate, convex ; its head pedicled, furnished with
four aurieulated tentacula : at the anterior and lateral
bases of the upper two are the small sessile eyes. Shell
imbedded in an opercular lobe, placed centrally in the
back, and protecting the branchial plume, which is not
protruded. Mantle with lai^ge lateral lobes folding over
each other, and protecting the operculum, but capable of
being used for swimming. Foot oblong. Mouth subpro-
boscidiform, armed with corneous jaws ; tongue armed
with a single row of hamated central teeth, and numerous
uncinated laterals. Gizzard studded with cartilaginous

APLTSIA. 553

plates. Beproductive orifices beneath the tentacula on
right side. Vent at the extremity of a tube.

Few mollascs have had greater popular fame, or a worse
character than the Aplysia. From very ancient times
they have been regarded with horror aud suspicion, and
many writers on Natural History, conversant with them
only through the silly stories of ignorant fishermen, have
combined, in ancient and modern times, to hold them up
to censure for their poisonous qualities. To touch them,
according to Europeans, was sufiicient to generate disease
in the fool-hardy experimenter ; whilst Asiatics, reversing
the consequences, maintained that they met with instan-
taneous death when handled by man. Physicians wrote
treatises on the effects of their poison, and discussed the
remedies best adapted to neutralize it. Conspirators
brewed nauseous beverages from their slimy bodies, and
administered the potion, confident of its deadly powers.
Every nation in the world, on whose shores the poor sea-
hares crawled, accorded to them the attributes of ferocity
and danger. Yet, strange to say, there does not appear
to have been the slightest foundation for a belief in their
crimes. The Aplyaia is a perfectly harmless, gentle, timid,
and, if observed in its native element, beautiful animal.
Its odour is sometimes, it is true, not over-pleasant, and
when irritated, it ejects a fluid, the vivid purple hue of
which may have excited alarm. Its shape, in which it
resembles more than most molluscs the body of some little
quadruped, attracted the attention of the curious ; but
why it should have excited their fears, and filled with
terror the muscular hearts of sturdy fishermen, is a problem
to be solved only when the predisposing causes of ground-
less superstitions shall have been sifted and traced to their
minutest roots.

VOL. in. 4 B

554 APLTSIAD^.

The sea-hares liye among sea-weeds in the Laminarian
zone, rarely straying out of that region. They feed on
both vegetable and animal matter, as was observed by
Cuvier, though, by some mistake, his authority has fre-
quently been quoted for the statement that they are exclu-
sively vegetable feeders. They breed in spring, and lay
their eggs in slimy nidi among sea-weeds. At their breed-
ing season they often congregate in vast numbers.

The anatomy of the Aplysia forms the subject of one of
Cuvier^s most admirable memoirs, and some new and most
interesting inquiries into their circulation have been pub-
lished by Milne-Edwards in his account of zoological
researches in Sicily.

Three species of Aplysia are usually enumerated as in-
habiting the British seas. We can obtain no authentic
evidence of more than one having been observed, for the
so-called depilans is not that species, but a variety of the
following, of which nexa proves to be the young animal.

A. HYBRID A, Sowerby.

Plate CXIV. F. fig. 4, and (Animal) Plate Y. Y. fig. 1.

Laplytia depUana^ Pbnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iy. p. 42, pi. 21, f. 21.
Aplysia ^/brida, SowBRBY, Brit. Miic. pL 53 (1806).

„ mmtelina^ H. Davus in Pennant Brit Zool. ed. 1812, vol. iy. p. 79,
pi. 22.— J0HN8TON, Trans. Berwick. Nat. Club, rol. ii. p. 29.

„ depUan* and pimctoto, Flbmino, Brit. Anim. p. 290.

„ neoa (youno), Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist roL xv. p. 813, pi. 19, f. 8.

^ depilans, Brit Marine Conch, p. 1 43, f. 80.

„ punctata, Alokr, Cat. Moll Northomb. p. 24.

In our synonymy of the only British species of Aplysia
at present known with any certainty, we have abstained
from referring to the figures and descriptions of continental

APLYSU. 555

authors, since none exactly agree with ours, though there
cau be scarcely a question that under the puncioita of
Guvier the British one is included. Since, however, there
is no doubt respecting its distinctness from the animal of
Bohadsch, which was the original depilana^ a species which
we have ourselves examined in the Mediterranean, we are
obliged to fall back on the name hybrida^ given by the
elder Sowerby to the Aplysia from Cornwall, figured by
him in the British Miscellany, but so badly, owing to the
condition of the specimen, that a person not acquainted
with the varying appearance of these curious creatures,
might fairly hold it to be a distinct species. None of the
figures in Ranges monograph of the Aplysia is sufiiciently
like ours to warrant a reference, unless we should quote
the rosea of Bathke, which undoubtedly represents the
young of our species in its condition known as nexa.

The shield is transparent, fragile, of a dark iulvous horn
colour, and of a somewhat elastic corneous texture ; the
surface is shining and nearly smooth, yet some obscure
radiating lines, or slight indentations, and some obscure
wrinkles of increase, are usually apparent. The upper
central dorsal area is convexly swollen, the slope from
thence downwards is gradual ; from thence to the sides
rather quicker. The general shape ranges from oval-acute
to oboval-acute, the lower and rather the longer portion
being semi-elliptical, whilst the upper end is obliquely sub-
rectangular, and the beak or apex, as it slants, bends a
little inwards, but does not exhibit the slightest vestige of
any spiral coil. Of the two edges which form the angle,
the shorter is somewhat incurved, and has but little decli-
nation ; the other is more convex, and almost forms a
continuous curve with the lower arch. The whole of the
internal area is manifest. Occasionally the sides are less

556 APLYSIADiE.

arched, in which event the lower half of the shield has a
somewhat squarish aspect.

A rather large specimen measured thirteen lines long,
and ten lines and a half broad.

The general hue of the animal is a yellowish grey or
olive, minutely speckled with brown, variously spotted
with white, the spots often surrounded with darker rings,
and frequently compound, consisting of a central spot, sur-
rounded by a circle of smaller ones. The mantle lobes,
which are large and unequal, are pale at the edges, as are
also the tentausula. The latter have dusky tips. The sides
are often tinged with warm purplish brown. An un-
spotted variety occurs ; this is the mwtelvna of Davies and
depilans of many catalogues. The general shape varies
much according to the animaFs position. When creeping
it is elongated, when at rest nearly globular. The back is
always very convex. The tentacles are cylindrical and
tapering, grooved beneath ; the eyes are small and black,
and placed at their anterior and lateral bases. The clear-
brown, very convex shield, is seen through the skin, but
its place is not marked by the radiating silvery lines de-
scribed by Philippi as occurring in punctata.

A specimen which measured two inches long when at
rest, was double that length when creeping. When
alarmed it gives out a rich purple fluid, slightly odorous.

Dr. Johnston notices an individual which had the lobes
bordered with bright blue.

Young specimens are more elongated, and of a dark
purple colour. This animal occurs at intervals all round
our shores, Mid is very plentiful in many places both in the
north and south. It lives among sea-weeds and Zostera,
between low water-mark and five or six fathoms. We
have found it equally abundant at Guernsey and S. Devon
(S. H.) ; and Orkney (E. F.).

557

PLEUROBRANCHIDiE.

This family forms a coDnecting link between the last
two and the nudibranchous groups. The structure of the
head and tentacula reminds us o( Aplysia^ {rom which type
and its immediate allies it is distinguished, among other
features, by the circumstance that the dorsal shield is not
a covering or lid for the branchial plume, but a protecting
plate for the viscera of the body.

PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuvibb.

Shell an internal membranaceous, oblong or suborbicular,
expanded shield, with a subspiral apex, lodged in the
dorsal region of the mantle.

Animal oblong or suborbicular, fleshy. Head with two
grooved tentacula, the eyes at their external bases; a
broad tentaculiform buccal veil ; mouth provided with cor-
neous jaws, and an armed lingual ribband. Branchial
plume single, free towards its extremity, placed on the
right side between the mantle and foot, the genital organs
near its origin, the vent not far from its termination.
Foot ample, separated from the mantle by a deep groove.

The animals of this genus are but poorly represented
in the British seas. On the shores of warmer climates
they become more plentiful, and are remarkable for the
delicate, and often vivid, hues of their bodies. Whoever
observes them should make a coloured drawing of their
appearance when alive.

558 PLEUROBRANGHIDJS.

P. MBMBRANACBUS, MoiltagU.

Large, ovate, flat, perfectly membranaoeoas ; a mere vestige of
a spiral apex.

Plate CXIV. F. fig. 5, and (Animal) Plate X. X. fig. 3.

Lamellanamembramicea^ Mont. Trans. Linn. Soe. (1811), vol. xi p. 184, pL]2,

f. 3, 4.— Gray, Encjrclop. Metropolitana, MolL pL 3,
f. 16.

Bidla „ TuRT. Conch. Diction, p. 25.

PleurobranehuM membrcutaoeut^ Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 291. — Brit. Marine

Conch, p. 133, £. 76.— Brown, Ulatt. Conch.
O. B. p. 62, pi. 2, f. 9. — SowxRBY, Oenen
Shells, PleoFobranchns. — Sowbrbt (Jnn.),
Man. Conch, t 232. — Rnvs, Conch. Syst.
ToL ii. pi. 154.

Although the shield offers but few characters for de-
scription, no one who has ever looked upon a specimen
will subsequently fail to recognise it. It is extremely thin,
being indeed almost wholly membranaceous ; and is much
spread and Very depressed, being merely convex. The
surface of the shell, which is more or less strongly tinged
with flesh-colour, is very shining, and has a subnacreous
lustre that at times passes into the metallic ; it is some-
what roughened by elevated wrinkles of increase. The
shape in the adult examples is nearly ovate, being nar-
rowed, but not peaked above, and broadly, yet bluntly,
rounded below. A mere vestige of a spiral apex is just
perceptible, and the situation of this rudimentary spire is
less lateral than in plumula. The entire internal area is
visible, as the curl or bending over of the body is very
trifling, and is confined to the extreme posterior portion of
the aperture: the pillar lip is simple and not reflected.
An average-sized individual that measured nineteen lines
long, was thirteen lines in breadth. When young the

PLEUROBRANCHUS. 559

form approaches mach nearer to the shape of the preceding
species, but the shell is devoid of any similar radiating
indentation of surface.

The animal grows to a considerable size. It is of a
general oval shape. The tentacles and oral veil are pale,
the latter produced at the angles. The dorsal dis)^ is
papiUated and of a rusty brown hue, but varies greatly in
intensity of colour. The branchial plume is yellowish and
pale. The margins of the foot are expanded and pale,
except at the edge, where they are bordered with tawny.

This fine species has been taken at low water at various
localities on the Devonshire coast, where it was first noticed
by Montagu. Mr. Barlee has found it at Arran and Bir-
terbuy in Ireland, and Mr. Humphreys at Cork. Our
figures of it and of its congener are taken from some
admirable original drawings by our eminent and accom-
plished friend Mr. Alder.

P. PLUMULA, Montagu.
Small^ testaceous, narrow ; apex coiled.

Plate CXIV. F. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal), Plate X. X. fig. 1.

Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 214, pi. 15, C 9 ; vign. 2, £ 5, animal. ■
Maton and Rack. Tians. Linn. Soc. toI. viiL p. 123. — Turt.
Conch. Diction, p. 25. — Dillw. Recent Sheila, vol. i. p. 478. —
Wood, Index Teetaceolog. pL 18, f. 16. — Gratkl. Sur let Ball,
(and in Bull. Lin. Bordeaux), p. 10.
Berthdla porota, Blainv. Man. Malac. pL 43, f. 1.

Pleurobramohut plumula^ Flbmino, Brit Animals, p. 291. — Johnston, Mag.

Nat. Hi«t. Tol. Yii. p. 348, f. 46 ; Berwick. Club,
Tol. ii. p. 27, with animaL — Brit. Marine Conch,
p. 132. -^ Brown, Illust Conch. G. B. p. 62, pi. 2,
f. 14, 15.

The shield of this rare species is much smaller than in
men^ranaceaf and although thin and semitransparent, is

560 PLEUROBRANCHID^.

very much stronger, the substance being shelly. It is of a
lighter or darker glossy horn colour, generally tinged with
yellow, especially on the polished interior, and usually dis-
plays rather conspicuous wrinkles of increase. The shape
is oblong, slightly broader and somewhat squared above
(though the angles are rounded off), and rather bluntly
rounded below ; the sides are subparallel, but the outer lip
is much more arcuated above, and becomes retusely in-
dented below the middle, after which it bends convexly to
the anterior extremity. Two or three impressed lines
obliquely radiate, upon the exterior, from the outer corner
of the lower extremity towards the crown, which latter
exhibits a perfectly distinct, though minute, spiral coil.
When the aperture (which displays the whole interior,
there being merely an extremely narrow lateral convolution
above) is placed on a flat sur&ce, the shell rests solely on
its upper and lower extremities (as in ParmaphoruSy of
which genus it forcibly reminds us), leaving a slight but
extended gape in the middle : hence, although the shield is
depressed, it appears rounded on the back. The pillar lip
is very narrow, but is decidedly reflected. Our largest
specimen, which is about twice as long as it is broad,
measures about three-fifths of an inch from the top of the
outer lip, which projects slightly above the crown, to the
opposite extremity.

The animal is, when at rest, of a suborbicular shape,
when creeping it is oblong. The dorsal disk is convex,
smooth, yellowish-white, and speckled with reticulating
whitish dots: the shield shining of an orange colour
through the skin, which is strengthened by spiculse. The
tentacula are rather long, their bases, with the minute eyes,
are hidden beneath the margin of the mantle. The foot
extends beyond the dorsal disk, and both have a slightly

PLEUROBRANCHUS.

561

sinuous margin. The angles of the oral yeil are acutely
prolonged. It lives between tide marks.

Although seldom taken, it appears to have a wide range.
Exmouth (Clark) ; Guernsey ; Salcombe bay (Barlee) ;
Milford Haven (Lyons) ; Isle of Man ; Sound of Skye
(E. F.) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Coast of Northumberland
(Johnston) ; Malbay, on the west coast of Ireland
(Harvey).

VOL. HI.

4 «

662

DORIDIDiE.

This and the two following &milies constitute the order
NuDiBRANCHiATA of Guvier. The MoUusca thej include
are entirely destitute of shells, except when in the embryo
state. Their branchial organs are constantly external, and
are variously arranged along the margins or on the dorsal
surface of the body. The individuals are hermaphro-
dite. In the DoRiDiDiB the branchial plumes are placed
on the middle of the back, in immediate proximity with
the vent.

Since the chief Intention of this history is to describe
and figure fully the testaceous molluscs of the British
islands, more especially the marine tribes, at the same time
that we give a summary of the species unprovided with
shells, our account of these nudibranchous orders must
necessarily be extremely brief. To treat of them in detail
would be to extend our volumes far beyond the proposed
bounds. Fortunately, there is no necessity for doing so,
since one of the most beautiful and perfectly executed
works of which zoological science can boast, is devoted to the
British Nudibranchiata. We allude to the Monograph by
Messrs. Alder and Hancock, published by the Bay Society.
The figures and descriptions (the language of which we
have closely followed) contained in that treatise are beyond
all praise. To them we must refer those of our readers
who desire to master this interesting branch of study.

DORIS. 563

Our brief account of the genera and species, and our illus-
trations of an example (in most cases) of each group will
serve as a working manual and synopsis of the present
condition of the subject.

DORIS. LiNNiBUs.

Body elliptical, depressed, rarely convex, covered by an
ample mantle, the surface of which is in most species tuber-
culated, and the margins extend over the head and the
sides of the foot; variously coloured. Head hidden by
the mantle, furnished with an oral veil, which is sometimes
produced into two labial tentacola. Dorsal tentacula two,
subclavate, laminated, retractile within a cavity. Branchise
plumose, surrounding the vent, which is placed medi-
ally on the hinder portion of the back. Genital orifice at
the right side.

The species of this genus inhabit for the most part the
littoral and laminarian zones, and appear to be carnivorous.
They are found in all parts of the world, and are often of
large size and exquisite beauty. A full account of their
anatomy and development is contained in the fifth part of
the Monograph by Alder and Hancock.

1. D. TUBERCULATA, Ouvicr.

Dmii tuberadala^ Cayier, Mem. MoIL v. 23, pL 2, f. 5. — Johnston, Ann. Nat.

Hist. Tol. i. p. 50, pi. IL fig. 1-3.
„ argo^ Pinnant, Brit. Zool. yol. iy. p. 82, pL 24. — Fleming, Brit. Ann.
p. 282.

Body (three inches and more in length) yellowish grey,
with brownish and pink cloudings, ovate, depressed ; cloak
ample, spinulose, closely covered with minute round tu-
bercles. Dorsal tentacles rather short, conical, yellowish

564 DORIDID^.

above, white towards their bases. Branchial plumes eight,
large, tripioDate, bluish, with white and yellow spots, sar-
roanding the prominent tubular yent.

Common on the east coast of Scotland and the north-
east of England; not so frequent on the west, living
between tide-marks. It ranges throughout the British
seas, from Devon to Zetland.

Dofis mera of Alder and Hancock is now considered by
its describers to be a variety of this species.

2. D. FLAMiiJEA, Alder and Hancock.

Doris Jlammea^ Aldir and Hancock, Monog. part 1, fiun. 1, pL 4.— Ann. Nat.

Hitt. Tol. U7. p. S30.
M aryus^ Forbes, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. y. p. 105.

Body of a bright orange scarlet, occasionally blotched
with purple, ovate, rounded at both ends, rather depressed.
Cloak ample, covered with smallish unequal tubercles.
Dorsal tentacles, large, tapering, orange. Branchial plumes
nine, tripinnate, scarlet, not much spreading, retractile
within a single cavity.

Length one inch, breadth half an inch.

On Pecten opercuiaris in shallow water, Bothsay Bay
(Alder). In twenty-five fathoms off Ballaugfa, Isle of
Man (E. F.).

3. D. JoHNSTONi, Alder and Hancock.

Dorii Jokndom, Aldbr and Hancock, Monog. part 1, £un. 1, pi. 5.
„ obvdaia^ Johnston, Annals Nat. Hi>t toL i. p. 52. (Not of M'dller.)

Body ovate, convex dorsally, depressed towards the
sides, yellowish white or buff coloured. Cloak ample,
closely covered with very minute equal tubercles, blotched
with pale brown. Dorsal tentacles short and broad.

DORIS. 565

speckled with brown. Oral tentacles linear. Branchial
plumes fifteen, tripinnate, arranged as a cnp around the
brown tubular vent, retractile within a single cavity.

Length one inch and a half or two inches.

It lives near low water-mark, and has been taken on the
eastern and southern coasts of England, in the Irish Sea,
and in the Clyde district.

4. D. cocciNEA, Forbes.

Plate Y, Y, fig. 2.

Dorii eoecmMy Forbbs, Rep. Brit Assoc Cotk, 1848, p. 188.
M n Aldbr and Hancock, Monog. part 4, fiun. 1, pi. 7.

Body of a bright scarlet, with minute black specks,
elliptic oblong, a little depressed. Cloak thickly covered
with very minute equal tubercles. Dorsal tentacles short,
stout, clavate, yellowish. Oral tentacles long, linear and
tapering. Branchial plumes small, ten, forming a complete
circle, retractile within a single cavity. Length half an
inch.

On the coast of Cornwall, where it was first observed
by Mr. B. A. Couch (Alder). It ranges to the ^gean
(E. F.).

5. D. PLANATA, Alder and Hancock.

Dorii ptamUOy Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist toL zriii p. 292. —

Monograph, part 8, fiim. 1, pL I.

Body very much depressed, elliptic, reddish brown,
speckled and blotched with yellow and purplish brown.
Cloak ample, covered with unequal tubercles. Dorsal ten-
tacles subclavate, yellowish. Oral tentacles long, linear.
Branchial plumes seven, very small, fawn-coloured, with
dark specks, retractile within a single cavity.

566 DORIDIDJS.

Length nearly an inch. The aspect of this species
reminds us of a Planaria. It was discovered by Mr.
Alder in Lamlash bay, Arran.

6. D. BEPANDA, Alder and Hancock.

Doris repanda, Aldkr and Hancock, Annals. Nat. HUt. vol. ix. p. 32. —

Monograph, part 8, fiun. 1, pL 6.

Body depressed, elliptic, of a waxy white hue. Cloak
ample, covered with small, distant, inconspicuous, white
tubercles, a row of yellowish-white spots down each side.
Dorsal tentacles rather long, white. Oral tentacles flat,
broad, forming a veil. Branchial plumes small, five, white,
retractile within a single cavity.

Length above an inch. It has been taken on the east
coast of England, and the west coasts of Scotland and
Ireland.

7. D. uLiDiANA, Thompson.

Doris ulidiana^ Thompson, Ann. Nat Hist. toL xt. p. 312.

Body depressed, ovate oblong, pale yellow. Cloak not
ample, rough with spicula, and covered with large, unequal,
obtuse tubercles, the spicula collected in bundles, and
radiating at their base. Dorsal tentacles long and whitish,
without sheaths, the edges of the apertures plain. Bran-
chial plumes eleven, pinnated, white. Foot rather broad.
Veil above the mouth semicircular.

Length half an inch or more. Upon oysters on the
north-east coast of Ireland (Thompson).

DORIS. 567

8, D. ASPBRA, Alder and Hancock.

Doris aaperaj Alder and Hancock, Annale of Nat. Hist. vol. iz. p. 32.

Body (four-tenths of an inch in length) depressed, white
or yellowish, semitransparent. Cloak filled with spicula,
running in all directions, covered with large obtuse tuber-
cles, interspersed with a few smaller ones, not crowded ;
firm and rough to the touch. Dorsal tentacula long,
slender, white or yellowish. Branchiae consisting of nine
small, simply pinnate, transparent white plumes. Foot,
when in motion, extending beyond the cloak behind.

Common among the rocks at Tynemouth, Cullercoats,
and Whitby (A. and H.).

9. D. DiAPHANA, Alder and Hancock.

Doris diaphana, Aldir and Hancock, in AnnaU Nat Hi>t. toI. ztL p. 313;

and Monograph, part 2, fiun. 1, pi. 10.

Body (half an inch in length) oblong, rounded at the
extremities, rather convex, of a general pale yellowish-
white, very transparent. Cloak not ample, covered with
large clavate, rather distant, nearly equal tubercles, be-
coming more numerous towards the margin. Dorsal ten-
tacles linear, yellowish, inserted in smooth-edged sheathless
cavities. Oral veil ample, semicircular. Branchial plumes
eleven, simply pinnate, placed round a tuberculated area,
and partially retractile.

It was taken by its describers at low water, Torbay.

10. D. BILAMELLATA, LinnSBUS.

Doris bilameUcUa, LissMVS Syst. Nat. — Johnston, Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. i.

p. 53.
„ /vsea, MuLLRR, Zool. Dun. t. 47, f. 6-9.

568 DORIDIDJS.

Don$ vermeota^ Pinnant, Brit Zool. tqI. It. p. 82, pL 2S, fig. 2. — Flkmino,

Brit. Ann. p. 282.

Body (an inch or more in length) grey, clonded and
speckled with brown, sometimes white, oval, depressed.
Cloak not ample, rough, with nearly eqnal small tubercles.
Dorsal tentacula conical, not very large. Branchial plumes
twelve or more, simply pinnate, rather short, retractile
within a single cavity.

Common on many parts of both east and west coast ;
especially abundant at low water in the Frith of Forth.
Doris ajfflnis of Thomson is probably a variety.

11. Doris oblonoa, Alder and Hancock •

Anmdi of Nat. Hist. vol. zvi. p. 314, and Monognqih, part 5, fiun. 1, pL 16,

figs. 4, 5.

Body oblongovate, tapering behind, convex. Cloak
straw-coloured, freckled with brown, densely sptculose,
covered with pointed papillse. Dorsal tentacles yellowish,
without sheaths, rather thick. Oral veil semicircular.
Branchial plumes seven, pinnate, non-retractile, yellowish-
white.

Half an inch in length.

In deepest water off Berry Head, Torquay (Alder).

12. Doris dbprbssa, Alder and Hancock.

Doris deprttaa^ Aldik and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist toI. ix. p. 32.
M ^ Monograph, part 5, fiun. 1, pi. 12, figs. 1-8.

Body thin, transparent, very much depressed, elliptical.
Cloak yellowish, speckled with reddish or brown, covered
with soft, linear, loosely set papillse, and stiffened with large
spicula, 8}rmmetrically arranged. Dorsal tentacles linear.

DORIS. 569

slender, yellowish, oral yell semicircular. Branchial plames
ten or eleven, simply pinnate, small, whitish, rather distant
from the vent, retractile within separate cavities. Eyes
conspicuous in the adult.

Under three -eighths of an inch in length.

Northumberland, Yorkshire, and Devon, under stones
near low water-mark (Alder) ; Sound of Skye (M' Andrew
and E. F.).

13. Doris inconspicua, Alder and Hancock.

Aldib and Hancock, Monog. part 5, fam. 1, pL 12, figs. 9-16.

Body elliptic, depressed. Cloak dull white, speckled
with minute brown spots, covered with numerous nearly
equal, spiculose tubercles. Dorsal tentacles large, stout,
nearly linear. Oral veil slightly undulated, broad. Bran-
chial plumes ten, small and obtuse, dull white, forming
an incomplete circle at a little distance around the
anus.

Half an inch in length.

On Cellipora pumicosa from deep water, Northumberland
(Howse).

14. D. pusiLLA, Alder and Hancock.

Aldir and Hancock in Annals Nat. Hut vol. xvi. p. 313, and Monograph,

part 2, film. 1, pL 13.

Body (only three lines in length) ovate, much depressed ;
cloak not ample, yellowish, with thickly set brown spots,
and covered with conical, obtuse tubercles, which are not
spiculose. Dorsal tentacles conical, long, and slender,
white, and sheathless. Oral veil, semicircular, broad, and
sinuous. Branchial plumes nine, short, broad, simply-
pinnate, white, surrounding a tuberculated space.

This species, and its near ally elepresM, are remarkable

VOL. III. 4 D

570 DORIDIDJS.

for depositing their spawn in a multi-spiral thread, instead

of a flattened ribband of few coils, as is usual with their

congeners.

Doris pusiUa was taken by its describers, among rocks,

during a low spring tide, at Torquay in Deyonshire.
15. D. SPARSA, Alder and Hancock.

Aldsr and Hancock in Annali Nat. Hitt. yol. IS, p. 293, and Monognph,

part 4, fjEun. 1, pi. 14.

Body (a quarter of an inch long) much depressed, ovate,
rounded at each end. Cloak extending very little beyond
the foot, yellowish with distant ferruginous spots, and
covered with small, obtuse, flattened, rather distant,
unequal spiculose tubercles, which decrease in size towards
the margin. Dorsal tentacles rather conical, whitish,
issuing from cavities with tubercular edges. Oral veil
semicircular, expanded. Branchial plumes nine, very
small, simply pinnate, colourless, arranged around the
vent in an incomplete circle, leaving a small tuberculated
space within them.

A single specimen was obtained from the fishermen^'s
lines by its describers, at Gullercoats, adhering to Bry-
ozoa.

It is nearly allied to depressa BJkdpuHUa.

16. Doris piLOSA, Miiller.

Doris pUoni Mullir, Zool. Dan. voL iiJ. p. 7, pi. 85, t 5-8.— Johnston, Ann.
Nat. HiBt. vol. i. p. 54, pL 2, fig. 9, 10.
„ nigricani, Flimino, Brit. Anim. p. 283.
M FUmingii^ Forbes, Malac. Hon. p. 3, pi. 1, f. 1-3.

Body ovate, very convex, semitransparent, white, yel-
lowish, brown, or even black. Cloak not ample, soft,
pilose with soft, slender papillae. Dorsal tentacles long,
somewhat curved, retractile within denticulated sheaths.

GONIODOBIS. 571

Oral veil produced at the sides into broad, flat, obtuse,
tentacula. Branchial plumes seyen to nine, large, spread-
ing, not retractile.

Length reaching to an inch and more.

The authors of the '^ British Nudibranchs,'^ regard the
fu%ca of LoT^n, the sublavis of Thompson, and their own
similis as forms of this common species, often found be-
tween tide marks on all parts of our coasts.

17. Doris subquadrata. Alder and Hancock.

Aldir and Hancock in Ann. Nat Hist. toL 16, p. 318, and Monograph,

part 5, fiun. 1, pi. 16, fig. 1, 2, 3.

Body oblong, rather eleyated, white with a yellowish
tinge, semi-transparent. Cloak small, scarcely covering
the head, and exposing the foot, thickly coyered with
small unequal papillae. Dorsal tentacles stout, issuing
from smooth-edged sheaths. Oral veil semicircular, with
produced obtuse angles. Branchial plumes seven, bipinnate,
not retractile.

Length, one inch.

A single specimen was dredged by Mr. Alder, near
Berry Head, Torbay.

GONIODORIS, FoRBu.

Body oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly tuber-
culated ; cloak small, exposing the head and foot, not
furnished with appendages. Tentacles clavate, laminated,
not retractile, nor invested with sheaths. Branchial
plumes ranged round a dorsal vent, without appendages.

The angular shape and elongated outline of the animals
of this genus give them a habit very distinct from that
of Doris. Many of the exotic species are remarkable for
brilliancy of colouring, vivid blues, greens, reds and yel-
lows, often disposed in longitudinal stripes.

572 DORIDIDiE.

1. G. NODOSA, Montagn.

Plate Y. Y. fig. 3.

Dorit nodota^ Mont. Lin. Traiu. toL ix. p. 107, pi. 7, f. 2. — Fleming, Brit.
Ann. p. 282.
„ Barvicenns, Johnston, Ann. Nat Hiit. vol. i. p. 55, pi. 2, £ 11-13.
Gomodorit nodosa^ Forbks, Ann. Nat. Hist vol. v. p. 105.— Aldbb and Han-
cock, Monog. part 2, fiun. 1, pi. 18.

Body obloDg (about an inch in length), gnb-prismatic ;
white, yellowish, or pink, speckled with opaqne white
spots. Cloak subquadrangular, carinated in the centre,
with a free, scolloped, reflected margin, deeply indented
behind. Sides with minute tubercles. Dorsal tentacles
clavate, 13-14-laminated on the upper portions; buccal
tentacles, obtusely lanceolate. Branchial plumes thirteen,
lanceolate, simple pinnate, forming a complete circle round
the tubular vent.

Common between tide-marks under stones, in numerous
localities all round the British and Irish shores. The
Goniodoris emarginata of Forbes, and the G. ehngata of
Thompson appear to be varieties of this species.

2. O. CA8TANBA, Aider and Hancock.

Aldkr and Hancock in Annali of Nat. Hist. vol. zvi. p. 314, and Monog.

part 3, fiun. 1, pi. 19.

Body ovate (less than an inch in length), rather broad
and depressed, of a reddish or chestnut brown colour,
rarely pale, covered with small conical tubercles, spotted
with opaque white. Cloak small, carinated centrally with
an ample reflected, smooth, sinuous margin, indented
deeply behind. Dorsal tentacles rather short, ten to twelve
laminated ; buccal tentacles broad, very large, with acu-
minated tips. Branchial plumes large, tripinnate, seven

TRIOPA. 573

to nine in number, forming a complete circle of a deep
chestnut colour round the vent. Foot broad and ex-
panded.

This fine species was discovered between tide-marks at
Salcombe in Devonshire, by Mr. Alder, and afterwards
found at Saltcoats in Ayrshire, by Mr. David Lands-
borough, Jun.

TRIOPA, Johnston.

Body oblong ; the mantle edged with filamentous ap-
pendages bordering the margins of the back. Tentacles
clavate, pectinated, retractile within simple sheaths.
Branchiae few, pinnate, placed about (or in front of) a
dorsal vent.

1. T. cLAviQER, Muller.

Plate A. A. A. fig. 1.

Dwis davigera, Mullbr, Zool. Dan. vol. i. pi. 17, f. 1-3..

Ter^pes danger, Johnaton, in London's Mag. Nat. Hist. toI. vii. p. 490, f. 59.

Euplooamua plumosuSf Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ▼. p. 90, pi. 2, f. 4.

„ daviger, Thompson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 250.

Triopa datfiger, Johnston, Ann. Nat. Hist vol. i. p. 124. — Aldbr and Hak-
cocK, Monog. part 4, fiim. 1, pi. 20.

The body of this pretty nudibranch is less than an inch
in length, of an oblongo-lanceolate shape, flattened above,
and of a general white hue, variegated with bright yellow,
or orange, that colour being always placed on some of the
appendages, as the tubercles of the back, the upper part of
the branchial tentacula, and lateral appendages. The
latter organs are linear ; those of them that are imme-
diately in front, differ from the side ones in being of smaller
size, more closely set (eight or so in number), and having
tuberculated extremities. The oral tentacles are two,
short, truncate, and auriform. The branchial plumes are

574 DORIDIDiE.

usually three, linear, and bipinnate. The skin is charged
with spicula of various shapes.

It inhabits various depths from low-water-mark to
twenty fothoms, and has been observed at localities on all
sides of great Britain and Ireland. It ranges to the
Norwegian seas.

^OIRUS, Lov^N.

Body oblong or elongated, covered with very large
tubercles. Tentacles linear, simple, retractile, within
prominent lobed sheaths. Branchial plumes dendritic,
placed about a dorsal vent.

1. -ffi, PUNCTiLucBNs, D'Orbiguy.

Plate A. A. A. fig. 2.

Polyeera punetUuoems^ D*Orb. Mag. Zool. toI. ▼. p. 7, pi. 106. — Thompson,

Ann. Nat Hist. toI. xt. p. 313.
jEffiret ptmctilveens^ LovsN, Index. Moll. Scand. p. 6. — Alobr and Uanoook,

Monog. part 4, fi&m. 1, pi. 21.
Doris memra^ Forbu, Ann. Nat Hist rol. t. p. 103, pi. 2, £ 17.

This very curious sea-slug is of a lanceolate shape, very
gibbous on the back, and rough, with large obtuse, some*
what truncate tubercles. It varies in colour from a
purplish fawn to jet black, always more or less mottled
with blotches of brown, and minute specks of white, but
more especially decorated with symmetrically ranged spots
of the most brilliant and lustrous greenish-blue, which
shine like phosphorescence. The tentacula are linear, and
rather obtuse; their sheaths are tuberculated or lobed.
The oral tentacles are but slightly developed. The
branchial plumes, three in number, are imperfectly tri-
pinnate. The foot is pale, salmon-coloured or whitish..
The skin is studded with spicula. It is less than an inch
in length.

THECACERA. 575

This curious animal, an inhabitant of the coasts of
France and Norway, was first observed in Britain at
Campbeltown in Argyleshire (E.F.), and has since been
taken by Mr. Alder and Mr. Landsborough elsewhere in
the Clyde district ; in Cornwall by Mr. Peach ; and on
the Cork coast, by Professor AUman. It inhabits the
margin of the littoral zone.

THECACERA, Flbmino.

Body oblong, smooth. Tentacles clavate, pectinated,
retractile within sheaths. Head with a simple frontal
veil. Branchial plumes pinnate, ranged round a dorsal
vent, and surrounded by more or less developed tubercular
appendages.

1. T. PENNIGEBA9 Montagu.

Lm. Trans, vol zi. p. 17, pi. 4, fig. 5.

*' Body oblong, acuminated almost to a point at the
posterior extremity, covered with small spots of bright
orange and black on all the upper parts; the black
markings are smallest, and appear radiated under a lens ;
the anterior end is sub-bifid, extending at each side into
an angular lobe; tentacula two, subclavated and perfo-
liated ; these originate on the upper part, some distance
from the anterior end, and each is nearly surrounded by a
sort of bipartite wing. The vent is on the back, furnished
with five branched appendages, that partly surround it on
the fore part, and two large bifid peduncles behind.'*^

Length half an inch.

Milton, Devonshire, at low water (Montagu).

576 DORIDIDJE.

2. T. viREscENS, Alder and Hancock.

Body (three-tenths of an inch in length) rather convex,
smooth, of a peach-blossom hue, blotched anteriorly and
posteriorly with green. Tentacles broadly laminated,
green above, pinkish below, retractile within smooth-edged
sheaths. Branchial plumes five, green margined with
white. A single row of obsolete tubercles encircles the
branchial region. Foot white.

This beautiful little animal was discovered at low-water
mark, on the oyster-bed at Bar Point, Falmouth, in
March, 1849, by Mr. Cocks, and described by the authors
of the British Nudibranchiate MoUusca at the Ipswich
meeting of the British Association in 1851.

POLYCERA, CuviER.

Body oblong or elongated, smooth or tuberculated.
Tentacles clavate, pectinated, non-retractile, not sheathed.
A veil with marginal processes protecting the head.
Branchial plume pinnate, ranged about a dorsal vent, and
accompanied by clavate or tubercular appendages.

1. P. QUADRILINBATA, Mullcr.

Plate Y. Y. fig. 6.

Dorit quadriUmata^ Mullbr, ZooL Dan. vol. L p. 18, pL 17, f> 4-6 ; and toI. iv.

p. 23, pi. 138, f. 5, 6.
„ oomaifo, Abbldoaard, Zool. Dan. yoL It. p. 29, pi. 145.
M flaioa, Montagu, Linn. Trans, vol. yiL p. 79, pi 7, f. 6.
Polycera IweatOf Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. vol. iy. p. 30, pi. 1, £ 5.
„ Jlava^ Fleming, Brit. Ann. p. 283.
„ omaiOt D*Orbiony, Mag. de Zool. yol. yii. p. 9, pi. 107.
„ iypica, Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. y. p. 92, pi. 2, f. 5.
„ quadrilinecUaf Thompson, loc. cit. pi. 2, fig. 6. — Aldbr, Ann. Nat.

Hist. yol. iy. p. 338, pi. 9, L 1-6.
„ eonttfto, LovBN, Index MoU. Scand. 6.

POLYCERA. 577

Body (sometimes nearly an inch in length) lanceolate,
convex, smooth, white, occasionally marked with black,
and always variously lineated and spotted with golden
yellow, the spots in the back being tubercular. Tenta-
cula clavate, elongate, geniculated, broadly based ; lami-
nations of club nine or ten, yellow; head veil ample,
with from four to six subulate processes, equal or un-
equal, and tipped with yellow. Eyes minute, closely
set at some distance above the tentacle bases. Branchial
plumes seven to nine, simply pinnate ; a single lateral ap-
pendage, stout, linear, and yellow-tipped on each side.

This beautiful and very variable species is generally
diffused through the European seas, and has been taken
chiefly in the laminarian zone on all sides of Great
Britain and Ireland, often in considerable abundance.

2, P. Lbssonii, D'Orbigny.

Polyeera Lettomit D^Orbigny, Mag. ZooL toL vii. p. 5, pi. 105. — Aldir and

Hancock, Monog. part 4, fiun. 1 , pi 24.
ff cUrinay (touno), Alobr, Ann. Nat. Hist. yoL vi. p. 340, pL 9, f. 7-9.
M modeUa^ Lov^n, Ind. MoU. Scand. p. 6.

Body (about half an inch in length, or more) lan-
ceolate-oblong, convex, greenish or yellowish, corrugated,
covered with scattered yellowish tubercles. Tentacula
subclavate, obtuse, ornamented with twelve or thirteen
laminations; head-veil small, many-Iobed. Eyes very
minute. Branchial plumes three, small, bipinnate, green-
ish ; their lateral appendages tuberculated, subramose.

Common in the coralline region, living on GemeUaria
loriculata on the Northumberland coast; also found in
Dublin Bay (Alder). It inhabits the shores of France,
Sweden, and probably North-east America.

VOL. III. 4 K

578 DORIDID^.

3. P. 0CELLATA9 Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hiat. toI. ix. p. 33, and Monog. pt. 2, £Eun. I, pi. 23.

Body (less than an inch in length) lanceolate-oblong,
convex, greenish black, mottled with large yellowish
tubercular spots. Tentacula elongated, with tumid bases,
and clavate (seven or eight) laminated tips; head- veil
small, many-lobed. Branchial plumes five, large, sub-tri-
pinnate, unequal, their appendages lobed and branched,
whitish. Foot pale.

It inhabits the shore between tide-marks, and shallow
water. It has been taken on the Northumberland, Devon,
and Dublin coasts (Alder and Hancock).

IDALIA, Lbuckakt.

Body oblong, broad, more or less smooth, a semicircle of
filamentous appendages surrounding the branchial region
of the back. Dorsal tentacula linear, laminated, susten-
tacular simple appendages anterior to, and distinct from
them. No produced oral tentacles, but a veil. Vent
dorsal, surrounded by plumose branchise.

1. I. ASPEBSA, Alder and Hancock.

Monog. part 1, fiim. 1, plate 26.

Body (half an inch in length) thick, broad, oblong,
rounded in front, tapering to a point behind ; yellowish,
blotched and spotted with brown and orange; sides
speckled with opaque white. Dorsal tentacles linear,
delicately laminated, reflezed. Tentacular appendages
four, long, tapering, subsequal; their bases approximated and
close to those of the tentacles. Branchial plumes twelve.

IDALIA. 579

short, simply pinnate, forming a complete non-retractile
circle, fawn-coloured. The surronnding filamental appen-
dages, four on each side, tapering, short, the three anterior
distant from each other, the fourth and posterior very
close to, and shorter than the third. Caudal extremity
carinated.

Coast of Northumberland, from the coralline region ;
discovered by the authors of the '^ British Nudibranchiate
Mollusca."

2. I. iN^QUALis, Forbes.

Plate Y. Y. 6g. 4.

Body oblong, flattened, but very thick, truncate in
front, suddenly tapering, pointed behind. Back circum-
scribed, elevated with steep sides. Dorsal tentacula
linear, laminated ; tentacular appendages set well apart,
filiform, the anterior pair shortest, the lateral or posterior
pair very long, longer than the tentacula immediately in
front of which they are set. The animal when crawling
usually carries its tentacles obliquely reflexed, the anterior
appendages curved upwards, and the loug ones directed
sideways and backwards. The branchise are from seven to
nine in number, forming a complete and erect circle ; on
each side of them are five or six rather short, unequal
filamentous processes, the anterior ones approximated.
The general colour is grey, speckled with white, yellow,
and brown. An opaque yellow line runs down the centre
of the tail, with dots of the same colour on each side of it.
The sides of the back are specked with madder brown and
yellow. The branchial plumes are tipped with purplish
brown, and banded centrally with white. The length
of the body is rather more that half an inch.

580 DORIDID^.

Two examples of this beautiful sea-slug, nearly allied to
the last, but presenting distinct characters in the propor-
tions and disposition of the tentacular and branchial
appendages were dredged in thirty-fiye fathoms water on
a sandy bottom in St. Magnus Bay, Zetland (M' Andrew
and E. F.). When kept they appeared to be sluggish,
and are very glutinous to the touch.

3. I. QUADRicoRNis, Moutagu.

Lin. Trans. toL xL p. 17, pi. 14, fig. 4.

*' Body ovate, mottled brown and white ; along each
side an obsolete row of tubercles, somewhat dilatable,
extending from the tentacula to the vent ; tentacula four,
long, both pairs originating from the upper part, and
approximating; the anterior shortest, setiform, inclining
forwards; the others filiform, reflecting backwards, the
same colour as the body ; vent situated near the extremity
of the back, surrounded by eight or nine branched append-
ages. Length three-eighths of an inch.'^ (Montagu)
Devon.

ANCULA, Lov^N.

Body elongated, smooth, a semicircle of simple filaments
or davate processes bordering the branchial region of the
back. Tentacula clavate, laminated with filiform appen-
dages on their stalks. No capital veil. Vent dorsal, sur-
rounded by plumose branchiie.

A. CRIST AT A, Alder.

Plate Z. Z. fig. 4.
Polycara eristaia^ Aldbr, Ann. Nat. Hut. vol. vi. p. 340, pi. 9, t 10-12.
AnaUa erisiaia, Lovi^, Ind. MoU. Scand. p. 5.~Aldkr and Hancock, Monog.
part 3, fiun. I, pi. 25.

Body half an inch long, convex, lanceolate, tapering be-
hind, translucent white, smooth, bearing on the central and

ANCULA. 581

most elevated part of the back three white yellow-tipped
^ bipinnate ramose branchial plmnes, surrounding the vent,

and surrounded bj about ten linear stout processes, white,
? tipped with bright orange. An orange line down the

< centre of the back. Dorsal tentacles with long stout

i peduncles each iurnished with two linear orange-tipped

processes ; club of the tentacles with eight or ten broad
yellow laminae. Eyes placed rather closely together at
their bases. Buccal tentacles oblong, obtuse, yellow-
tipped. Foot linear.

This mollusk inhabits the littoral zone under stones ; it
has been taken on the Northumberland and Durham
coasts, on the south coast of England, and in Dublin Bay
(A. and H.). Mr. Price finds it in the estuary of the
Mersey, and Mr. Harry Groodsir observed it at Anstruther,
in Fifeshire. It ranges to the Norwegian seas.

582

TRITONIAD^.-

The nudibranchs of this £Euiiilj have laminated, plnmose
or papillose branchiss arranged along the sides of the back.
The stomach in all is quite simple.

TRITONIA, CuYiMtL.

Body prismatic, often thick and firm. Tentacles two,
ramose, and filamentous, more or less brush-shaped, retrac-
tile within tubular sheaths. Head with a tuberculated or
digitated veil. Branchiae ramose, arranged in a single
series, along a ridge bordering each side of the back.

The species of this genus sometimes grow to a large size,
and the first we have to notice is a giant among British
Nudibranchiata.

1. T. HOMBEBoi, Ouyier.

Plate A. A. A. fig. 3.

TrUoma Hombtrgij CuTixR, Mem. MolL iy. 4, pL 1 and 2. — Flbhing, Brit

Ad. p. 284. — Johnston, Ann. Nat Hiat toL i. pi. 114,
p. 3, 1 1, 2.

Body oblong, quadrilateral, the back slightly convex,
warty, of a general pink or purple colour, with bluish
markings, sometimes entirely of an amber yellow. Bran-
chiae frondose and ramified, fringing in numerous close-set
tufbs the angles of the back. Head-veil bilobed and much
fimbriated. Tentacles tufted, issuing from wide sheaths.

TRITONIA. 583

with scalloped margins. This fine species grows to half a
foot, and even more, in length.

It occurs on both our east and west coasts, but is scarce.
The largest specimens we have met with were taken on the
scallop banks, in twenty-five fathoms water, off the north
coast of the Isle of Man.

2. T. PLEBBiA, Johnston.

TrUoma plebeioj Johnston, in Edinb. New Phil. Journal, vol. ▼. p. 77, and

Ann. Nat. Hist toI. i. p. 115, pL 3, f. 3, 4. — Aldbb and
Hancock, Monog. part S, fiun. 2, plate 3.
„ jnUchra (vAR.) Johnston, Edin. New PhiL Jonr. vol. ▼. p. 78.

Body (an inch or more in length) lanceolate, quadri-
lateral, with snbparallel sides for a great part of its length,
truncate in front, tapering behind, yellow or yellowish-
brown, with brown markings, and often opaque white
specks. Margins of the back not waved, edged by five or
six (on each side) branchial tufts, which are distant, small,
erect, pinnate and inasquilateral. Head veil entire, scal-
loped, edged by six simple tentacular points. Dorsal
tentacles issuing from entire-edged cylindrical sheaths ;
they terminate in a fasciculus of simple filaments.

Very generally distributed in the British seas. It in-
habits the coralline zone, and lives upon zoophytes.

3. T. LiNBATA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. 2nd series, toI i. p. 191, and Monog. part 5, fiun. 2,

plate 4.

Body (less than an inch in length) very slender, linear,
quadrilateral, pellucid white with an opaque white line
along each simple margin of the back. Branchiso slender,
white, imperfectly bipinnate, arranged distinctly four or
five on each side. Head veil produced in front into four

584 TBITONIADJE.

long filaments, the inner ones longest. Tentacles termin-
ating in a tuft of nneqnal laminated filaments, retractile
within sheaths which have scalloped margins.

Taken by the authors of the '^ British Nudibranchiata,^
and bj Mr. Bean, nnder rocks at low water at Scar-
borough.

SCYLLiBA, LiNNAUS.

Body oblong or elongated, with compressed sides, a
convex back, and a linear foot. On each side of the back
are two large wing-like lobes bearing small ramose branchiae
on their inner surfaces. The tentacles are two, dorsal in
position, terminating in lamellated dubs, and retractile
within ample sheaths. The orifices are placed at the right
side.

The animals of this genus are remarkable for being
the only nudibranchiate mollusks possessed of an armed
gizzard. They are oceanic, living on floating sea-weeds,
the stems of which they firmly clasp with the infolded
sides of their narrow crawling disk. Their anatomy has
been made the subject of elaborate investigation, formerly
by Guvier, more recently by Alder and Hancock.

S. PBLAGicA, Linnaeus.

Plate A. A. A. fig. 5.
CuviBR, Ann. da Maienm, toI. vi. p. 416.

We have never taken this animal in the British seas,
but it has been recently met with on the Devon coasts
(Alder). Mediterranean examples, which we have ex-
amined alive, were of a general tawny yellowish hue, and
fiilly an inch in length.

585

EOLIDID^.

This tribe consists of Nndibranchs that have a ramified
stomach, and papillose or branched branchiae ranged along
the sides of the back. It includes many of the most
elegant molluscs that have yet been discovered, and in no
family of the animal kingdom can we find more graceAil
ratlines or more brilliant and harmonious colouring.

LOMONOTUS, Vbrany.

Body linear or lanceolate, smooth. Head covered by a
veil. Tentacles clavate, laminated, retractile within a
sheath. Branchiae papillose set on the undulated margins
of the mantle along the sides of the back.

1. L. MARMOBATus, Aider and Hancock.

PlAte Z. Z. fig. 3.

Eummit marmonUoy Aldbr and Hanoock« Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. zvi. p. 311,

and Monog. part 3, fiim. 3, pi. 1. a.

Body (more than half an inch long) linear-lanceolate,
quadrilateral, olive or yellowish-brown, streaked or spotted
with chocolate brown and white. Head-veil small, with
small tubercular points. Dorsal tentacles ovato-clavate,
fawn-coloured, rising out of close sheaths, with simple
margins. Pallial margins three or four times undulated,
set with irregular papillose branchiae of a fawn colour, with

VOL. in. 4 F

586 EOLIDIDiB.

pale edges. Sides of the body striated with dark brown.
Anterior margin of foot duplicated and produced at the
angles into long tentacular processes.

Dredged by Mr. Alder near Berryhead, Torbay.

2. L. FLAviDus, Alder and Hancock.

Eumems Jhmda, Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ZYiii. p. 293.

Body (a quarter of an inch in length) quadrilateral, pale
lemon-yellow above, white beneath. Head-veil very small,
with about four tubercular points. Dorsal tentacles cla-
vate, rising out of sheaths set at the tops with six tubercles,
of which the outer one is largest. Branchisg papillose,
mostly short, set in a waved line on the sides of the back,
three on each side being larger than the rest, and nearly
linear; all ringed with fawn colour. Sides of the body
with a few pale yellow markings. Foot produced into
tentacular points at its angles.

Lamlash bay, dredged on a coralline (Alder and Han-
cock).

DENDRONOTUS, Aldbr and Hancock.

Body elongated, prismatic. Tentacles clavate, laminated,
retractile within tubular sheaths ; front of the head with
branched appendages; branch!® ramose, arranged in a
single series down each side of the back. Foot linear.

This genus has the habit of Tritoma,

D. ABBORBSCENS, MiUler.

Plate Z.Z. fig. 5.

Doria arboreieeni^ Mullbr, ZooL Dan. Prod. p. 229.

IViioma arboresoens, Cuvixb, Ann. du Mas. Yol. yi. p. 434, pi. 61, £ 8, 9, 10. —

Flxminq, Brit. Ann. p, 284.

M lactea, (var.) Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ▼. p. 88, pi. 2, f. 3.

„ pulehelh, (var.) Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 33.

„ fdina^ (var.) Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist, vol ix. p. 33.

DOTO. 587

Body (two inches and more in length) linear-oblong,
narrow, steep-sided, rounded dorsally, very variously
coloured, but most usually of some shade of crimson,
variegated with madder brown, and speckled with opaque
white; the painting often beautifully and curiously dis-
posed. Head-veil very short, its appendages long and
pinnated. Dorsal tentacles clavate, yellowish, in long
closely-fitting tapering sheaths, with ramified and radiating
marginal processes. Branchiae forming six or seven large
dendriform tufts on each side, decreasing towards the tail.
Foot very narrow, linear, rounded in front.

This wonderfully beautiful sea-slug creeps upon corallines
in the laminarian and coralline zones, and is often taken
among sea-weeds between tide marks. It is found on most
parts of the British shores, but especially in the north.

DOTO, Okvn.

Body elongated, subprismatic. Head covered by a
simple veil. Dorsal tentacula two, linear, retractile within
trumpet-shaped sheaths. Branchiae ovate or clavate, rough
with whorls of tubercles, deciduous, ranged in single file
along each margin of the back. Foot linear. Reproduc-
tive orifices and vent at right side.

The animals of this genus are prismatic slugs, decorated
on each side with a row of muricated branchiae resembling
pineapples, or pine-cones, in miniature. They appear to
feed upon hydroid zoophytes.

1. D. GORONATA, Gmcliu.

Plate A. A. A. fig. 4.

Doris eorotuia, Gmblin, vol. i. p. 3105, No. 19.
Mdibaa coromUoj Johnston, Ann. Nat Hiet. vol. i. p. 117, pL 3, f. 5-8.
„ omcUaf Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist. vol. iz. p. 34.

588 EOLIDIDJB.

Ddo eonmata^ Lov^, Arch. Skand. N^at p. 161. — Aldkr and Hancock,

Monog. part 2, fiun. 3, p. 66.

Body (half an inch in length) linear, yelldwish, spotted
with crimson. Head-veil broad, entire. Dorsal tentacles
filiform, transparent, truncated at their tips, rising out of
long trumpet-shaped sheaths. Branchiae five to seven on
each side, large, spindle-shaped, mnrieated with four or five
whorls of pointed tubercles, each tipped by a crimson spot.

Not uncommon in the coralline zone, inhabiting the
branches of Phmvlaria and 8&rtularia ; occasionally found
in the laminarian and littoral zones. We have taken it
as deep as fifty fathoms. The Doris pinnatifida of Mon-
tagu, and possibly also his Doris maeulata are considered
by the authors of the '^ British Nudibranchiata " as varie-
ties of this beautiful species.

2. D. FRA6ILI8, Forbes.

Plate A. A. A., fig. 4.

Triioma finnaHfida^ Johnrton, Load. Mag. Nat Hist. toI. yiii. p. 61, f. 4.
MeUbiBa pwmatifida^ Johnston, Ann. Nat Hist toI. i. p. 116.

M (Doto) fragSUs^ Forbks, MaL Hon. p. 4, pi. 1, f. 4.
Doio fragilU^ Aldbb and Hancock, Monog. part 6, fam. S, plate 5.

Body (about an inch long) linear, stout, olive-brown or
yellowish. Head-veil produced and rounded at the sides.
Dorsal tentacles filiform, tapering, brown, issuing from
broad-mouthed, trumpet-shaped sheaths. Branchiae six to
nine in number, large, ovate, stout, brownish-yellow with-
out spots, approximate, muricated with from seven to nine
whorls of obtuse papillas.

It lives on the coralline Antefmiuiaria in most parts of
the British seas. The branchiae frequently fall off at the
slightest touch.

EOLIS. 589

OITHONA, Aldvr and Hancock.

^' Bodj elongated, limaciform ; bead with foar linear
tentacles, without sheaths, constituting two pairs, both
subdorsal; the anterior pair corresponding to the oral
tentacles of EoliSy being situated considerably behind the
lips. Mouth with corneous jaws. Branchisd papillary,
clothing irregularly a sub-pallial expansion on the sides
of the back, and meeting posteriorly ; a produced mem-
branous margin or fringe runs down the inner side of each
papiUa. Vent latero-dorsal, situated towards the right
side. Orifices of reproductive system separate ; situated
below the tentacles on the right side.^^

O. NOBiLis, Alder and Hancock, MSS.

Body pale bufi^, or whitish, smooth. Tentacula long,
tapering, equal. Branchiae linear, conical, with strongly-
waved and wide lateral fringes, their apices (also the
back) iridescent. Foot long and lanceolate. Length
two inches.

Discovered by Mr. Cocks, under a stone at low-
water, near Bar Point, Falmouth. Described by the
authors of the ^' British Nudibranchiata,^' in a communis
cation to the British Association at Ipswich in 1851.

EOLIS, CuvuR.

Body ovate or linear; no mantle. Head with four
non-retractile tentacles, not invested by sheaths; almost
always linear; the dorsal ones rarely bulbed, sometimes
ringed. Branchiae simple, cylindrical, papillose, ranged

590 EOLIDIDJB.

in series or fascicles, along the margin and sides of the
back, in some species nearly covering it. Foot linear
or lanceolate. Orifices of generative system and vent at
the right side.

Section I. Eolis. — Branchise nnmeroos, depressed, and
imbricated. Body broad. Tentacles smooth. Spawn of
numerous waved coils.

1. E. PAPiLLOBA, Linnseus.

Plate B. B. B. fig. 1, (tu. Zetlandica).

Limeui papOlatui^ Linn a ob, Sjrst. 1082.

Dorit papSloMf MuLLXR, Zool. Dan. t. czUx. C ]-4.<»Montaou, Lin. Tnuu.

ToL xi. p. 16, pi. 4, f. 2.
TrUoma jxynlloMt Flxmino, Ed. Enc. xir. p. 619.
EoUda papaiotoy Flsmino, Brit An. p. 285. — Johnston, Loodon^s Mag. Nat.

Hilt ToL Tiii. p. 876. — Ann. Nat Hist toI. i.p. 118.
Dorit wnmgera, Turton, Brit Fauna, p. 138.

EoU$ Zetlandica, (var.) Forbxs and GooDSiR, Proc. Brit Absoc 1889 ; Athe-

naenm. No. 618, p. 647.
„ roioa, (var.) Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist, vol ix. p. 84.
„ oUutalii, (var.) Aldrr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist vol. iz. p. 34.

This very variable species is the largest of our British
Eoliday attaining a length of nearly three inches. Its
body is oblong, thick, and broad, gradually becoming
pointed behind. It is usually of a brownish purple colour,
with opake white specks. The middle of the back is
smooth, the sides are thickly clothed with reflected and
appressed oblong branchiae, ranged in more or less dis-
tinct rows, from six to twenty in number, according to
size, and each composed of from four to six or more bran-
chiae. They are all olive, pink, brown, or more rarely
yellowish. The dorsal tentacula are rather short, stout,
and wrinkled ; the oral ones are simple and short. The
foot is white.

EOLIS. 591

This species lives chiefly at the edge of low water, bat
occurs also deeper. It is found not uncommonly in the
Frith of Forth (E. F.) ; in Berwick bay (Johnston) ; and
on the Northumberland coast (Alder and Hancock.) We
have taken it abundantly in Zetland (E. F). It occurs
in many localities elsewhere on the English coast. Also
on the north, east, and west of Ireland (W. Thompson).
It has a wide range along the European shores of the
Atlantic.

2. E. Peachii, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist 2Dd series, toL i. p. 190.

^^ Body rather flat, yellowish white. Dorsal tentacles
longish and smooth. Oral tentacles shorter. Head broad
and rounded, angulated at the sides. Branchiae very
numerous, and thickly set, passing round the dorsal ten-
tacles so as nearly to unite in front, and terminating
behind very near the tail. The papillas are nearly linear,
slender, with a brownish central vessel, and having the
apices sprinkled with opake white spots. Foot rather
thin and broad, arched in front, with obtuse angles.
Length three-quarters of an inch.'' A. and H.

Fowey harbour, Cornwall (Peach, Alder) ; Gullercoats,
Northumberland (Alder).

8. E. GLAUCA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toL xri. p. 314, and Monog. part 4, fiun. 3, pi. 11.

Body (nearly two inches long) subdepressed, elongated,
tapering and mucronate behind, pale red. Branchiso ver-
micular, snbconic, subcompressed, glaucous green, pale-
tipped, speckled with brown and white, very numerous,
in about fourteen of ten or twelve papilla each, the

592 EOLIDIDJS.

anterior rows sabdividing and clustering below. Ten-
tacles Bubulate, smooth. Anterior angles of foot pro-
duced.

Dredged off Berry Head, Torbay (Alder).

Section II. Flabkllina.-— Branchisd dastered. Body
slender. Dorsal tentacles osnally wrinkled or laminated.
Buccal ones long. Spawn of many coils.

4. E. ooRONATA, Forbes.

Eaiida conmaia^ Forbks, Proc. of Brit. Auoc. in Athensum for 1839, No. 618,

p. 647- — Aldkr and Hancock, Monog. part 2, fiim. 3,
plate 12.

Body (an inch long) linear-lanceolate, white tinged with
pink. Branchiffi linear, cylindrical, crimson, blotched
with blue, and tipped or ringed with opake white, ar-
ranged in six or seven clustered or transverse rows, the
anterior ones consisting of numerous (20-30) papillae, the
hinder ones gradually decreasing. Dorsal tentacles yel-
lowish, subdavate, coronated with lamellar rings. Oral
tentacles long, slender, simple. Anterior angles of foot
produced.

Not uncommon in the Scottish seas; generally distri-
buted around all our shores. It inhabits the laminarian
zone.

5. E. LONoicoRNiB, Moutagu.

Dorii Umgiooirma^ Montagu, Linn. Tians. toI. ix. p. 107, ph 7, fig. 1.
MamlaffMa UmgkormSf Flvmino, Brit. Ann. p. 285.

Body (half an inch long) lanceolate, yellowish-white.
Dorsal tentacles short (as figured they are clavate and
smooth) ; oral ones very long (smooth). Branchiae in
transverse rather distant series occupying nearly the
whole of the back, the first row clustered, the remainder

EOLis. 593

loDger, and ranged in four ranks, all pink, spotted with
white.

South coast of Devon (Montagu). No animal exactly
agreeing with it has been found of late years.

6. E. Drummomdi, Thompson.

Edit Drummondit Thompson, Rep. Brit. Auoc for 1843, p. 250 ; and, pre-

yionalj, as EoUdia ruJibranehi€Uit in Ann. Nat. Hist. toL y.
p. 89. — Aldbr and Hancock, Monog. part !▼• fiim. 3,
plate 13.

(vAR.) EoUb temnbrttnekhlUf Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. zyi.

p. 315.

(VAR.) Eolis cwia^ Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xii. p. 234.

Body (an inch or more in length) ovato-lanceolate,
whitish, tinged with red. Tentacula (dorsal) long, cylin-
drical, ringed ; oral tentacles very long, slender, simple.
Branchise of various shades of reddish brown, ringed with
white near their tips, long, linear, set in from four to
six lateral clusters, each of several rows of six or fewer
papillae. Angles of foot much produced.

This species appears to occur in localities at intervals
all round our shores, and inhabits the littoral and lami-
narian zones.

7. E. RUFIBRANCHIALIS, JohustOU.

EoUdia ruftbranekicUiay Johnston, Loadon*s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. y. p. 428. —

Ann. Nat Hist. yoL i. pw 121. — {Eolis), Aldbr and
Hancock, Monog. part 4, fam. 3, pi. 14.
„ EmbUUmiy Johnston, London*s Mag. Nat. Hist yol. yiii. p. 121.

Body (an inch long) linear, tapering, yellowish-white.
Dorsal tentacula rather long, subulate, transversely wrin-
kled ; oral tentacles as long, simple. Branchiae bright-red
or brown, with a white ring near the tips, rather short,
linear, in six or seven rather irregular clusters on each

VOL. IIT. 4 G

594 EOLIDIDJB.

side, each of several rows of about four papillae. Angles
of the foot produced.

Between tide marks, and in the lanunarian zone on the
east coast of England and Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde,
and Irish sea.

8. E. PUNCTATA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hiit. toI. zyI. p. 315, and M<mog. part 2, &m. 3, pL 15.

Body (an inch long) linear-lanceolate, yellowish-white,
speckled with opake white spots. Dorsal tentacles yel-
low, rather short, conico-subulate, obliquely laminated;
oral ones very long, tapering white. Branchiae oblongo-
subulate, brownish, with pale tips, arranged on each side
in six or seven clusters, the anterior ones of three and
two rows each, thirty or forty papillae in the first clus-
ter. Angles of the foot much produced.

In rather deep water, Torbay (A, and H.).

9. E. LiNBATA, Lov^n.

Eciitlmeatoi^ Lovi^N, Ind. MoU. Scand. p. 8. — Aldsr and Hancock, Ann.

Nat Hist Tol. xriii. p. 294, and Monog. part 5, fiun. 3,
plate 16.

Body (an inch long) linear, white, with three lon^tu-
dinal opake white lines. Dorsal tentacles subulate,' faintly
wrinkled, yellowish, with an opaque white line on their
backs ; oral ones slightly longer, similarly marked.
Branchiae linear, crimson, with a white ring near their
tips, and a line down their fronts, arranged in 4-5,
mostly undefined clusters, of about sixteen and fewer
papillae. Foot with the anterior angles moderately pro-
duced.

In the littoral and laminarian zones. Ayrshire (D.

EOLIS. 595

Landsborongh, Jun.) ; Isle of Man (Alder). It inhabita
the Scandinavian seas.

10. E. BLBOANs, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toL zvi. p. 816, and Monog. part 5, fiun. 3, pi. 17,

figs. 2, 3, 4.

Body (half an inch long) linear-lanceolate, yellowish-
white. Dorsal tentacles rather short, strong, wrinkled,
fawn-colonred ; oral ones twice as long, simple, marked,
and connected by a white line. Branchiae numerous,
linear, rosy, white-tipped, brown at each end of the red
portions; arranged on each side in about seven dense,
approximated clusters. Foot with produced angles.

In fifteen fathoms off Berry Head, Torbay (A. and H.).

11. E. sMARAQDiNA, Aider and Hancock,

Monog. part 5, fiun. 8, pi. 17, fig. 1.

Body (half an inch long) linear, white. Dorsal tenta-
cles large, smooth ; oral ones equal, simple. Branchiae
long, somewhat clavate, green centrally, with pellucid tips,
arranged on each side in five rather distant clusters.
Angles of foot produced.

In the littoral zone at Whitley, Northumberland (A.
and H.).

12. E. GRACILIS, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hiit. voL idii. p. 166.

Body (half an inch long) very slender, white. Dorsal
tentacles very long, linear, opake white above ; oral ones
as long. Branchise long, slender, ginger-orange, with a
minute white ring near their tips, ranged in four or five

596 EOLIDID^.

clasters, of seveii or fewer papillae on each 9ide. Angles
of foot much produced.

Littoral zone, at GuUercoats, Northumberland (A.
and H.).

13. E. PELLuciDA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hiit toI. zii p. 284, and Monog. part 3, fiun. 3, pi. 19.

Body (nearly an inch long) white, linear lanceolate.
Dorsal tentacles long, subulate, white-tipped, annularly
wrinkled; oral ones as long, simple. Branchiae long,
linear sub-conical, bright carmine, with white tips, ranged
in five or six clusters on each side, of seventeen and fewer
papillae. Foot much produced at the anterior angles.

On a Tubularia from the fishing-boats, GuUercoats
(A. and H.).

The Eolis Cuvieri of Johnston probably falls under
this species. On it, Mr. Alder remarks in a letter,
^^ Quere, if our pelludda f Certainly not the Cuvieri of
French authors, nor the one figured by Cuvier.'*'

14. E. LANDSBURGi, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist vol. xviii. p. 294, and Monog. part 4, fiun. 3, pL 20.

Body (three-tenths of an inch long) linear-lanceolate, of
a beautiful violet colour. Dorsal tentacles rather long,
linear, violet, tipped with white, as also are the longer oral
ones. Branchiae rather short and stout, linear, slightly
clavate, orange, with a white apical ring, ranged in five or
six clusters on each side, of twelve and fewer papillse.
Anterior angles of foot slightly produced.

Discovered at Saltcoats by Mr. David Landsborough,
Jun.

EOLis. 597

15. E. PURPURASCENS, Fleming.

Phil. ZooL vol. iL pw 470, pL 4, fig. 2, and Brit. Azul p. 286.

Body (about an inch long) slender, pointed behind,
rounded in front, pink. Labial tentacles shorter than the
(linear) dorsal ones. Five bundles, each of three filiform
branchiae, on each side.

Frith of Tay (Fleming). An obscure species, requiring
re-investigation.

16. E. ALBA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xiii. p. 164, and Monog. part 1, fiun. 3, pL 21.

Body (half an inch long) linear, white. Dorsal tenta-
cles rather long, smooth, brown below, surrounded near
the slender tips by a bulbous ring ; oral ones longer, linear,
white. BranchisB white, often with a greenish ring near
the tips, linear-oblong, ranged in five or six clusters on
each side, approximated dorsally, the first two of two
rows of six or seven papillas. Angles of foot greatly
produced.

Shallow water and littoral zone. In the Frith of Clyde
and Dublin Bay (A. and H.).

Section III. Gavolina.— Body lanceolate ; dorsal tenta-
cles smooth or wrinkled. Branchiae in transverse, generally
rather distant rows. Spawn of one or two coils.

17. E. ffriPATA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist vol. zii. p. 233.

Body (one quarter of an inch long) rather broad, and
depressed, bright yellowish green. Tentacula short.

598 EOLIDIDiB.

Branchiffi bluish-green, arranged in nine rows, covering the
whole of the back*
Torbay (A. and H.).

18. E. iNORNATA, Alder and Hancock.

Annals Nat. Hitt. toI. zvi. p. SI 5.

Body (fonr-tenths of an inch in length) ovate-oblong, ra-
ther depressed, tapering to a fine point behind, white or
&wn-coIonred. Tentacles all equal, rather short and
thick. Branchise of a dull brownish orange freckled with
brown and white, their apices white ; ranged in eight or
nine rows of four or five papillee each. Foot white.

Littoral zone, under stones, Torbay (A. and H.).

19. E. ANouLATA, Aider and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. ziii p. 165, and Monog. part 2, fiun. 3, pL 28.

Body (four-lines long) depressed, oblong, rapidly taper-
ing behind, pale orange. Dorsal tentacles short, obtuse,
orange tipped with white ; oral ones longer, linear, white.
Branchise cylindrical, rather long, orange with white tips,
and opake white blotches. Foot broad, tinged with orange.

GuUercoats, probably from deepish water (A. and H.).

20. E. GONciNifA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toI. zii. p. 234, and Monog. part 1, fiun. 3, pL 24.

Body (half an inch long) lanceolate, yellowish white.
Dorsal tentacles linear, tapering, white-tipped, with ap-
proximate bases; oral ones shorter. Branchise oblong,
subconical, purplish brown, and granulated centrally;
tinged with blue externally, and tipped with white;

EOLis. 599

ranged in nine or ten transverse rows of five papillse each ;
back bare. Foot linear.

Littoral zone, Northumberland (A. and H.).

21. E. NANA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 36, and Monog. part 4, fiun. 8, pi. 25.

Body (four lines long) oblongo-ovate, rather depressed ;
obtuse behind, pale yellowish, with white head and tentacula.
Dorsal and oral tentacles smooth, the latter rather the
shorter. Head rounded and dilated at the sides, produced
in front. Branchiae subclavate, rose-coloured centrally,
tipped with white, arranged in eight to ten close transverse
rows of five to six in each. Back smooth. Foot obtusely
angled in front.

In the littoral zone on the Northumberland coast (A.
and H.).

22. E. oLivACBA, AJder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist toI. iz. p. 35, and Monog. part 1, fiun. 3, pi. 26.

Body (half an inch long) lanceolate, yellowish, speckled
with opake white. Dorsal tentacles, short, obtuse, approx-
imated, yellow speckled with white, and centrally banded
with red ; oral tentacles shorter ; both are smooth. Branchise
oblong, cylindrical, yellowish brown, with belts of granu-
lated olive spots, pale at their tips, ranged in six to eight
rows of three or four nearly equal papIUas. Angles of foot
obtuse.

Northumberland, Durham, and Frith of Clyde, in the
littoral zone (A. and H.).

Mr. Alder has suggested to us that the Eolis foliata
(Forbes and Goodsir) described in the British Association
in 1839, and found in Zetland, is probably the young of

600 EOLIDIDiE.

this species. He remarks that some Scottish specimeDS of
Eolis olivacea have the branchiae strongly banded with
brown; and that in the yonng state it has Terj few
branchiae ranged in single or double series.

23. E. AURANTiACA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann- Nat. Hist. to], iz. p. 34, and Monog. part 5, fiun. 8, pi. 27.

Body (half an inch long) lanceolate, tapering and
pointed behind, pale buff. Dorsal tentacles not very long,
a little wrinkled, tapering, tinged centrally with orange
red, their bases approximated ; oral tentacles rather
shorter, colourless, obtuse. Branchise linear-oblong, stout,
centrally red, terminally white, with an orange ring, ranged
in ten or eleven close lateral rows of from two to six
papillse. Foot white, slightly lobed in front.

Northumberland, Ayrshire, and Cornwall, in the lit-
toral and laminarian zones (A. and H.). The authors
of the monograph of '* British Nudibranchiate Mollnsca ^^
suggest the probable identity of Eolia heUula of Loven
with this species.

24. E. ciNGULATA, Aider and Hancock.

{K Histrix) Ann. Nat Hist. vol. ix. p. 35, and Monog. fern. 8, plate 28.

Body (three-eighths of an inch long) linear-lanceolate,
tapering and pointed behind, white variegated with olive
brown, especially along the sides. Dorsal tentaeula long,
linear, smooth belted with olive below, and orange brown
above ; oral tentacles half as long, belted with orange
brown. Branchias spindle-shaped, large, pale or olive,
belted with dark olive, and ranged in eight or more distant.

EOLIS. 601

transverse rows of three to five in each. Foot linear,
white, with the anterior angles subproduced and rounded.
Collercoats, in the littoral zone (Alder).

25. E. YiTTATA, Alder and Hancock.

Aim. Nat. Hist. yoL ix. p. 35.

^' Bodj slender, pale buff, speckled with fawn-colour.
Head rather large, and truncated in front. Dorsal ten-
tacula slightly conical, wrinkled, &wn-colonred, with
pale tips. Oral tentacula rather shorter than the dor-
sal ones, and of the same colour. Branchise somewhat
clavate, long, with obtuse terminations, very pale fawn-
coloured, with three darker bands of the same colour;
set in six or seven distant rows down the sides, largest
in front, four to seven in each row. Length ^ths of
an inch.

'*0n a coralline from deep water; Gullercoats; one
specimen only found ? ^^ (A. and H.)

26. E. QLOTTBNsis, Aider and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toI. zyiii. p. 298.

Body and tentacles pale greenish-yellow. Dorsal ten-
tacles long, smooth, and thickened towards their tips;
oral ones two-thirds of the length of the former. Branchise
rather short and thick, centrally blackish-green, their
apices deep orange yellow, ranged in eight or nine trans-
verse rows, each of three to five papillae ; the first three
rows approximated. Foot white ; anterior angles slightly
produced and rounded. Length ^ths of an inch.

Dredged in Lamlash bay (A. and H.).

VOL. III. 4 H

602 EOLIDIDJB.

27. E. AMOBNA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toI. zti. p. 319, and Monog. part 2, fiun. 3, pi. 3(^.

Body (three lines long) greenish-white, speckled with
brown and white, linear, tapering and pointed behind.
Dorsal tentacles long, cylindric wrinkled, white-specked,
and ringed at aboat a third of their length from the lips
with brown ; oral ones half as long, obtnse. Branchias
large, linear, green, yellow-spotted and white-tipped, ar-
ranged in eight tranverse rows of three to four papillae,
the three anterior rows contiguous, the others distant.
Foot linear, obtusely angulated in front.

Dredged at Torbay (Alder).

28. E. NoRTHUMBRicA, Aider and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. toI. ziii. p. 165, and Monog. part 8, fiun. 3, pi. 31, figa. 2

and 3.

Body (a quarter of an inch long) greenish, linear.
Dorsal tentacles rather long, cylindrical truncate, white,
and ringed on their upper halves ; oral ones as long, trun-
cated. Branchiae subclavate, bluish green with white
tips, ranged in nine transverse distant rows, the first two
of three papillae, the third of five, and the remainder
gradually of fewer. Foot obtusely angulated in front.

On a coralline, Gullercoats (A. and H.).

29. E. ARENicoLA, Forbcs.

Aldbb and Hancock, Monog. part 3, fiun. 3, pi. 3] .

Body (less than an inch in length) linear-lanceolate,
white. Dorsal tentacles long, linear, smooth ; oral
ones rather shorter ; both white, tinged in their middle

EOLIS. 603

portions with yellow. Branchise long, linear, centrally
of a dark green, belted with yellow above, and tipped
with white ; they are ranged in fifteen rows of three or
four in each row, the outermost series smallest. Foot
linear, rounded at the anterior angles.

In ten fathoms water, weedy bottom. Menai Straits
(E. R).

30. £. viRiDis, Forbes.

Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 106, pi. 2, fig. 18.

Body (a quarter of an inch long) white, linear-lan-
ceolate, tapering behind. Dorsal tentacles white, long,
wrinkled; oral ones shorter. Branchiae arranged in five
or six series, approximated on the back, four or fewer
in each lateral row, green with white tips. Foot linear.

In twenty fathoms water. Isle of Man, and twenty-
five fathoms, Cornwall (E. F.).

31. E. ccERULBA, Montagu.

Dorii cesnilM, Montagu, Linn. Trans. toI. iz. p. 78, pL 7, figs. 4, 5.
Montoffua coartUea^ Fleming, Brit. Ann. p. 285.

Body (a quarter of an inch long) linear-lanceolate,
green. Dorsal and oral tentacles of nearly equal length.
Branchiae ovate, green at their bases, blue in the middle,
and orange at their tips, ranged in five or six rows, approx-
imated on the back.

This species requires re-examination. It was taken by
Montagu on the coast of Devon.

32. E. picTA, Alder and Hancock.

Eolit pallida, Aldbr and HiiNOOCK, Ann. Nat. Hist, toI. xi. p. 35.
„ piclOj Aldkr and Hancock, Monog. part 3, fam. 3, pi. 33.
„ mmuiay (young ?) Aldkr and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. zi. p. 36.

604 EOLIDIDJS.

Body (half an inch long) ovato-lanceolate, yellowwh
white, spotted with tawny. Dorsal tentacles long, smooth,
tinged and spotted in their middle portion with orange-
brown, oral ones much shorter, similarly coloured.
Branchiffi ovate, ampnlliform, spotted with tawny and
opake white, banded with yellow near their white acnte
tips, set in seven or eight transverse rows of five or six in
each, the uppermost ones greatly the largest ; back smooth.
Foot obtusely angled.

Northumberland, Devon, and Dublin (Alder and Han-
cock). Menai Straits (E. F.). It inhabits the littoral and
laminarian zones.

38. E. TRICOLOR, Forbes.

EfitraiRchut trioolor^ Forbbs, Malac Mod. p. 5» pi. 1, f. 1 (bed).
EoU$ trioolor^ Aldxr and Hancock, Monog. part 1, fiun. 3, pi. 34.
M violacea, Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hiat. toI. ziu. p. 166.

Body (an inch or more in length) ovate-lanceolate, yel-
lowish or buff. Dorsal tentacles smooth, stout, fawn-co-
loured ; oral ones shorter, paler. Branchiae large, ampuUi-
form, pellucid, orange below, violet centrally, and ringed
with bright yellow near their tips, arranged in about thir-
teen transverse rows of from three to five in each, approxi-
mated on the back, very small at the sides. Foot lan-
ceolate, obtusely angled.

In the coralline zone. Ballaugh, Isle of Man, twenty
fathoms, and off Anglesea (E. F.). Northumberland
(A. and H.). Belfiut Lough (W. Thompson).

34. E. AVETHYBTiNA, Aider and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hist toI. zri. p. 816.

Body yellowish. Oral and dorsal tentacles yellowish.

EOLIS. 605

the latter twice as long as the former. Branchiae elliptical
much inflated one way, and somewhat depressed the other ;
set in nine or ten rows of four papilla? in each, with
granulated purple linear centres, and a broad ring of
pale orange red near the tips. Foot linear, rounded in
front, and a little widened for a considerable way back-
wards. Length three-eighths of an inch.

Under stones at low water-mark, Gullercoats (A. and
H.). Very near the last species.

S5. E. Farrani, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat Hist. vol. ziii. p. 164, and Monog. part I, fam. 3, pi. 85.

Body (three-eighths of an inch long) lanceolate, taper-
ing behind, yellowish white. Dorsal tentacles smooth,
linear, white below and above, orange centrally ; oral ones
half as long, similar in colour. Branchisa ampuUiform,
white, straw-coloured centrally, and ringed near their
tips with bright orange, set in nine or ten transverse rows
of three to four papillsD in each, the outer ones smallest.
Foot linear, anterior angles rounded.

Dredged at Malahide, near Dublin (Alder and Farrau).

Section IV. Teroipes. — Body linear. Tentacles smooth.
Branchise in a single row on each side. Spawn kidney-
shaped.

S6. E. DESPECTA, Johnston.

Johnston, Mag. Nat Hut. toL yiii. p. 378, fig. 35 e, and Ann. Nat. H»t.
vol. L p. 153. — Aldbr and Hancock, Monog. part l,£Ban. 3, pi. 36.

Body (two or three lines long) linear, white with green
centre. Dorsal tentacles long, smooth, stout, more or less
tinged with red at the bases, oral ones two-thirds shorter,
linear. Branchise large, oblong-ovate, centrally olive, often

606 EOLIDIDJE.

ringed with red below their white tips, distant, (bar oa
each side. Foot very narrow.

On the verge of the littoral, and in the laminarian zone
on corallines. Berwick (Johnston) ; Northumberland and
Argyleshire (Alder and Hancock).

37. E. EXI6UA, Alder and Hancock.

Ann. Nat. Hut. 2nd Mnes toL L p. 192, and Monog. part 5, &m. S, pL 37.
TtrgiptM tonaafahit, Lov^, Ind. Moll Scand. pt. 7.

Body (two-tenths of an inch long) linear, yellowish
white, tinged with green. Dorsal tentacles linear, banded
with olive, as are also the oral ones, which are not more
than half as long. Branchisa large, clavate, yellowish belted
interruptedly with olive, and sometimes ringed near the
•{lex with red, five or six on each side of the back, the
foremost sometimes grouped in two or three. Foot linear.

Cornwall, on fuci and corallines in shallow water (Alder,
Cocks).

The Edis plumasa of Fleming described as half an inch
in length, having a single row of simple linear branchiae on
each side, might be supposed to belong to this division,
were it not that its discoverer (who found it in Zetland)
states that the dorsal tentacula are ^^ pinnated towards
the dextral extremity .'*'

KMBLETONIA, Alobr and Hancock.

Body elongated, limaciform, not provided with a distinct
mantle. Head produced at each side into a flat lobe.
Tentacula two, sublatend ; branchise subcylindrical, simple,
usually arranged in a single, in part alternating, series down
each side of the back. Orifices at the right side.

PROCTONOTUS. 607

The number of tentacles distinguishes this genus from
the section Tergipea of Eolis.

] . E. PULCHRA, Alder and Hancock.

Monog. pt. v., fam. 3, pi. 88, and (as PterockUvs pukher) Ann. Nat. Hist.

vol. ziv. p. 829.

Body (two-tenths of an inch long) oblongo-lanceolate,
flesh-coloured, spotted with white. Tentacles short, blunt,
smooth. Branchiae large, elliptical, bright orange-red in
centre, dotted externally with white, ranged in single file
of five or six on each side. It varies in having the body
colourless, and the branchiae chestnut.

Coast of Bute (Alder) ; Ayrshire (D. Landsborough,
jun.). It inhabits the littoral zone.

2. E. MiNUTA, Forbes and Goodsir.

Plate B. B. B., fig. 5.

Eolidia nUnuia^ Forbbs and Goodsir, Rep. of Brit. Assoc, for 1839 (vide

Athenaeum, No. 618, p. 647)*

Body (one-eighth of an inch long) linear, pinkish-yellow.
Tentacles longer than in the last, wrinkled. Branchiae
linear, vermicular, pinkish tipped with white, ranged in
single file of seven on each side.

Dredged in seven fathoms among laminariae, at Lerwick,
Zetland (E. F.).

PROCTONOTUS, Aldbr and Hancock.

Body ovate-oblong, depressed, acuminated behind.
Head covered with a small semilunar veil. Dorsal tentacles
two, linear, not laminated ; oral tentacles two. Branchiae
papillose, ovate, arranged along the edge of the sides of
the back, and continuous in front above the head. Vent

608 EOLIDIDJE.

central, on the posterior half of the back. Genital orifice
at right side.

The animals of this genus have corneous jaws.

P. MuoBONiFRRUs, Aider and Hancock.

PUte z. z^ fig. 2.

Ann. Nat. Hist toL xiii p. 161, pL 2 (as Vemlia mueromfera), and Ann. Nat.
Hist. YoL ziii. p. 407.*'Monog. pt. ii. fiim. 3, pL 42.

Body (half an inch long) ovate, broad and depressed,
caudally produced, yellowish-brown, with darker spots and
opake white specks on the back. Dorsal tentacles pur-
plish-brown, stout, wrinkled, and somewhat tuberculated.
Branchiffi inversely pyriform, colourless, tuberculated, ar-
ranged in twelve rows of three in each, the outermost ones
very small ; above the head are four branchiae.

On a sponge in shallow water, Malahide, near Dublin
(Alder).

ANTIOPA, Aldbr and Hancock.

Body ovate-oblong, acuminated posteriorly. Head
covered by a small veil. Tentacles four, two dorsal and
two labial, the former lamellated and connected at their
bases by an arcuated crest. Branchiae ovate, ranged along
the prominent lateral margins of the back, and continuous
above the head. Vent central on the hinder portion of the
back. Grenital orifice at right side.

The crest between the dorsal tentacles markedly dis-
tinguishes this genus from PraeianottM. Like that group,
the animals of it have corneous jaws. A full account of the
anatomy of both these genera is included in the fifth part of
the ^* Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate MoUusca.'*^
The genus is synonymous with Janua of Verany.

HERHiEA. 609

A. SPLENDID A, Alder and Hancock.

Plate B. B. B., fig. 6.

Aldbr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 190.
Spxncb Bate, Notes on Fauna of Swansea, p. 7, plate 2.

Body (one inch and a quarter long) lemon-coloured,
spotted on the back with blue, rather elongated. Branchiae
very numerous, large, and inflated, clothing the sides of the
back, and passing round the front of the head, ovate, pale-
bufF, brown centrally, tinged with opake blue ; they are
ranged in thinly transverse rows of five papillae in each.
Oral tentacles short. Foot lemon-yellow.

Taken at Torbay by Dr. Battersby, and in Fowey
Harbour, Cornwall, by Mr. Alder. Mr. Spence Bate has
figured it from a single specimen taken by Mr. Moggridge,
in Langland Bay, near Swansea.

HERMiEA, Lov^N.

Body elongated, limaciform, not provided with a distinct
mantle. Tentacula two, auriform, involute; groove ex-
ternal. Branchiae elongate, papillose, simple, arranged
along the sides of the back. Vent in middle and anterior
part of back. Generative orifice lateral, beneath the right
tentacle.

The mollusks of this genus have no jaws. They form a
link between the Eolidida and Elysiada^ and probably
with StUiger constitute a distinct &mily.

1. H. DENDRiTicA, Alder and Hancock.

Plate Z. Z., fig. 1.

Monog. pt. iy. &m. 3, pi. 40, and (as CaOiopaa dendritiea) Ann. Nat. Hist.

ToL ziL p. 233.

Body (three-tenths of an inch long) ovate-oblong,

VOL. III. 4 f

610 EOLIDIDiE.

attenuated behind, depressed and slightly expanded at the
sides, greenish, with dendriform green lineations. Tentacles
large, their anterior margins continuous with the sides
of the head. Branchiae long, cylindrical, with lobulated
green centres and white-spotted surfaces, set in eight
transverse rows of three or four in each.

Gregarious on Codium tomentosum in the uppermost part
of the laminarian zone, at Torbay (Mrs. Wyatt).

2. H. BIFIDA, Montagu.

Dorit hifidoj Montagu, Lin. Trans. toI. xii. p. 198, pi. 14, fig. 3.
TriUmki bifida^ Fleming, Brit. An. p. 284.

Htrmcn bifida^ Lov^, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 7. — ^ALDBBand Hancock, Monog

pt T., &m. 3, pi. 39.

Body (nearly an inch long) linear, subcylindrical,
yellowish, with two red lines at the base of the branchiae.
Tentacles rather short, their margins terminating at the
sides of the head. Branchiae ovato-lanceolate, transparent,
reddish, with a crimson ramifying central vessel, numerous,
unequal, and ranged in indistinct series.

Littoral and laminarian zones. Devon (Montagu) ;
Belfast Bay (Getty and Hyndman) ; Leith (D. Lands-
borough, jun.); Sweden (Lov^n).

ALDERIA, Allman.

Body ovate-oblong, sub-convex, not provided with a
distinct mantle. Head produced into a lobe on each side.
No tentacula. No jaws. Branchiae papillose, arranged
in transverse rows on the sides of the back. Vent
central on the hinder portion of the back. Genital orifice
at right side.

This curious genus might form the nucleus of a distinct

RUNCINA. 611

family. For a full account of its anatomy we refer to the
paper by Professor Allman in the '' Annals of Natural
History,^' for January 1846, and to the fifth part of the
^' Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca/'*

A. MODESTA, Lov^n.

Plate C. C. C^ fig. ].

Stiliger modesiu8j LiOV^N, Index Mol. Scand.

Alderia modeda^ Allman, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 4. — SriNCB Bath,

Notes, p. 7, pL 1. fig. 1.
Alderia ampkSnch, Allman, Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1 844.

This curious little animal was taken by Dr. Allman, in
great numbers, in salt marshes, near Skibbereen, in the
county of Cork. It has been figured by Mr. Spence Bate,
from specimens taken by Mr. Moggridge and himself,
in Loughor Marsh, near Swansea. He represents it of a
pale yellowish colour ; the branchise are longer posteriorly
than in front. It attains the length of half an inch.

We place the following moUusk, in all probability repre-
senting a distinct family, provisionally in this position. In
external aspect it resembles closely the Pelta of Quatre-
fages, and has a similar peculiar testaceous gizzard. The
presence of branchiae, however, is a marked distinction ;
one which could scarcely have been overlooked by the emi-
nent French naturalist.

RUNCINA, FoRBBS.

Body elongated, limaciform, mantle distinct. No ten-
tacula. Vent central on the posterior portion of the back,
beneath the margin of the mantle and accompanied by
few, slightly pinnate branchiae. Generative organs on
the right side.

612 E0LID1D.S.

B. HANcocKi, Forbes. ^1

Plate C. CO., fig. 2.

Pklta, sp. ? Alobr and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist toI. znii. p. 289. pi. 4,

figs. 1—3.

Body smooth, about two lines long ; cloak a little in-
dented in front, black, except in front and behind, where
it is buff, sprinkled with brown. Eyes large on anterior
portion of cloak, in the midst of pale spaces, a curved line
of white spots behind the eyes. Vent beneath the posterior
margin of cloak ; branchial plumes three, small, slightly-
pinnate, near it, and projecting a little from under the
cloak. Tail extended one-fourth of the length of the
body behind the vent. Foot yellowish, with reflexed
sides.

In pools ne^r high-water-mark, on Conferva, at Torbay
(Alder and Hancock).

613

ELYSIAD^.

This family constitutes the order PslUbranchiata of
Alder and Hancock, a most natural group, distinguished
by important anatomical characters, and a peculiar external
habit. It consists of naked sea-slugs, whose structure has
close relationship with that of the Nwlibranchiate orders,
but differs materially, insomuch as the respiratory function
is effected by the whole surface of the body, which is
entirely clothed with vibratile cilia. The usual aspect of
these little creatures reminds us of a land slug. In some
tentacnla are conspicuously developed, in others they are
obsolete. For an excellent and detailed account of their
anatomy we must refer our readers to a paper by the
authors above cited, contained in the first volume of the
second series of the '^ Annals of Natural History.^^

ELY SI A, R18S0. ACTiEON, Okxn.

Animal depressed, oval, with lateral aliform expansions
produced beyond the posterior extremity of the body,
where they unite with one another along the mesial line.
Head distinct, bearing two conspicuous auriform tentacula,
behind which are two rather distant eyes. Vent placed
centrally on the hinder part of the back. Genital orifice
at the right side. Foot narrow.

614 ELTSIADJE.

E. viBiDis, Montagu.

Plate C. CO., fig. 8.

Apkytia viridit, Montagu, Lin. Trans. toL tiL pL 7, f. 1. — Flbmino, Brit.

Ann. p. 291.
AeUon viridis, Quatrxfaobs, Ann. Sc. Nat. 3id series, vol. i. page 138. —

Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist. toI. xti. p. 146.

Body and expansions bright green, variegated with
groups of green, blue, and rose-coloured lustrous specks.
Tentacula dull purple. A colourless space around the
eyes. Length, nine lines.

An inhabitant of the laminarian zone, usually on Codium
tomentosum or Zostera marifia. Devon (Montagu); on
the coast of Cork County (Allman) ; Arran, in Scotland
(Bev. D. Landsborough).

LIMAPONTIA, Johnston.

Animal limaciform, depressed in front, rounded and
elevated behind. Head distinct, bearing two lateral crests
instead of tentacles, at the hinder ends of which are
the eyes. Vent dorsal, a little behind the centre of the
back.

This genus is identical with Chalidis of Quatrefages.

L. NIGRA, Johnston.

PlateC.C. C.,fig. 4.

LimajxmHa m^ra, Johnston, Loudon^s Mag. Nat. Hist. voL iz. p. 79— Aldkr

and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd serie^ toI. i. p. 402,
pi. 19, fig. 4, 5, 6.~Spbncb Batb, Notes on Fauna of
Swansea, p. 7, pi. 2. fig. 4.

Body (one line and a-half long) brownish-green or
black, rather depressed, the sides slightly overhanging the
foot. Head truncate in front, flat and crested at sides.

ACTEONIA. 615

Eyes large, at the posterior extremity of the crests, within
a pale spac^e, which is continuous on the crests. Foot
yellowish, narrower than body.

Berwick Bay (Johnston). Gregarious and feeding on
Cmferva in small pools above half-tide, at Falmouth
(Cocks) ; GuUercoats, in similar situation (Alder) ; and
Whitburn (Howse) ; Loughor Marsh» near Swansea
(Moggridge and Spence Bate). .

ACTEONIA, QUATRBFAOKS.

Animal limaciform. Head large, distinct, crested at the
sides, the crests prolonged behind into two short tentacles,
behind which are two eyes. Vent dorsal, placed centrally
on the back.

A. coRRUGATA^ Aider and Hancock.

P]ateC.C.C.,fig. 5.
Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, voL i. p. 403, pi. 19, figs. 2 and 8.

'' Body limaciform, black, depressed, somewhat bulged
at the sides, and covered with regular wrinkles like an
Arion, On each side of the body there is a slightly
elevated ridge, with a few pale tubercular spots. Head
carinated at the sides ; each carina produced above into a
shorty flat, ear-like whitish tentacular process. Eyes in
circular palish spots at the posterior extremity of the ridges.
The posterior extremity is obtuse and pale ; there is also a
palish spot near the centre of the back. Foot linear.
Length one-eighth of an inch.^

Found by Mr. Cocks along with Limapaniia nigra^ in
the same situations at Falmouth.

}

a bios 010 ^27 im

stack

DATE DUE

Loetai
Stack

STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

STANFORDi CAUFORNIA 94305-6004

-11

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Full text of "A history of British Mollusca and their shells"

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